Nutrient dynamics of seasonal tanks in the dry zone of Sri Lanka in relation to their hydrological regimes

Village tanks are put to a wide range of uses by the rural communities that depend on them for their survival. As the primacy of irrigation has decreased under these tanks due to a variety of climatic and economic reasons there is a need to reevaluate their use for other productive functions. The research presented in this paper is part of a programme investigating the potential to improve the management of living aquatic resources in order to bring benefits to the most marginal groups identified in upper watershed areas. Based on an improved typology of seasonal tanks, the seasonal changes and dynamics of various water quality parameters indicative of nutrient status and fisheries carrying capacity are compared over a period of one year. Indicators of Net (Primary) Productivity (NP): Rates of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) change, Total Suspended Solids (TSS): Total Suspended Volatile solids (TVSS) ratios are the parameters of principle interest. Based on these results a comparative analysis is made on two classes of ‘seasonal’ and ‘semi-seasonal’ tanks. Results indicate a broad correlation in each of these parameters with seasonal trends in tank hydrology. Highest productivity levels are associated with periods of declining water storage, whilst the lowest levels are associated with the periods of maximum water storage shortly after the NW monsoon. This variation is primarily attributed to dilution effects associated with depth and storage area. During the yala period, encroachment of the surface layer by several species of aquatic macrophyte also has progressively negative impacts on productivity. The most seasonal tanks show wider extremes in seasonal nutrient dynamics, overall, with less favourable conditions than the ‘semi-seasonal’ tanks. Never the less all the tanks can be considered as being highly productive with NP levels comparable to fertilised pond systems for much of the year. This indicates that nutrient status is not likely to be amongst the most important constraints to enhancing fish production. Other potential management improvements based on these results are discussed. [PDF contains 19 pages]

Der Anteil Transportwasser bei Heringsanlandungen mittels Vakuumsauganlage in Großraumbehältern

Estimation of the water content of herring landings caused by pressure-vacuum double tank pumps and using of multi purpose transport containers About 80 % of herring that is landed in the fish processing company Euro-Baltic Fischverarbeitungs GmbH Mukran, on the Isle of Rügen at the Baltic coast is transported from the cutter into the processing plant by pumping. For this purpose 700 l-Euro-size polyethylene tubs (containers) are filled with herring by means of a pressure-vacuum pump-systems during the unloading of the cutter. To be able to pump the fish from the hold on board it is kept floating in water (transport water). At the end of the pumping/transporting process the fish ends in a dewatering box before reaching the tub, where the transport water is separated from the fish. Then, the not completely dewatered fish is slipped into the transport containers. The amount of transport water reaching the containers depends on the type of PV-equipment and on the amount of transport water in the fish holds of the different cutters. Methodologically the mixture of fish and water must be weighed together. For the experiments specially designed transport container were used which allow the measurement of the run-off of the water to be quantified and thus to measure the proportion of water remaining with the fish. Based on 30 experiments it could be shown that on average 6 % of remaining weight of the mixture is water. Furthermore, factors were detected which influence the variability of the proportion of water.

Using the system dynamics paradigm in teaching and learning technological university subjets

2nd International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies

Flow-induced vibrations of long circular cylinders modeled by coupled nonlinear oscillators

The dynamics of long slender cylinders undergoing vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) is studied in this work. Long slender cylinders such as risers or tension legs are widely used in the field of ocean engineering. When the sea current flows past a cylinder, it will be excited due to vortex shedding. A three-dimensional time domain model is formulated to describe the response of the cylinder, in which the in-line (IL) and cross-flow (CF) deflections are coupled. The wake dynamics, including in-line and cross-flow vibrations, is represented using a pair of non-linear oscillators distributed along the cylinder. The wake oscillators are coupled to the dynamics of the long cylinder with the acceleration coupling term. A non-linear fluid force model is accounted for to reflect the relative motion of cylinder to current. The model is validated against the published data from a tank experiment with the free span riser. The comparisons show that some aspects due to VIV of long flexible cylinders can be reproduced by the proposed model, such as vibrating frequency, dominant mode number, occurrence and transition of the standing or traveling waves. In the case study, the simulations show that the IL curvature is not smaller than CF curvature, which indicates that both IL and CF vibrations are important for the structural fatigue damage.

Influence of Rayleigh-Taylor Instability on Liquid Propellant Reorientation in a Low-Gravity Environment

A computational simulation is conducted to investigate the influence of Rayleigh-Taylor instability on liquid propellant reorientation flow dynamics for the tank of CZ-3A launch vehicle series fuel tanks in a low-gravity environment. The volume-of-fluid (VOF) method is used to simulate the free surface flow of gas-liquid. The process of the liquid propellant reorientation started from initially flat and curved interfaces are numerically studied. These two different initial conditions of the gas-liquid interface result in two modes of liquid flow. It is found that the Rayleigh-Taylor instability can be reduced evidently at the initial gas-liquid interface with a high curve during the process of liquid reorientation in a low-gravity environment.

Artisanal containers and transportation for smoke-dried fish in Nigeria

The packaging containers and means of transportation for Nigerian smoke-dried fish from harvesting all through the post-harvest chain were described. Sacks, paper cartons, wooden rackets, cane and bamboo baskets were predominantly used packaging containers. Means of transportation ranged from wheelbarrows, motorcycle, lorries, to pick-up vehicles and trucks. The major area of improvement is seen in packaging at the wholesale level. To overcome the constraints within the system, both the public and private sectors must provide effective services that benefit fishermen, processors, wholesalers, retailers, organisation and other key participants that make the work. Suggestions for reducing post harvest losses and improving the efficiency of the existing distribution system, based on the various need of the stake holders and the socio-cultural settings of the application were proffered

Design and construction of portable surface aeration pump for tanks and small ponds

The maintenance of adequate dissolved oxygen level is very important in the economy of any aquaculture system. An easy to construct aerating device was created using 0.5 hp water-pump, shower rose, Styrofoam, and rubber hose. The aerator works by drawing water from below and discharging it into the atmosphere as a spray. The spray is aerated as it splashes into the water surface. The aerating device has an average spray of 1.2 unit and doubles the dissolved oxygen content of 37.8 m super(3) tank in one hour

Fish sorting assessments of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings raised in fish tanks

Fish sorting assessments of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings stocked and raised in fish tanks were undertaken for a 6-month culture period: Sorting was undertaken from the first, second, and third months of stocking the fish fingerlings while the control was not sorted at all. The sorting assessments revealed that the twice sorting of fish fingerlings stocked with a Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) of 3.44 was significantly different (p>0.05) from those sorted once with MRR of 0.912, and three times with MRR of 2.65 respectively, thus making twice sorting most advisable for fish farmers utilizing Clarias gariepinus fingerlings for tank aquaculture

An investigation of the effect of replacing fish meal with soyabean meal, groundnut cake and blood meal at varied proportion on growth and food utilization of the Clarias anguillaris fingerlings fed in outdoor hapas

Fingerlings of Clarias anguillaris obtained from a homogenous source through induce breeding and each with a mean weight of 2.8g were stocked in ten hapas each measuring 1.0x1.0m in outdoor concrete tank and were fed for eight (8) weeks. Results shows that the best growth rate was recorded among fingerlings fed fish meal as the only protein source (TD5) while DT2 containing soya bean, groundnut cake (40%), blood meal as the protein sources came next. The growth rate of fingerlings fed DT2 (40 % groundnut cake, 10% soyabean meal and 10% blood meal) was higher than those fed DT4 containing 10% fish meal but lower than those fed DT5 which has fish meal as its sole source of protein (53.0%). Analysis of various growth parameters like SGR, FCR and PER. shows that DT5 was the overall best diet but there was no significant statistical difference in weight gained by fish fed the five diets (P <0.05)

Improving aquaculture through increased fisheries extension research

The present study was conducted, as an attempt to disabuse minds of practicing fish farmers and also encourage prospective farmers who are of the opinion that fish culture is not as profitable as it is widely reported. The study was carried out in an abandoned concrete water fountain tank (20m super(2)) made primarily for recreational purposes. The tank was stocked initially with 125 post fingerlings (Heterobtranchus bidorsalis) bought at rate of N30 each. Cost of feeding was N3, 149.85. Gross and net profits for the passive 2- year culture stood at N27, 149.85 and N20, 000.00 respectively. The longest fish (L sub(max)) was 64.0 com TL while the smallest 41.5cm TL (64.8%L sub(max)) and weight 1.9kg (W sub(max)) and 0.5kg 26.3%W sub(max)). Weight and length data generated from the study were examined

Boundary-layer transition on a slender cone in hypervelocity flow with real gas effects

The laminar to turbulent transition process in boundary layer flows in thermochemical nonequilibrium at high enthalpy is measured and characterized. Experiments are performed in the T5 Hypervelocity Reflected Shock Tunnel at Caltech, using a 1 m length 5-degree half angle axisymmetric cone instrumented with 80 fast-response annular thermocouples, complemented by boundary layer stability computations using the STABL software suite. A new mixing tank is added to the shock tube fill apparatus for premixed freestream gas experiments, and a new cleaning procedure results in more consistent transition measurements. Transition location is nondimensionalized using a scaling with the boundary layer thickness, which is correlated with the acoustic properties of the boundary layer, and compared with parabolized stability equation (PSE) analysis. In these nondimensionalized terms, transition delay with increasing CO₂ concentration is observed: tests in 100% and 50% CO₂, by mass, transition up to 25% and 15% later, respectively, than air experiments. These results are consistent with previous work indicating that CO₂ molecules at elevated temperatures absorb acoustic instabilities in the MHz range, which is the expected frequency of the Mack second-mode instability at these conditions, and also consistent with predictions from PSE analysis. A strong unit Reynolds number effect is observed, which is believed to arise from tunnel noise. N_Tr for air from 5.4 to 13.2 is computed, substantially higher than previously reported for noisy facilities. Time- and spatially-resolved heat transfer traces are used to track the propagation of turbulent spots, and convection rates at 90%, 76%, and 63% of the boundary layer edge velocity, respectively, are observed for the leading edge, centroid, and trailing edge of the spots. A model constructed with these spot propagation parameters is used to infer spot generation rates from measured transition onset to completion distance. Finally, a novel method to control transition location with boundary layer gas injection is investigated. An appropriate porous-metal injector section for the cone is designed and fabricated, and the efficacy of injected CO₂ for delaying transition is gauged at various mass flow rates, and compared with both no injection and chemically inert argon injection cases. While CO₂ injection seems to delay transition, and argon injection seems to promote it, the experimental results are inconclusive and matching computations do not predict a reduction in N factor from any CO₂ injection condition computed.

Wastewater Electrolysis Cell for Environmental Pollutants Degradation and Molecular Hydrogen Generation

This study proposes a wastewater electrolysis cell (WEC) for on-site treatment of human waste coupled with decentralized molecular H₂ production. The core of the WEC includes mixed metal oxides anodes functionalized with bismuth doped TiO₂ (BiO_x/TiO₂). The BiO_x/TiO₂ anode shows reliable electro-catalytic activity to oxidize Cl- to reactive chlorine species (RCS), which degrades environmental pollutants including chemical oxygen demand (COD), protein, NH4⁺, urea, and total coliforms. The WEC experiments for treatment of various kinds of synthetic and real wastewater demonstrate sufficient water quality of effluent for reuse for toilet flushing and environmental purposes. Cathodic reduction of water and proton on stainless steel cathodes produced molecular H2 with moderate levels of current and energy efficiency. This thesis presents a comprehensive environmental analysis together with kinetic models to provide an in-depth understanding of reaction pathways mediated by the RCS and the effects of key operating parameters. The latter part of this thesis is dedicated to bilayer hetero-junction anodes which show enhanced generation efficiency of RCS and long-term stability.

Chapter 2 describes the reaction pathway and kinetics of urea degradation mediated by electrochemically generated RCS. The urea oxidation involves chloramines and chlorinated urea as reaction intermediates, for which the mass/charge balance analysis reveals that N₂ and CO₂ are the primary products. Chapter 3 investigates direct-current and photovoltaic powered WEC for domestic wastewater treatment, while Chapter 4 demonstrates the feasibility of the WEC to treat model septic tank effluents. The results in Chapter 2 and 3 corroborate the active roles of chlorine radicals (Cl•/Cl₂^-•) based on iR-compensated anodic potential (thermodynamic basis) and enhanced pseudo-first-order rate constants (kinetic basis). The effects of operating parameters (anodic potential and [Cl^-] in Chapter 3; influent dilution and anaerobic pretreatment in Chapter 4) on the rate and current/energy efficiency of pollutants degradation and H₂ production are thoroughly discussed based on robust kinetic models. Chapter 5 reports the generation of RCS on Ir_0.7Ta_0.3O_y/Bi_xTi_1-xO_z hetero-junction anodes with enhanced rate, current efficiency, and long-term stability compared to the Ir_0.7Ta_0.3O_y anode. The effects of surficial Bi concentration are interrogated, focusing on relative distributions between surface-bound hydroxyl radical and higher oxide.

Determination of optimum stocking density of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae using multiple feed in a commercial hatchery at Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Experimental stocking density of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in larval rearing was conducted in A.G. Aqua Hatchery, Chakaria, Bangladesh to study the effect of different stocking densities on growth, survival rate and diseases stress under hatchery condition. The research work was conducted using six cemented rectangular tanks having 3m3 capacity (1.5mX2mX1m) each. Stocking density were maintained in three experimental setup as 200, 150 and 100ind/L of the T1, T2 and T3 respectively with one replicate each. The larvae were fed with Artemia nauplii, Custard, Maxima and brine shrimp flakes. Water quality was maintained by exchanging 20-30% (12ppt saline water) daily. During the study period, temperature, pH, DO, salinity, nitrite-nitrogen, ammonia and alkalinity were maintained from 28.5-31.5ºC, 7.5-7.8, 5.8-5.9mg/L, 12-13ppt, 0.14-0.2 mg/L, 0.22-0.3mg/L, and 140-160mg/L respectively. The growth rates of larvae at 11th stage were recorded in terms of body length 0.115, 0.136, and 0.169 mm/day whereas body weight were observed 0.000115, 0.000180, and 0.000240g/day. The survival rate of larvae were found 21.8%, 30.4% and 51.3% in treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively. PL was obtained as 43, 45, and 51PL/L and days required of 41, 38 and 34 days in stocking density of 200, 150, and 100ind/L respectively. It was found that the minimum of 34 days was required to attain the PL (12th stage) using the stocking density of 100 individuals/L. Cannibalism, Zoothamnium, Exuvia Entrapment Disease (EED), and Bacterial Necrosis (BN) were found to be the threat to the commercial hatchery operation that might responsible for potential larval damages which can be reduced by lowering the stocking densities in larval rearing tank that also increased the survival and growth rate.

Validação do processo de limpeza de tanque multiuso utilizado para formulação de vacinas

A validação de limpeza de equipamentos é requisito regulatório para assegurar que os procedimentos de limpeza removem os resíduos de produto e agente de limpeza existentes até um nível de aceitação pré-determinado, garantindo que não haja contaminação cruzada. A metodologia analítica escolhida para monitorar a ocorrência de contaminação cruzada foi a determinação de carbono orgânico total (TOC) por ser uma técnica não específica permitindo assim quantificar os resíduos antes e após o procedimento de limpeza. Para execução desta validação foi selecionado o pior caso em relação ao contaminante. A vacina Hib foi escolhida como pior caso, pois possui maior aderência ao aço inox 316L, apresentando uma menor percentagem de recuperação, quando comparada à vacina Meningite A e C, sendo respectivamente de 93,0% e 98,4% para o tempo de extração de 30 segundos e 67,8% e 72,6% para o tempo de extração de 10 segundos. O resíduo aceitável de produto em água de rinsagem foi de 0,0007 g/mL de polissacarídeo (0,49 g/mL de TOC) e em swab foi de 0,006 g/mL de polissacarídeo (3,49 g/mL de TOC). As amostras retiradas para determinação de resíduo de produto foram analisadas e corrigidas pelo fator de recuperação deste resíduo para amostras de água de rinsagem que é de 98,5% e para amostras em swab que é de 98,4%. Já o resíduo aceitável para agente de limpeza (NaOH) foi de 3,5 g/mL que fornece um pH de 9,94, porém não existem evidências que a concentração calculada de resíduo de NaOH não interferirá quimicamente ao entrar em contato com a vacina. Assim o critério adotado foi o mesmo da água para injetáveis, segundo USP que é pH entre 5 e 7. As amostras retiradas para determinação de resíduo de agente de limpeza não foram corrigidas pelo fator de recuperação uma vez que o critério utilizado é muito mais crítico que o calculado. Todas as análises realizadas apresentaram resultados dentro dos parâmetros aceitáveis permitindo a conclusão de que o procedimento de limpeza para tanque de aço inox 316L é eficiente removendo os resíduos até níveis aceitáveis, evitando assim uma contaminação cruzada

Wave uplift pressures on horizontal platforms

The major objective of the study has been to investigate in detail the rapidly-varying peak uplift pressure and the slowly-varying positive and negative uplift pressures that are known to be exerted by waves against the underside of a horizontal pier or platform located above the still water level, but not higher than the crests of the incident waves.

In a "two-dimensional" laboratory study conducted in a 100-ft long by 15-in.-wide by 2-ft-deep wave tank with a horizontal smooth bottom, individually generated solitary waves struck a rigid, fixed, horizontal platform extending the width of the tank. Pressure transducers were mounted flush with the smooth soffit, or underside, of the platform. The location of the transducers could be varied.

The problem of a d equate dynamic and spatial response of the transducers was investigated in detail. It was found that unless the radius of the sensitive area of a pressure transducer is smaller than about one-third of the characteristic width of the pressure distribution, the peak pressure and the rise-time will not be recorded accurately. A procedure was devised to correct peak pressures and rise-times for this transducer defect.

The hydrodynamics of the flow beneath the platform are described qualitatively by a si1nple analysis, which relates peak pressure and positive slowly-varying pressure to the celerity of the wave front propagating beneath the platform, and relates negative slowly-varying pressure to the process by which fluid recedes from the platform after the wave has passed. As the wave front propagates beneath the platform, its celerity increases to a maximum, then decreases. The peak pressure similarly increases with distance from the seaward edge of the platform, then decreases.

Measured peak pressure head, always found to be less than five times the incident wave height above still water level, is an order of magnitude less than reported shock pressures due to waves breaking against vertical walls; the product of peak pressure and rise-time, considered as peak impulse, is of the order of 20% of reported shock impulse due to waves breaking against vertical walls. The maximum measured slowly-varying uplift pressure head is approximately equal to the incident wave height less the soffit clearance above still water level. The normalized magnitude and duration of negative pressure appears to depend principally on the ratio of soffit clearance to still water depth and on the ratio of platform length to still water depth.