放牧对内蒙古草原群落和土壤种子库的影响及两者关系的研究

选取内蒙古草原三种主要草原类型（草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原）代表性群落羊草杂类草群落、羊草群落和大针茅群落、小针茅群落，应用样线法沿水分梯度研究放牧对内蒙古草原不同植物群落功能群组成、多样性、生产力以及多样性与生产力关系的影响和放牧对土壤种子库组成、大小以及多样性的影响，在此基础上，研究土壤种子库与地上植被间的关系。主要结论如下： 1 放牧对植物群落的影响 荒漠草原的放牧演替规律为小针茅群落→猪毛菜 + 小针茅群落→猪毛菜群落;典型草原为羊草或大针茅群落→糙隐子草 + 大针茅群落或克氏针茅群落→星毛委陵菜 + 糙隐子草群落;草甸草原为羊草杂类草群落→羊草 + 贝加尔针茅群落，这是不同物种对牧压的不同适应结果造成的。 放牧使4种草原群落生活型功能群组分间发生强烈的生态替代作用，但不同的群落生态替代模式不同：放牧使小针茅群落多年生丛生禾草作用减弱，一二年生草本作用增强;羊草群落和大针茅群落多年生丛生禾草、多年生根茎禾草作用减弱，多年生杂类草作用增强;羊草杂类草群落多年生根茎禾草作用减弱，多年生丛生禾草作用增强。放牧使非旱生和C3植物作用减弱，而旱生、C4植物作用增强。 放牧对4种群落物种和功能群多样性的影响随不同的群落而表现不同：物种丰富度、物种多样性、生活型多样性 和水分生态类型多样性除羊草杂类草群落外随放牧强度的加大而降低，但适度放牧增加了羊草杂类草群落的上述多样性指标。 群落地上现存量一般随放牧强度的增大而下降，但小针茅群落反之，主要与一年生植物猪毛菜的生物量迅速增加有关。除羊草群落外，0~10 cm 地下生物量随放牧强度的变化不显著;除大针茅群落外，放牧显著降低0~30 cm 地下生物量。 放牧影响下内蒙古草原植物群落生物量随水分生态类型多样性的升高而升高，其回归方程为：Y = 809 + 774x （R2=0.84, P<0.001），其中Y代表群落地上现存量和地下生物量之和，x代表群落水分生态类型多样性。 2 放牧对土壤种子库的影响 小针茅群落、大针茅群落、羊草群落和羊草杂类草群落土壤种子库组成中均以多年生杂类草为主，分别占各自群落种子库总物种数的40%、52%、54%和67%。 生活型功能群种子库密度除羊草杂类草群落外，均以一二年生草本占优势。中度放牧升高了除小针茅群落外多年生禾草种子库密度;放牧增大了小针茅群落和羊草杂类草群落一二年生草本种子库密度;除羊草杂类草群落外，放牧对多年生杂类草种子库密度影响不大;总种子库组成中，灌木半灌木和小半灌木种子库密度不大，不随取样时间和牧压而变化。 中度放牧种子库总密度最大，小针茅群落在重度放牧最大，主要是由于猪毛菜种子库密度在重度放牧突增所致。总体上，内蒙古草原4种群落在不同取样时间不同牧压下种子库总密度波动在20.8~3819.2粒/m2。 土壤种子库物种丰富度最大值一般出现在10月份，除羊草杂类草群落外，不放牧群落较放牧群落为高，中度放牧使羊草杂类草群落土壤种子库物种丰富度增加。中度放牧增加了小针茅群落、大针茅群落7月份和羊草杂类草群落各取样时间土壤种子库物种多样性。 3 地上植被与土壤种子库的关系 土壤种子库的优势种在特定时间特定放牧强度下与地上现有植被优势种一致，但一致率仅为三次取样时间不同放牧强度下总体的23.3%。 地上植被与土壤种子库物种组成相似性指数受不同取样时间的影响，一般的10月取样最大。不同放牧强度对二者间的相似性亦有影响，中度放牧提高了小针茅群落、羊草杂类草群落各取样时间和大针茅群落、羊草群落4月份的相似性指数。隔年二次萌发法提高了二者间的相似性水平。总体上相似性指数变动在0.1~0.75之间。 地上植被现存量、总密度与各取样时间土壤种子库总密度之间不存在显著的相关性。 4 对于估计土壤种子库密度、物种组成和确定种子库与地上植被间的关系，隔年二次萌发法对于弥补直接萌发法本身所具有的不足不失为一种有益的尝试。

Some aspects on growth and condition index of Saccostrea cucullata (Born), Cerithium rubus (Desh) and Tellina angulata Gmelin from Bombay coast

Size variation, growth, condition index and spawning periodicities of three species of molluscs were studied for a period of 15 months from a polluted and a relatively clean marine habitat near Bombay, Maharashtra, India. Growth of Saccostrea cucullata was 1.2 times and of Cerithium rubus was 1.6 times higher in unpolluted habitat than the polluted water. Spawning was during premonsoon in S. cucullata, post monsoon in C. rubus and monsoon in Tellina angulata. Condition index and percentage edibility values were higher at less polluted stations.

Studies on the gonadosomatic index and fecundity of chapila (Gudusia chapra Ham.)

The study was conducted in pond to determine the fecundity and gonadosomatic index of chapila, Gudusia chapra. The male fish was found to attain sexual maturity at 7.7 cm and 7.41 g and that of the female at 9.3 cm and 14.65 g by standard-length and body-weight respectively. The investigated fishes were found to be male and female at the ratio of 1:3 and generally female was found to be larger than male. The fish was found to spawn for several months with two spawning peaks, one in April and another in August as indicated by the peaks of gonadosomatic index and ova diameter. Fecundity of the fish ranged from 25,220 to 154,528 with an average value of 72,383 and was found to increase with the increase in length and weight of the fish. The relationships between fecundity and standard-length, body-weight, gonad-length and gonad weight of the fish were found to be linear and significant.

Effect of submerged aquatic vegetation on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon (Fab.)

An experiment was conducted in brackish water ponds with transplanted aquatic weed (Najas sp.) to study the effect of submerged aquatic vegetation on culture of Penaeus monodon. Out of six ponds three were without any aquatic vegetation (T1) while in other three ponds weeds were planted covering 40% of the pond bottom (T2). Hatchery produced post larva of P. monodon (0.006 g) were stocked in all ponds at a density of 40,000/ha. Shrimps were fed twice daily with commercial and formulated feed prepared from locally available ingredients. After 105 days of rearing shrimp of highest average weight (63.18g) was obtained from T2 with a survival rate of 25.90% and the total production was obtained at 654.54 kg/ha. The average weight, survival and total production of shrimp in T1 were 35.0 g, 28.76% and 405.63 kg/ha, respectively.