Una teoría general para la enseñanza del derecho civil : una propuesta para el Bicentenario

Resumen: El presente trabajo propone elementos para una reformulación de la enseñanza del Derecho Civil en la Argentina del Bicentenario. Parte del análisis del estado actual de la enseñanza en esta rama jurídica, con especial referencia a sus etapas históricas. Considera luego lo que se denomina “el modelo del cententario”, con particular atención a la influencia de la modernidad ilustrada y la cultura del Código. Evalúa luego la cuestión a partir de la tensión entre modernidad ilustrada y posmodernidad, proponiendo una alternativa al modelo de enseñanza surgido de la posmodernidad. Como hipótesis de trabajo propone una lectura de la denominada cultura jurídica desde los principios del derecho, y aportar así una alternativa desde la perspectiva del realismo jurídico clásico.

Educación y democracia

Resumen: Actualmente hay cierto consenso en la preferencia de la democracia sobre otros sistemas de gobierno; sin embargo, a la hora de cuestionarnos sobre su fundamento filosófico el consenso es más difícil de lograr. En la democracia se valora la participación activa de los ciudadanos y su derecho a una opinión libre, por lo cual algunos planteos consideran que el sistema democrático es incompatible con la defensa de verdades y valores absolutos. Ejemplo de ello es el planteo de Kelsen, quien sostiene que la democracia solo puede fundamentarse sobre una filosof��a relativista. Sin embargo, posiciones como estas tropiezan con dificultades y contradicciones de orden lógico, gnoseológico, metafísico, antropológico, psicológico, ético y social. Acarrean consecuencias negativas también en el ámbito educativo. Para responder a estos planteos proponemos volver sobre algunas enseñanzas de Sócrates y repensar la relación entre democracia y educación, verdad y libertad.

La libertad de expresión en el sistema interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos y su incidencia en el derecho interno de los estados parte

Como dice el título de la presente disertación, abordaré la situación de la libertad de expresión en el sistema interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos y su incidencia en el derecho interno de los Estados parte. Voy a dividir esta presentación en tres partes: 1) Una breve descripción del sistema interamericano dentro del marco del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos, como núcleo del nuevo paradigma del Estado Constitucional de Derecho; 2) Una descripción de la situación de la libertad de expresión en el mencionado marco; 3) Por último, terminaré con algunas reflexiones personales. Como se puede apreciar, la primera y segunda parte son más descriptivas del cuadro de situación y la última más reflexiva de la misma desde el punto de vista filosófico.

Amartya Sen : la idea de la justicia

Resumen: El artículo analiza la importancia del último libro publicado por Amartya Sen, La idea de la justicia, que representa una síntesis de todo su pensamiento. El autor destaca que la importancia de esta obra radica en su dimensión ética, guiada por la razón, y la compara con la teoría de John Rawls, trazando los paralelos y diferencias que existen entre el pensamiento de ambos intelectuales. Luego, Migliore expone los tres grandes temas abordados por Sen en su teoría: la cuestión de la distribución justa de los r ecursos, la democracia o libertad de participación, y los derechos humanos. Finalmente, a modo de conclusión, sugiere que la obra del economista indio tiene interesantes coincidencias con el pensamiento social cristiano.

Habla ahora o calla (forzosamente) para siempre : las convenciones en contra de toda forma de discriminación e intolerancia y su amenaza a la libertad de expresión en los Estados Americanos

En junio de 2013, la Organización de Estados Americanos (en adelante, la “OEA”) adoptó las Convenciones Interamericanas en Contra del Racismo, la Discriminación Racial y Todas las Formas Relacionadas de Intolerancia (en adelante, “CCDI”). Entre otras cosas, estos nuevos instrumentos –que al tiempo de escribir estas líneas no han sido ratificados por ningún Estado de la región– tendrán el efecto de ampliar enormemente la extensión de las llamadas categorías prohibidas de discriminación más allá de lo que hoy existe en los tratados vigentes que tocan la materia, además de crear un amplio rango de nuevas obligaciones y deberes para los Estados partes en el sentido de promover la igualdad y eliminar la discriminación y la intolerancia. Aún cuando existen múltiples aspectos de esta convención que son susceptibles de ser criticados desde una perspectiva jurídica y de política pública, este ensayo lidia exclusivamente con la cuestión de la novel definición legal de la “intolerancia” como un acto o expresión prohibida, y con los deberes que asumirán los Estados en relación con la misma...

"Iudicium meum semper fuit" : cuestiones de poética en el comentario gramatical de Antonio de Nebrija (1444-1522)

Título del volúmen: "Elementos de retórica y poética en la gramática y el comentario filológico: de Isidoro al tiempo de Nebrija" edición de Juan Casas Rigall.

Una aproximación a la situación de la mujer en los estudios universitarios de informática

[ES]En los últimos años, la baja participación de la mujer y la tendencia al descenso de los porcentajes de alumnas matriculadas en los estudios universitarios de informática ha sido objeto de estudio para investigadoras/es en Estados Unidos, Europa y otros países. Habiendo constatado también en la Facultad de Informática de San Sebastián (FISS) de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) dicho descenso, nuestro objetivo ha sido recopilar información estadística para determinar si esta tendencia se ha producido también en otras universidades del Estado español. El estudio incluye, en primer lugar,porcentajes de mujeres inscritas en Ingeniería Informática comparados con los porcentajes en el área técnica en su conjunto. Por otra parte, recoge datos del tercer ciclo y porcentajes de profesoras de los departamentos que imparten docencia en la FISS, comparados con los porcentajes en los mismos departamentos en el conjunto del Estado. Por último, se presentan datos de inserción en el mundo laboral para las promociones 1998-2002 de egresadas/os en la UPV/EHU. Los datos revelan los bajos porcentajes de mujeres que se han matriculado en Ingeniería Informática los últimos años y la tendencia al descenso, las diferencias entre distintas universidades,y que apenas hay sesgo de género en los datos de inserción en el mundo laboral.

Information legislation and management survey 2014

The 10th annual Jisc, GuildHE and Universities UK information legislation and management survey shows a rise in the number of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests for the tenth consecutive year. In contrast Environmental Information Regulations (EIR) requests appear to have levelled off to a fairly consistent rate, while Data Protection Act (DPA) requests have declined back to levels last seen in 2008. The average monthly number of FOI requests received by UK universities has risen by 19% since 2013 and by almost seven times over the last decade since our survey began. The average across the 46 participating institutions was 219 FOI requests with the highest of 454 reported by one participant.

Information legislation and management survey 2014

The 10th annual Jisc, GuildHE and Universities UK information legislation and management survey shows a rise in the number of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests for the tenth consecutive year. In contrast Environmental Information Regulations (EIR) requests appear to have levelled off to a fairly consistent rate, while Data Protection Act (DPA) requests have declined back to levels last seen in 2008. The average monthly number of FOI requests received by UK universities has risen by 19% since 2013 and by almost seven times over the last decade since our survey began. The average across the 47 participating institutions was 218 FOI requests with the highest of 454 reported by one participant.

Full retention schedule in FE

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From transistor to trapped-ion computers for quantum chemistry

Over the last few decades, quantum chemistry has progressed through the development of computational methods based on modern digital computers. However, these methods can hardly fulfill the exponentially-growing resource requirements when applied to large quantum systems. As pointed out by Feynman, this restriction is intrinsic to all computational models based on classical physics. Recently, the rapid advancement of trapped-ion technologies has opened new possibilities for quantum control and quantum simulations. Here, we present an efficient toolkit that exploits both the internal and motional degrees of freedom of trapped ions for solving problems in quantum chemistry, including molecular electronic structure, molecular dynamics, and vibronic coupling. We focus on applications that go beyond the capacity of classical computers, but may be realizable on state-of-the-art trapped-ion systems. These results allow us to envision a new paradigm of quantum chemistry that shifts from the current transistor to a near-future trapped-ion-based technology.

Temperature controlled filamentation in argon gas

Temperature controlled filamentation is experimentally demonstrated in a temperature gradient gas-filled tube. The proper position of the tube is heated by a furnace and two ends of the tube are cooled by air. The experimental results show that multiple filaments are shrunken into a single filament or no filament only by increasing the temperature at the beginning of the filament. This technique offers another degree of freedom of controlling the filamentation and opens a new way for intense monocycle pulse generation through gradient temperature in a noble gas.

Fermionic quantum systems. Part I: Phase transitions in quantum dots. Part II: Nuclear matter on a lattice

In the first part I perform Hartree-Fock calculations to show that quantum dots (i.e., two-dimensional systems of up to twenty interacting electrons in an external parabolic potential) undergo a gradual transition to a spin-polarized Wigner crystal with increasing magnetic field strength. The phase diagram and ground state energies have been determined. I tried to improve the ground state of the Wigner crystal by introducing a Jastrow ansatz for the wave function and performing a variational Monte Carlo calculation. The existence of so called magic numbers was also investigated. Finally, I also calculated the heat capacity associated with the rotational degree of freedom of deformed many-body states and suggest an experimental method to detect Wigner crystals.

The second part of the thesis investigates infinite nuclear matter on a cubic lattice. The exact thermal formalism describes nucleons with a Hamiltonian that accommodates on-site and next-neighbor parts of the central, spin-exchange and isospin-exchange interaction. Using auxiliary field Monte Carlo methods, I show that energy and basic saturation properties of nuclear matter can be reproduced. A first order phase transition from an uncorrelated Fermi gas to a clustered system is observed by computing mechanical and thermodynamical quantities such as compressibility, heat capacity, entropy and grand potential. The structure of the clusters is investigated with the help two-body correlations. I compare symmetry energy and first sound velocities with literature and find reasonable agreement. I also calculate the energy of pure neutron matter and search for a similar phase transition, but the survey is restricted by the infamous Monte Carlo sign problem. Also, a regularization scheme to extract potential parameters from scattering lengths and effective ranges is investigated.

A bayesian probabilistic approach to structural health monitoring

A Bayesian probabilistic methodology for on-line structural health monitoring which addresses the issue of parameter uncertainty inherent in problem is presented. The method uses modal parameters for a limited number of modes identified from measurements taken at a restricted number of degrees of freedom of a structure as the measured structural data. The application presented uses a linear structural model whose stiffness matrix is parameterized to develop a class of possible models. Within the Bayesian framework, a joint probability density function (PDF) for the model stiffness parameters given the measured modal data is determined. Using this PDF, the marginal PDF of the stiffness parameter for each substructure given the data can be calculated.

Monitoring the health of a structure using these marginal PDFs involves two steps. First, the marginal PDF for each model parameter given modal data from the undamaged structure is found. The structure is then periodically monitored and updated marginal PDFs are determined. A measure of the difference between the calibrated and current marginal PDFs is used as a means to characterize the health of the structure. A procedure for interpreting the measure for use by an expert system in on-line monitoring is also introduced.

The probabilistic framework is developed in order to address the model parameter uncertainty issue inherent in the health monitoring problem. To illustrate this issue, consider a very simplified deterministic structural health monitoring method. In such an approach, the model parameters which minimize an error measure between the measured and model modal values would be used as the "best" model of the structure. Changes between the model parameters identified using modal data from the undamaged structure and subsequent modal data would be used to find the existence, location and degree of damage. Due to measurement noise, limited modal information, and model error, the "best" model parameters might vary from one modal dataset to the next without any damage present in the structure. Thus, difficulties would arise in separating normal variations in the identified model parameters based on limitations of the identification method and variations due to true change in the structure. The Bayesian framework described in this work provides a means to handle this parametric uncertainty.

The probabilistic health monitoring method is applied to simulated data and laboratory data. The results of these tests are presented.

Fiber-optic integration and efficient detection schemes for optomechanical resonators

With the advent of the laser in the year 1960, the field of optics experienced a renaissance from what was considered to be a dull, solved subject to an active area of development, with applications and discoveries which are yet to be exhausted 55 years later. Light is now nearly ubiquitous not only in cutting-edge research in physics, chemistry, and biology, but also in modern technology and infrastructure. One quality of light, that of the imparted radiation pressure force upon reflection from an object, has attracted intense interest from researchers seeking to precisely monitor and control the motional degrees of freedom of an object using light. These optomechanical interactions have inspired myriad proposals, ranging from quantum memories and transducers in quantum information networks to precision metrology of classical forces. Alongside advances in micro- and nano-fabrication, the burgeoning field of optomechanics has yielded a class of highly engineered systems designed to produce strong interactions between light and motion.

Optomechanical crystals are one such system in which the patterning of periodic holes in thin dielectric films traps both light and sound waves to a micro-scale volume. These devices feature strong radiation pressure coupling between high-quality optical cavity modes and internal nanomechanical resonances. Whether for applications in the quantum or classical domain, the utility of optomechanical crystals hinges on the degree to which light radiating from the device, having interacted with mechanical motion, can be collected and detected in an experimental apparatus consisting of conventional optical components such as lenses and optical fibers. While several efficient methods of optical coupling exist to meet this task, most are unsuitable for the cryogenic or vacuum integration required for many applications. The first portion of this dissertation will detail the development of robust and efficient methods of optically coupling optomechanical resonators to optical fibers, with an emphasis on fabrication processes and optical characterization.

I will then proceed to describe a few experiments enabled by the fiber couplers. The first studies the performance of an optomechanical resonator as a precise sensor for continuous position measurement. The sensitivity of the measurement, limited by the detection efficiency of intracavity photons, is compared to the standard quantum limit imposed by the quantum properties of the laser probe light. The added noise of the measurement is seen to fall within a factor of 3 of the standard quantum limit, representing an order of magnitude improvement over previous experiments utilizing optomechanical crystals, and matching the performance of similar measurements in the microwave domain.

The next experiment uses single photon counting to detect individual phonon emission and absorption events within the nanomechanical oscillator. The scattering of laser light from mechanical motion produces correlated photon-phonon pairs, and detection of the emitted photon corresponds to an effective phonon counting scheme. In the process of scattering, the coherence properties of the mechanical oscillation are mapped onto the reflected light. Intensity interferometry of the reflected light then allows measurement of the temporal coherence of the acoustic field. These correlations are measured for a range of experimental conditions, including the optomechanical amplification of the mechanics to a self-oscillation regime, and comparisons are drawn to a laser system for phonons. Finally, prospects for using phonon counting and intensity interferometry to produce non-classical mechanical states are detailed following recent proposals in literature.