Design of surface forces apparatus for tribology studies combined with nonlinear optical spectroscopy

We describe the design, calibration, and performance of surface forces apparatus with the capability of illumination of the contact interface for spectroscopic investigation using optical techniques. The apparatus can be placed in the path of a Nd-YAG laser for studies of the linear response or the second harmonic and sum-frequency generation from a material confined between the two surfaces. In addition to the standard fringes of equal chromatic order technique, which we have digitized for accurate and fast analysis, the distance of separation can be measured with a fiber-optic interferometer during spectroscopic measurements (2 Å resolution and 10 ms response time). The sample approach is accomplished through application of a motor drive, piezoelectric actuator, or electromagnetic lever deflection for variable degrees of range, sensitivity, and response time. To demonstrate the operation of the instrument, the stepwise expulsion of discrete layers of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane from the contact is shown. Lateral forces may also be studied by using piezoelectric bimorphs to induce and direct the motion of one surface.

Competing tunneling and capacitive paths in Co-ZrO2 granular thin films

The ac electrical response is studied in thin films composed of well-defined nanometric Co particles embedded in an insulating ZrO2 matrix which tends to coat them, preventing the formation of aggregates. In the dielectric regime, ac transport originates from the competition between interparticle capacitive Cp and tunneling Rt channels, the latter being thermally assisted. This competition yields an absorption phenomenon at a characteristic frequency 1/(RtCp), which is observed in the range 1010 000 Hz. In this way, the effective ac properties mimic the universal response of disordered dielectric materials. Temperature and frequency determine the complexity and nature of the ac electrical paths, which have been successfully modeled by an Rt-Cp network.

Coherent Stranski-Krastanov growth in 1+1 dimensions with anharmonic interactions: An equilibrium study

The formation of coherently strained three-dimensional (3D) islands on top of the wetting layer in the Stranski-Krastanov mode of growth is considered in a model in 1 + 1 dimensions accounting for the anharmonicity and nonconvexity of the real interatomic forces. It is shown that coherent 3D islands can be expected to form in compressed rather than expanded overlayers beyond a critical lattice misfit. In expanded overlayers the classical Stranski-Krastanov growth is expected to occur because the misfit dislocations can become energetically favored at smaller island sizes. The thermodynamic reason for coherent 3D islanding is incomplete wetting owing to the weaker adhesion of the edge atoms. Monolayer height islands with a critical size appear as necessary precursors of the 3D islands. This explains the experimentally observed narrow size distribution of the 3D islands. The 2D-3D transformation takes place by consecutive rearrangements of mono- to bilayer, bi- to trilayer islands, etc., after the corresponding critical sizes have been exceeded. The rearrangements are initiated by nucleation events, each one needing to overcome a lower energetic barrier than the one before. The model is in good qualitative agreement with available experimental observations.

Proposed gravitational wave observatory based on solid elastic spheres

Spherical gravitational wave (GW) detectors offer a wealth of so far unexplored possibilities to detect gravitational radiation. We find that a sphere can be used as a powerful testbed for any metric theory of gravity, not only general relativity as considered so far, by making use of a deconvolution procedure for all the electric components of the Riemann tensor. We also find that the spheres cross section is large at two frequencies, and advantageous at higher frequencies in the sense that a single antenna constitutes a real xylophone in its own. Proposed GW networks will greatly benefit from this. The main features of a two large sphere observatory are reported.

Caracterização de vertissolos da ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco

O Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha (FN) possui solos pouco desenvolvidos das classes dos Cambissolos, Vertissolos e Neossolos, com características peculiares relacionadas ao material de origem vulcânico, clima tropical com franco domínio oceânico e relevo ondulado a forte ondulado. Os Vertissolos de FN são formados a partir de rochas básicas, tufos vulcânicos e sedimentos aluvionares e estão associados às superfícies rebaixadas com drenagem impedida do planalto central ou da baixada litorânea. Tendo em vista a necessidade de preservação ambiental, uso agrícola ou geotécnico e características peculiares desse ambiente insular, os Vertissolos de FN precisam de melhor entendimento de seus atributos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi, portanto, caracterizar morfológica, física, química e mineralogicamente Vertissolos de ocorrência comum na ilha de Fernando de Noronha. Três perfis de Vertissolos derivados de diferentes materiais de origem, classes de drenagem e níveis de salinidade e sodicidade foram descritos e coletados para realização das análises de caracterização. Os solos estudados foram: Vertissolo Háplico órtico solódico (P01), Vertissolo Háplico sálico gleissólico (P02) e Vertissolo Háplico sódico gleissólico (P03). Os Vertissolos de FN apresentam feições típicas da ordem, como a textura argilosa a muito argilosa, as superfícies de fricção (slickensides) e o fendilhamento horizontal e vertical quando secos. Esses solos são imperfeitamente a maldrenados e sofrem alagamento temporário no período de maior concentração das chuvas. Apresentam elevados valores de soma e saturação por bases, além de teores altos a muito altos de P extraível, de distribuição irregular entre perfis e com dominância de formas inorgânicas. Não obstante, esses apresentam problemas de acumulação de sais, o que restringe a utilização agrícola ou geotécnica deles. Os principais minerais da fração argila dos solos são do grupo das esmectitas, seguidos por caulinitas e, ou, haloisitas. A fração silte é constituída por hematita, goethita, magnetita/maghemita, ilmenita, mica e feldspato e por minerais pouco comuns em solos brasileiros como crandalita e holandita.

Cosmic strings and Einstein-Rosen soliton waves

We consider all generalized soliton solutions of the Einstein-Rosen form in the cylindrical context. They are Petrov type-I solutions which describe solitonlike waves interacting with a line source placed on the symmetry axis. Some of the solutions develop a curvature singularity on the axis which is typical of massive line sources, whereas others just have the conical singularity revealing the presence of a static cosmic string. The analysis is based on the asymptotic behavior of the Riemann and metric tensors, the deficit angle, and a C-velocity associated to Thornes C-energy. The C-energy is found to be radiated along the null directions.

Influence of hydrodynamic interactions on the adsoption process of large particles

We have studied the adsorption process of non-Brownian particles on a line. Our work differs from previously proposed models in that we have incorporated hydrodynamic interactions between the incoming particles and the preadsorbed particles as well as the surface. We then numerically analyze the effect of these interactions on quantities related to the adsorption process. Comparing our model to the ballistic deposition model (BM) shows a significant discrepancy in the pair correlation function. These results can explain some differences between recent experiments and BM predictions. Finally, the limitations of the applicability of BM are addressed.

Adsorption kinetics in the presence of external fields

In this article we present a detailed analysis of the kinetics of a class of sequential adsorption models that take into account the effect of externally applied fields (as an electric field, or a shear rate) on the adsorption. The excluded volume interactions related to the finite size of the adsorbing particles are modified by the external fields. As a result, new adsorption mechanisms appear with respect to the ones used to describe the kinetics in a quiescent fluid. In particular, if the adsorbing particles are allowed to roll over preadsorbed ones, adsorption becomes non local even in the simplest geometry. An exact analytic theory cannot be developed, but we introduce a self-consistent theory that turns out to agree with the simulation results over all the range of the parameters.

Adsorption kinetics in the presence of external fields

In this article we present a detailed analysis of the kinetics of a class of sequential adsorption models that take into account the effect of externally applied fields (as an electric field, or a shear rate) on the adsorption. The excluded volume interactions related to the finite size of the adsorbing particles are modified by the external fields. As a result, new adsorption mechanisms appear with respect to the ones used to describe the kinetics in a quiescent fluid. In particular, if the adsorbing particles are allowed to roll over preadsorbed ones, adsorption becomes non local even in the simplest geometry. An exact analytic theory cannot be developed, but we introduce a self-consistent theory that turns out to agree with the simulation results over all the range of the parameters.

FERRAMENTAS MATEMÁTICAS, SUSCETIBILIDADE MAGNÉTICA E MODELOS DE PAISAGEM APLICADOS NA DELIMITAÇÃO DE ÁREAS DE MANEJO ESPECÍFICO

A identificação de padrões de variabilidade dos atributos do solo permite o uso e a ocupação do solo de maneira sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi delimitar áreas de manejo específico utilizando ferramentas matemáticas, suscetibilidade magnética e modelos de paisagem. A área de estudo localiza-se no município de Guariba, SP. Escolheu-se uma área de 110 ha, onde foram identificadas e mapeadas três superfícies geomórficas (I, II e III). Na área, foram coletadas 204 amostras de solo em uma transeção, nas profundidades de 0,00-0,20 e 0,60-0,80 m. Foram determinados o pH em CaCl2, os teores de areia, argila, matéria orgânica, P, Ca, Mg, K, H+Al, e calculados SB, CTC e V. A suscetibilidade magnética (SM) foi medida com o auxílio de uma balança analítica. Os limites matemáticos da técnica Split Moving Windows Dissimilarity Analysis (SMWDA) utilizando as informações da suscetibilidade magnética ficaram próximos aos limites de campo identificados com base nos modelos de paisagem. A utilização conjunta da suscetibilidade magnética, dos modelos matemáticos e de paisagem permitiu identificar diferentes áreas de manejo, locais com diferentes teores de argila e níveis de fertilidade do solo. A susceptibilidade magnética pode ser adotada como alternativa para identificar e mapear unidades de manejo.

PROPRIEDADES MECÂNICAS E PERMEABILIDADE AO AR EM TOPOSSEQUÊNCIA ARGISSOLO-GLEISSOLO: VARIAÇÃO NO PERFIL E EFEITO DE COMPRESSÃO

Uma topossequência apresenta solos com características estruturais e morfológicas distintas que podem alterar a susceptibilidade à deformação estrutural em curtas distâncias espaciais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a capacidade de suporte de carga e a suscetibilidade à compactação e mensurar o efeito que cargas acima e abaixo da pressão de preconsolidação causam na permeabilidade ao ar de solos numa topossequência da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Amostras indeformadas foram coletadas nos horizontes de três perfis de Argissolos (Ap, A1, AB, BA, Bt1 e Bt2; Ap, A1, A2, AB, BA, Bt1 e Bt2; e Ap, A1, BA, Bt1 e Bt2) e dois de Gleissolos (A1, A2, Bg; A, Bg e Cg), no longo de uma topossequência. Essas amostras foram submetidas ao teste de compressão uniaxial, sendo avaliada a permeabilidade ao ar antes e após compressão. Na condição de capacidade de campo, os Gleissolos apresentaram menor suscetibilidade à compactação e maior capacidade de suporte de carga que os Argissolos. O teor de argila esteve diretamente correlacionado com a capacidade de suporte de carga. Portanto, foi inversamente proporcional à suscetibilidade à compactação, exceto em condições de elevada umidade do solo quando a água lubrificou as superfícies aumentando a susceptibilidade à compactação de quaisquer solos. Até 25 kPa de carga ao solo não resultou degradação física do solo, mas quando foram aplicadas cargas de 200 kPa, mesmo na condição de capacidade de campo, houve redução significativa do volume de macroporos e porosidade total em níveis inferiores ao limite crítico (0,10 m3 m-3).

Understanding and modulating the competitive surface-adsorption of proteins through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations

It is now well accepted that cellular responses to materials in a biological medium reflect greatly the adsorbed biomolecular layer, rather than the material itself. Here, we study by molecular dynamics simulations the competitive protein adsorption on a surface (Vroman effect), i.e. the non-monotonic behavior of the amount of protein adsorbed on a surface in contact with plasma as functions of contact time and plasma concentration. We find a complex behavior, with regimes during which small and large proteins are not necessarily competing between them, but are both competing with others in solution ("cooperative" adsorption). We show how the Vroman effect can be understood, controlled and inverted.