胶州湾及其邻近海域的浮游植物－种类组成与数量变化

研究胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成与时空分布的特点，对于了解该湾生态系统的现状与历史变化趋势以及生态系统对自然条件变化和人类干扰的响应具有重要意义。 本文根据2004年每月一次采集的浮游植物样品，分析了胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成和优势种的时空分布情况。调查发现浮游植物共142种，分属于6门53属，其中硅藻门40属113种，占总物种数的79.6%；甲藻门10属24种，占总物种数的16.9%；其它为金藻门1属2种，裸藻1属1种，绿藻1属2种。浮游植物丰度周年波动范围为11.12－14602.39×104cells/m3，全年平均为1857.55×104cells/m3。全年丰度最高的藻为环纹劳德藻(Lauderia annulata)，出现在2月份，而全年的丰度最高值也出现在2月份。在胶州湾中，硅藻所占比例最大，平均为97.44%，最高为99.95%，最低为82.55%。浮游植物的丰度的周年变化：有两个高峰，分别出现在2月份和10月份，是典型的温带海域双高峰的分布形式。 胶州湾浮游植物的优势种分析，采用Kikvidze等（2002）提出的确定优势种数量的计算方法，再依据各物种的优势度排序最终确定优势种。其中在多样性最低的6月和10月，优势种数目均为1种，分别为丹麦细柱藻（Leptocylindrus danicus）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）。而在多样性指数较低的1月、2月，优势种数目分别为2和3；而在物种多样性比较高的5月、7月、11月，由于分布相对比较分散，所以优势种数量较多。这说明这个方法可以较好地完成对胶州湾浮游植物群落分析时确定优势种的目标。优势种出现频率较多的种类为中肋骨条藻（1、3、4、5、8、10、11、12月）、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)（7、8、9、11、12月）、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia pungens)（2、3、5、7月）、加拉星杆藻(Asteronella kariana)（1、2、3、5月）、密联角毛藻(Chaetoceros densus)（5、11、12月）、扭鞘藻(Streptothece thamesis)（7、8、9月）、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillancs)（4、5、7月）、奇异菱形藻(Nitzschia paradoxa)（5、11、12月）,对这些种的时空分布进行了分析。 对2004年胶州湾的浮游植物数据进行分层聚类分析后，发现可以将胶州湾划分为三个海区：湾南与湾外海区、湾中西部海区、湾东海区。

胶州湾浮游动物的物种组成与优势种时空分布特征

浮游动物作为海洋食物链中承上启下的一环，其群落结构和动态变化直接影响着海洋生态系统能流、物流的方向和效率。胶州湾作为一个受自然环境和人类活动双重影响的海湾，是研究人为活动对自然生态系统影响的模式港湾。因此，深入研究胶州湾浮游动物的群落特征及时空分布特点对了解该海湾生态系统的现状与历史变化趋势以及生态系统对自然条件变化和人类干扰的响应具有重要意义，也可为其他海区的研究提供参考资料。 本文根据2004年1月－12月用浅水I型和浅水II型浮游生物网在胶州湾每月一次的垂直拖网采集的浮游动物样品，分析了胶州湾浮游动物的物种组成和优势种的时空分布特征。2004年胶州湾浮游动物共74个种，分属于暖温带近岸种和暖温带近海种。浮游动物丰度周年波动范围1006－15571 ind./m3，全年平均5187 ind./m3。在胶州湾体长<1mm的浮游动物丰度和生物量最大。浮游动物的丰度和物种多样性季节变化明显，春夏大（高），秋冬小（低）。多数月份浮游动物丰度在湾内大于湾外。物种多样性在湾北和湾南较低，在湾中心和湾外较高。 胶州湾浮游动物优势种为双刺纺锤水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤、中华哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、长尾住囊虫、强壮箭虫、短角长腹剑水蚤、八斑芮氏水母和小介穗水母等。双刺纺锤水蚤全年都是优势种，小拟哲水蚤除了4月其余月份都是优势种。其他优势种季节更替明显，冬、春季（12月、1－5月）优势种为中华哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、长尾住囊虫等；夏季（6－8月）太平洋纺锤水蚤代替中华哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤成为优势种；秋季（9－11月）优势种更替频繁，9月为短角长腹剑水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤，10月为太平洋纺锤水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤和长尾住囊虫，11月为拟长腹剑水蚤、长尾住囊虫、近缘大眼剑水蚤和强壮箭虫。 双刺纺锤水蚤与中华哲水蚤在4月达到数量高峰，丰度分别为5604ind./m3和493 ind./m3。长尾住囊虫6月丰度1809 ind./m3为全年最大。小拟哲水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤和近缘大眼剑水蚤在7月达到数量高峰，丰度分别为1667 ind./m3、4000 ind./m3、775 ind./m3。短角长腹剑水蚤和强壮箭虫在8月丰度最大，分别为389ind./m3和192 ind./m3。八斑芮氏水母和小介穗水母分别在3、8月大量出现，丰度分别为194 ind./m3、358 ind./m3。拟长腹剑水蚤全年有7、10月两个高峰。双刺纺锤水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、八斑芮氏水母和小介穗水母主要在湾北密集；中华哲水蚤密集区趋向于湾中心和湾外；近缘大眼剑水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、异体住囊虫和强壮箭虫等分布广泛，不同月份密集区不同。 从目前我们所掌握的资料来看，近30年来，胶州湾浮游动物的种类组成和优势种群没有发生大的变化。与70年代相比，2004年的物种数基本不变，但物种组成稍有不同；优势种丰度大大降低。与90年代相比，2004年物种数有所增加，其中水母类增加了15种，八斑芮氏水母成为冬季优势种；浮游动物的丰度和优势种的水平分布格局基本不变。胶州湾浮游动物的生态类型与渤海相似，但与黄海有所差异；胶州湾优势种的丰度大于渤海，且高峰期比渤海提前一个月。

胶州湾和东太平洋海隆(~13°N)沉积物微生物多样性研究

海洋是一个巨大的生态系统，多样的微生物是构成海洋生态系统的基本元素。海洋微生物的群落结构及演变深刻的反映着海洋生态系统的变迁。本文采用分子生物学技术，研究了近海沉积物生态系统——胶州湾沉积物中细菌的多样性、群落结构的时空演替规律以及远洋深海沉积物生态系统——东太平洋海隆北纬13o附近深海沉积物中细菌和古细菌群落结构沿沉积物断层的分布情况，结果表明在两处沉积物中，微生物群落的结构都与环境因子有显著的相关性，是反映海洋沉积物环境特征的重要（分子）标志物，并且可能在这些环境中参与生物地球化学循环等重要过程。 1.从胶州湾不同区域的8个代表性站点采集4个季度的沉积物样品。提取总基因组DNA，利用16S rDNA作为分子标记，采用克隆文库对胶州湾沉积物中细菌群落的组成、空间分布和季节演替规律进行了研究。结果显示沉积物中的细菌具有高度多样性，来自于13个细菌门，同时还有28%的未鉴定克隆，表明胶州湾沉积物中蕴藏着巨大的微生物资源。其中已鉴定的优势种群是α-、β-、γ-、δ-变形细菌、绿弯菌、厚壁菌、蓝细菌和放线菌。同时还包括酸杆菌、拟杆菌、浮霉菌、疣微菌、芽单胞菌、绿菌、梭杆菌、异常球菌-栖热菌等类群的存在。将各克隆库的组成与温度、总碳、总氮等环境因子结合分析，结果显示细菌群落结构更替的主要驱动力是季节变化所带来的温度等环境因子的演变。对数据库中与本研究所获得序列具有最近亲缘关系序列的来源环境进行分析表明，胶州湾中细菌群落受航运活动、水产养殖、重金属污染等人类活动的明显影响，同时这些活动表现出显著的空间特异性，比如C4和D6等站点明显受到航运活动的影响，而A3和Y1等站点则容易受到沿岸径流所带来的淡水和油污染的影响。 2.分别利用PCR-DGGE和克隆文库技术对东太平洋海隆北纬13o附近深海柱状沉积物样品中细菌和古菌群体进行研究，结果显示这些微生物群落沿四个分别代表不同沉积年代断层明显的成层分布，与环境因子结合分析表明这种成层分布与氧化还原性质等地球化学特征的成层分布相吻合，提示我们该生态系统中的微生物受到环境因子的巨大作用，同时也表明这些微生物可能参与该生态系统中硫、金属元素代谢等过程。通过系统发育分析，四个断层中的微生物群落中呈现出很多与热液活动相关的个体（其中34.7%的细菌序列和31%的古菌序列与来源于各种热液环境的序列具有最近的亲缘关系）。但总体群落结构分析表明该区域可能属于热液活动影响区域的边缘，处于从热液活动环境到普通的低温沉积物环境的过渡区域。 3.将在胶州湾和东太平洋海隆北纬13o附近海洋沉积物生态系统中都存在的优势细菌类群（α-、β-、γ-、δ-变形细菌和放线菌、绿弯菌、厚壁菌、酸杆菌、浮霉菌）进行系统发育分析和背景比较分析，结果显示两处沉积物中的细菌优势种群虽然在大类群上很多是相同的，但是可能由于两处沉积物中不同物理化学等环境因子的选择作用（如胶州湾的近海特征和人为活动，东太平洋深海特点和热液活动），而导致优势种群在系统发育关系上距离比较远。这表明独特的微生物群落结构，特别是优势种群的群落结构信息是描述特定环境生态系统的重要方面。本研究表明在全球环境变迁中,自然环境因子和人类活动都在深刻改变着微生物群落的结构和功能。本文阐述了在环境变迁特定时期两处沉积物生态系统中的微生物群落结构及时空差异，为研究大范围生态系统的演变提供了依据，同时也为在两处沉积物环境中进行微生物参与的生物地球化学研究奠定了基础。

海洋微藻产生溶解有机物及东海溶解有机物三维荧光特征研究

本文通过胶州湾围隔实验、微藻培养实验研究了海洋微藻产生溶解有机物的三维荧光特性，并初步利用经验正交函数对三维荧光光谱图进行了主成分分析，通过东海取样研究了东海荧光溶解有机物的时空分布特征，并对荧光溶解有机物的来源进行了分析。得到了一些初步结论： 胶州湾围隔实验中不同营养盐培养结果表明浮游植物可产生类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光，类蛋白荧光峰由类酪氨酸(tyrosine-like)荧光峰和类色氨酸(tryptophan-like)荧光峰组成，主要位置为Exmax/Emmax=270nm/290~310nm，Exmax/Emmax= 270~290/320~350的荧光峰强度比较弱；在Exmax/Emmax=250~260/380~480nm(A峰)、Exmax/Emmax=310~320/380~420nm(C峰)和Exmax/Emmax=330~350/420~480nm(M峰)位置均出现零散的类腐殖质荧光峰，其中以A峰为主。类酪氨酸荧光强度明显高于类腐殖质荧光强度。浮游植物量降低时，类酪氨酸荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度呈明显的负相关。硅藻和甲藻产生的类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之间具有较好的相关性，两者来源相似, 并且甲藻与硅藻相比能够产生更多的类蛋白荧光物质。不同环境下类腐殖质混合物的组分比例不同，甲藻生长环境下相对于硅藻具有较低的A:C比值。 在实验室培养中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）、微小亚历山大藻（Alexandrium mimutum）、锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）、东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）及海洋原甲藻（Prorocentrum micans）的实验结果表明，微藻在生长过程中产生出荧光溶解有机物，中肋骨条藻为代表的硅藻主要产生类腐殖质荧光物质，而甲藻在指数增长期主要产生类蛋白荧光物质。进入消亡期后类蛋白荧光和类腐殖质荧光强度迅速增大，原因可能是衰老、死亡藻细胞的破碎释放出大量的荧光有机物质所致，此外还有细菌对非荧光有机物进一步降解。塔玛亚历山大藻、微小亚历山大藻、东海原甲藻及海洋原甲藻的类蛋白荧光强度在消亡后期由于细菌降解或光降解等因素而降低。同属微藻产生的荧光物质相似，例如塔玛亚历山大藻与微小亚历山藻、东海原甲藻与海洋原甲藻，但具体荧光峰位置有所不同。利用经验正交函数能够对三维荧光光谱谱图进行主成份分析。 在利用三维荧光光谱法研究长江口海域台风前后不同站位荧光溶解有机物荧光特性及分布特征的结果表明，长江口海区主要的荧光溶解有机物荧光峰为T峰、S峰和A峰。风前和风后的类色氨酸分别来源于相似物质。风前，在表层浮游植物能够产生类蛋白荧光物质，而底层类蛋白荧光物质不受浮游植物的影响，长江冲淡水能够带来部分类蛋白荧光物质；表层的类腐殖质不受浮游植物的影响，而底层的浮游植物在降解过程中能够产生一部分类腐殖质，并且长江冲淡水对表层和底层的类腐殖质来源均有很大贡献。风后，表层的类色氨酸与叶绿素a浓度不呈相关性，而底层却呈正相关，另外表层和底层的类色氨酸均受到长江冲淡水的影响；表层和底层的类腐殖质与叶绿素a均没有相关性，但受陆源影响显著，长江冲淡水能带来类腐殖质。

Dissolved oxygen and O-2 flux across the water-air interface of the Changjiang Estuary in May 2003

The field observation of this study was carried out in the Changjiang Estuary from May 19 to 26,2003, just a few days before the Three Gorges Dam began to store water. A total of 29 stations, including 2 anchor stations, were distributed through almost the whole salinity gradient Based on the data gained from these stations, the biogeochemical characteristics of dissolved oxygen (DO) were examined. Spatial distribution of DO concentrations showed the pattern that it increased in a downriver direction. DO concentration generally varied within a narrow range of 733-8.10 mg l(-1) in the freshwater region and the west part of the mixed water region, and after that it increased rapidly. In vertical direction, the differences in DO concentrations between surface and 2 m above the bottom were big at the stations with water depths exceeding 20 m; DO concentration up to 14.88 mg l(-1) was recorded at the sea surface, while at 2 m above the bottom its concentration was only about 4 mg l(-1). The fluctuation in DO concentrations was small during a period of 48 h in the mixed water region and 2 m above the bottom of the seawater region; while it was large during the same period in the seawater region for surface and 5 m below the surface layer, and a maximum variation from 8.77 to 12.66 mg l(-1) in 4 h was recorded. Oxygen fluxes also showed a marked spatio-temporal variation. As a whole, the freshwater region and mixed water region were an oxygen sink while the seawater region was a source. Relationships between dissolved oxygen and some biogeochemical parameters which could markedly influence its spatio-temporal distribution were discussed in this paper. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

拉萨地块中新生代火山作用-从大洋到大陆俯冲转换的构造演化纪录

Late Mesozoic－Cenozoic volcanic rocks are well exposed in Lhasa Terrane, southern Tibet. This research attempts to apply 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, major, trace element and Sr-Nd-O isotopic geochemistry data to constrain the spatio-temporal variations, the composition of source, geodynamic setting. The results indicate that Lhasa Terrane mainly went through three tectonic-magmatic cycle: (1) Phase of Oceanic subduction (140-80Ma). Along with the subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate of Neo-Tethys slab, the oceanic sediment and/or the subducting slab released fluids/melts to metasomatize the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and induced the mantle wedge partially melt and produced the calc-alkaline continental arc volcanic rocks; (2) Phase of continental-continental collision. Following the subducting of the Neo-Tethys slab, the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate dragged by the dense Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere. The oceanic lithosphere detached from continental lithosphere during roll-back and break-off and the asthenosphere upwelled. The resulting conducted thermal perturbation leads to the melting of the overriding mantle lithosphere and produced the syn-collisional magmatism: the Linzizong Formation and dykes; (3) Following by the detachment of the Tethys oceanic lithosphere, the Indian Lithosphere subducted northward by the drive from the expanding of Indian Ocean. The dense Indian continental lithospheric mantle (±the thickened lower crust) break off, disturb the asthenosphere, and lead to the melting of the overriding mantle lithosphere, which has been metasomatized by the melts/fluids from the subducting oceanic/continental lithosphere and the asthenosphere, and produced the rift-related ultrapotassic rocks.

大别山岩石圈有效弹性厚度初步研究

As powerful tools to study the lithosphere dynamics, the effective elastic thickness (Te) as well as the envelope of yielding stress of lithosphere have been attracted great attention of geoscientists in the past thirty years. The oceanic lithosphere, contrary to the continental lithosphere, has more fruits for its simple structures and evolution process. In continent, the lithosphere commonly is complex and variable in the rheological, thermal structures, and has a complicated history. Therefore, the application of the effective elastic thickness in continent is still a subject to learn in a long time. Te, with the definition of the thickness of an elastic plate in theory flexured by the equal benging of the real stress in the lithosphere plate (Turcotte, 1982), marks the depth of transition between elastic and fluid behaviors of rocks subjected to stress exceeding 100 MPa over the geological timescales (McNutt, 1990). There are three methods often adapted: admittance or isostatic response function, coherence and forwarding. In principle, the models of Te consist of thermal-rheological, non-linear Maxwell, non-linear work hardening and rheological layered models. There is a tentative knowledge of Te that it is affected by the following factors: crustal thickness, crust-mantle decoupling, plate bending, boundary conditions of plate (end forces and bending moments), stress state, sedimentary layer, faulting effect, variation in the mountain belts' strike, foreland basin, inheritance of tectonic evolution, convection of mantle, seismic depth and lithosphere strength. In this thesis, the author introduces the geological sketch of the Dabie collisional orogenic belt and the Hefei Basin. The Dabie Mts. is famous for the ultra-high pressure metamorphism. The crustal materials subducted down to the depth of at least 100 km and exhumed. So that the front subjects arise such as the deeply subduction of continent, and the post-collisional crust-mantle interaction. In a geological journey at June of 1999, the author found the rarely variolitic basaltic andesite in the Dabie Mts. It occurs in Susong Group, near Zhifenghe Countryside, Susong County, Anhui Province. It is just to the south of the boundary between the high-grade Susong melange and the ultra-high grade South Dabie melange. It has a noticeable knobby or pitted appearance in the surface. The size of the varioles is about 1-4 mm. In hand-specimen and under microscope, there are distinct contacts between the varioles and the matrice. The mineralogy of the varioles is primarily radiate plagioclase, with little pyroxene, hornblende and quartz. The pyroxene, hornblende and quartz are in the interstices between plagioclase. The matrix is consisted of glass, and micro-crystals of chlorite, epidote and zoisite. It is clearly subjected and extensive alteration. The andesite has an uncommon chemical composition. The SiO_2 content is about 56.8%, TiO_2 = 0.9%, MgO = 6.4%, (Fe_2O_3)_(Total) = 6.7% ～ 7.6%, 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) = 64.1 ～ 66.2. Mg# is significantly high. The andesite has higher abundances of large-lithophile trace elements (e.g. K, Ba, Sr, LREE), e.g. La/Nd = 5.56-6.07, low abundances of high-strength-field elements (HFSE, e.g. Ta, Nb, P, Ti), particularly Ta and Nb strongly depleted. These are consistent with the characteristics of subducted-related magmas (Pearcce, 1982; Sun and McDonaugh, 1989). In the spider diagram of trace elements, from Ce to right hand, the abundances of elements decrease quickly, showing a characteristic of the continental margins (Pearce, 1982). There has a strongly enrichment of light-rare-earth elements, with a significant diffraction of REEs (the mean value of (La/Yb)_N is 32.84). No Eu anomaly, but there are anomaly high (La/Yb)_N = 28.63-36.74, (La/Y)_N = 70.33 - 82.84. The elements Y and Yb depleted greatly, Y < 20 ppm, Y_N = 2.74-2.84, Yb_N = 2.18 - 2.35. From the La-(La/Sm) diagram, the andesite is derived from partial melting. But the epsilone value of Nd is -18.7 ～ -19.2, so that the material source may be the mantle materials affected by the crustal materials. The Nd model age is 1.9 Ga indicating that the basaltic andesite was resulted from the post-collisional crust-mantle interaction between the subducted Yangze carton and the mantle of Sino-Korea carton. To obtain the Te of the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts. and the Hefei Basin, the author applies the coherence method in this thesis. The author makes two topography-gravity profiles (profiles 7~(th) and 9~(th)) across the Dabie Mts. and the Hefei Basin, and calculates the auto-coherence, across coherence, power spectrum, across power spectrum of the topography and gravity of the two profiles. From the relationships between the coherence and the wave-number of profiles. From the relationships between the coherence and the wave-number of profiles 7~(th) and 9~(th), it is obtained that the characteristic wavelengths respectively are 157 km and 126 km. Consequently the values of effective elastic thickness are 6.5 km and 4.8 km, respectively. However, the Te values merely are the minimum value of the lithosphere because the coherencemethod in a relative small region will generate a systemic underestimation. Why there is a so low Te value? In order to check the strength of the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts., the authore tries to outline the yielding-stress envelope of the lithosphere. It is suggested that the elastic layers in the crust and upper mantle are 18 km and 35 km, respectively. Since there exist a low viscosity layer about 3-5 km thickness, so it is reasonable that the decoupling between the crust and mantle occurred. So the effective thickness of the lithosphere can be estimated from the two elastic layers. Te is about 34 km. This is the maximum strength of the lithosphere. We can make an approximately estimation about the strength of the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts.: Te is about 20-30 km. The author believes that the following factors should be responsible for the low Te value: (1) the Dabie Mts. has elevated strongly since K_3-J_1. The north part of the Dabie Mts. elevates faster than the south part today; (2) there occur large active striking faults in this area. And in the east, the huge Tan-Lu striking fault anyway tends to decrease the lithosphere strength; (3) the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts. is heter-homogeneous in spatio-temporal; (4) the study area just locates in the adjacent region between the eastern China where the lithosphere thickness is significantly reduced and the normal western China. These factors will decrease the lithosphere strength.

岩溶洞穴系统溶解有机碳的时空演化及其环境意义

洞穴次生沉积物(尤其是石笋)所包含的古环境、古气候信息是当今研究的热点，但它所包含的环境气候信息对外界的响应灵敏度如何，这是最为关注的问题。石笋的微层厚度变化及荧光强度变化是来自洞穴上覆土壤中的有机碳沉积产生的，这些有机碳是由雨季早期冲刷进入洞穴形成的微层，微层厚度变化及荧光强度变化包含了环境(植被)、气候(温度和降水量)信息，它们可作为环境、气候替代指标使用，但需要进行现代环境、气候的校正，以往研究仅从某个侧面进行研究，系统研究有机碳在岩溶洞穴系统的演化过程较少。本论文通过对四个洞穴系统(凉风洞、七星洞、将军洞和犀牛洞)的溶解有机碳及其荧光系统的研究，探讨了溶解有机碳及其荧光的演化及其对环境气候的响应，根据分析论述，得出如下几点认识： 1． 通过对四个岩溶洞穴系统中DOC浓度月际、季节、年际变化研究，洞穴滴水在春季及夏初具有较大的DOC浓度，而在秋季变化最小、浓度也是最低的。滴水点出现DOC峰值的时间不一致，有的在春季、有的则在夏初，一方面反映降水时间的提前或推迟，另一方面也反映了水在洞穴顶板内的运移途径的长短等过程。个别滴水点能在不同时间出现不同的DOC浓度峰值，可能反映了滴水点对降水的响应灵敏，或不同的径流途径在时间上的提前或推迟，水动力条件的不同造成滴水补给源运移路径的差异应该是产生滴水点DOC浓度具有多个峰值的原因。由于洞穴次生沉积物在DOC的参与下形成，季节性的DOC高浓度产生较厚微层，但对降水敏感的滴水点可能产生了不同厚度的微层，不仅具有季节性微层，可能还能产生降水模式的微层。 2． 洞穴系统中溶解有机碳和荧光的空间变化分析上，得出溶解有机碳浓度在各个洞穴系统中纵向和横向上是有变化的。在滴水中滴水点间DOC浓度也有空间变化，而洞穴之间变化差异不明显，可能与土壤有机碳进入洞穴的运移途径有关；在土壤水中溶解有机碳浓度空间变化能反映了土壤有机碳的来源，即表层50cm以上的土壤层是输入土壤的有机碳主要来源。 3． 根据三维荧光光谱，四个岩溶洞穴系统的DOC的荧光类型可分为三个范围，即类富里酸、类蛋白和紫外类富里酸、类腐殖酸、类蛋白的混合荧光类型。在其它洞穴滴水的研究中未发现类腐殖酸类型的荧光峰，四个洞穴系统滴水中也不具有该类型荧光峰。在与植被类型的联系上反映出森林植被下的荧光波长变化较小，而土壤覆盖较连续的荧光强度较稳定。 4． 荧光波长的变化，反映了输入滴水中有机碳物质类型的差异，即有机碳在空间分布上的不均匀性和植被差异导致荧光波长的变化。从土壤水到洞穴滴水，溶解有机碳与荧光强度具有很好的线性相关性，表明洞穴滴水溶解有机碳是土壤有机碳运移至滴水中；土壤有机碳运移过程沿运移途径产生一系列变化，滴水DOC浓度低于土壤溶解有机碳一个数量级。土壤水DOC在将军洞的荧光强度除受外界因素影响，还受到内滤效应导致DOC浓度与荧光的强度线性关系不明显。在溶解有机碳和荧光的空间变化关系上，应联系表层环境对它们的影响，对它们充分认识才能得出合理的空间变化推论。 5． 荧光强度在洞穴滴水的变化趋势，一方面反映表层环境的变化，另一方面可能因水动力条件的不同，产生荧光性物质滤除效应，在DOC浓度变化较小的将军洞表现得最突出。在季节性水流输入的凉风洞和犀牛洞、和有滴水长期输入的七星洞和将军洞塘水，前三个洞穴塘水溶解有机碳及其荧光强度都明显高于滴水的，而后一洞穴塘水的低于滴水的，可能洞内蒸发作用对后者影响小，这样洞穴次生沉积除以表层环境的影响，其洞内环境的变化也可能是影响它的一个因素，但相对于表层环境变化，洞内的变化是微小的。 6． 从四个洞穴系统DOC变化来看，DOC浓度变化对植被类型变化不是很灵敏。从原生性喀斯特森林→灌丛草坡→灌草丛→刺丛草坡的岩溶洞穴系统，虽然土壤水DOC浓度变化较大，反映了输入土壤的及土壤中有机碳的分解难易程度，但在洞穴滴水中DOC浓度变化不是很明显，都显示相近的浓度水平。由于输入土壤的有机碳更新周期长，在水运移过程中受不同时间段降解的有机碳溶解，且来源不同的有机碳混合程度不同，导致不能很好地反映当年输入的有机碳的含量变化，应该是造成洞穴滴水DOC浓度不能很好区分植被类型的原因。 7． DOC浓度变化响应于降水量，也响应于气温。春夏季，当降水量达到一定雨量值(如有效降水量)时，入渗的雨水使表层有机物质溶入土壤水中，土壤水下渗到洞穴滴水中后，滴水DOC浓度较大，荧光强度也较大。降水对DOC浓度有稀释作用，是造成部分月份DOC浓度下降的原因。在7月份以前洞穴滴水DOC就已达到最大浓度，在8～10月份因气温高、降水量偏少，可能对微生物有抑制作用，造成其分解有机碳活动减弱，导致DOC浓度变化差异小。这反映了洞穴滴水DOC浓度与气候关系比较密切，进一步证实利用洞穴次生沉积物微层的厚度变化来反映气候变化是可行的，至少可以作为一个辅助指标来运用。 8． DOC及其荧光受多种因素影响，我们分析了pH、HCO3-、SIC、PPCO2、洞穴盖层厚度和岩石的溶解对它们的影响。分析表明洞穴盖层厚度和Ca2+、Mg2+离子浓度变化对它们的影响较大，pH变化范围小，认为它对DOC及其荧光的影响较小；HCO3-、SIC和PPCO2与DOC和荧光强度分别具有一些较好的线性关系(置信度=90%)，但总的趋势是线性关系不显著，这表明了HCO3-、SIC和PPCO2与DOC和荧光强度联系不明显，指出它们只是影响DOC及其荧光强度的一个次要因素，并不是主要因素。洞穴盖层厚度影响洞穴滴水DOC及其荧光，表明在应用洞穴次生沉积物记录指标反演洞穴环境变化的研究过程中，对于次生沉积物形成点的发生在洞穴顶板内的水文地化学过程应该有一个清晰的了解，才有可能获取完整、正确的信息。

Visual Tracking

A typical robot vision scenario might involve a vehicle moving with an unknown 3D motion (translation and rotation) while taking intensity images of an arbitrary environment. This paper describes the theory and implementation issues of tracking any desired point in the environment. This method is performed completely in software without any need to mechanically move the camera relative to the vehicle. This tracking technique is simple an inexpensive. Furthermore, it does not use either optical flow or feature correspondence. Instead, the spatio-temporal gradients of the input intensity images are used directly. The experimental results presented support the idea of tracking in software. The final result is a sequence of tracked images where the desired point is kept stationary in the images independent of the nature of the relative motion. Finally, the quality of these tracked images are examined using spatio-temporal gradient maps.

On Directional Selectivity in Vertebrate Retina: An Experimental and Computational Study

This thesis describes an investigation of retinal directional selectivity. We show intracellular (whole-cell patch) recordings in turtle retina which indicate that this computation occurs prior to the ganglion cell, and we describe a pre-ganglionic circuit model to account for this and other findings which places the non-linear spatio-temporal filter at individual, oriented amacrine cell dendrites. The key non-linearity is provided by interactions between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs onto the dendrites, and their distal tips provide directionally selective excitatory outputs onto ganglion cells. Detailed simulations of putative cells support this model, given reasonable parameter constraints. The performance of the model also suggests that this computational substructure may be relevant within the dendritic trees of CNS neurons in general.

Modelowanie i przetwarzanie wiedzy czaso-przestrzennej. Model XCDC – aspekty teoretyczne oraz rozwiązania aplikacyjne

Wydział Matematyki i Informatyki: Zakład Lingwistyki Informatycznej i Sztucznej Inteligencji

An Information Theoretic Framework for Field Monitoring Using Autonomously Mobile Sensors

We consider a mobile sensor network monitoring a spatio-temporal field. Given limited cache sizes at the sensor nodes, the goal is to develop a distributed cache management algorithm to efficiently answer queries with a known probability distribution over the spatial dimension. First, we propose a novel distributed information theoretic approach in which the nodes locally update their caches based on full knowledge of the space-time distribution of the monitored phenomenon. At each time instant, local decisions are made at the mobile nodes concerning which samples to keep and whether or not a new sample should be acquired at the current location. These decisions account for minimizing an entropic utility function that captures the average amount of uncertainty in queries given the probability distribution of query locations. Second, we propose a different correlation-based technique, which only requires knowledge of the second-order statistics, thus relaxing the stringent constraint of having a priori knowledge of the query distribution, while significantly reducing the computational overhead. It is shown that the proposed approaches considerably improve the average field estimation error by maintaining efficient cache content. It is further shown that the correlation-based technique is robust to model mismatch in case of imperfect knowledge of the underlying generative correlation structure.

Detour-Based Mobility Coordination in DTNs

Commonly, research work in routing for delay tolerant networks (DTN) assumes that node encounters are predestined, in the sense that they are the result of unknown, exogenous processes that control the mobility of these nodes. In this paper, we argue that for many applications such an assumption is too restrictive: while the spatio-temporal coordinates of the start and end points of a node's journey are determined by exogenous processes, the specific path that a node may take in space-time, and hence the set of nodes it may encounter could be controlled in such a way so as to improve the performance of DTN routing. To that end, we consider a setting in which each mobile node is governed by a schedule consisting of a ist of locations that the node must visit at particular times. Typically, such schedules exhibit some level of slack, which could be leveraged for DTN message delivery purposes. We define the Mobility Coordination Problem (MCP) for DTNs as follows: Given a set of nodes, each with its own schedule, and a set of messages to be exchanged between these nodes, devise a set of node encounters that minimize message delivery delays while satisfying all node schedules. The MCP for DTNs is general enough that it allows us to model and evaluate some of the existing DTN schemes, including data mules and message ferries. In this paper, we show that MCP for DTNs is NP-hard and propose two detour-based approaches to solve the problem. The first (DMD) is a centralized heuristic that leverages knowledge of the message workload to suggest specific detours to optimize message delivery. The second (DNE) is a distributed heuristic that is oblivious to the message workload, and which selects detours so as to maximize node encounters. We evaluate the performance of these detour-based approaches using extensive simulations based on synthetic workloads as well as real schedules obtained from taxi logs in a major metropolitan area. Our evaluation shows that our centralized, workload-aware DMD approach yields the best performance, in terms of message delay and delivery success ratio, and that our distributed, workload-oblivious DNE approach yields favorable performance when compared to approaches that require the use of data mules and message ferries.

Service Provisioning in Mobile Networks Through Distributed Coordinated Resource Management

The pervasiveness of personal computing platforms offers an unprecedented opportunity to deploy large-scale services that are distributed over wide physical spaces. Two major challenges face the deployment of such services: the often resource-limited nature of these platforms, and the necessity of preserving the autonomy of the owner of these devices. These challenges preclude using centralized control and preclude considering services that are subject to performance guarantees. To that end, this thesis advances a number of new distributed resource management techniques that are shown to be effective in such settings, focusing on two application domains: distributed Field Monitoring Applications (FMAs), and Message Delivery Applications (MDAs). In the context of FMA, this thesis presents two techniques that are well-suited to the fairly limited storage and power resources of autonomously mobile sensor nodes. The first technique relies on amorphous placement of sensory data through the use of novel storage management and sample diffusion techniques. The second approach relies on an information-theoretic framework to optimize local resource management decisions. Both approaches are proactive in that they aim to provide nodes with a view of the monitored field that reflects the characteristics of queries over that field, enabling them to handle more queries locally, and thus reduce communication overheads. Then, this thesis recognizes node mobility as a resource to be leveraged, and in that respect proposes novel mobility coordination techniques for FMAs and MDAs. Assuming that node mobility is governed by a spatio-temporal schedule featuring some slack, this thesis presents novel algorithms of various computational complexities to orchestrate the use of this slack to improve the performance of supported applications. The findings in this thesis, which are supported by analysis and extensive simulations, highlight the importance of two general design principles for distributed systems. First, a-priori knowledge (e.g., about the target phenomena of FMAs and/or the workload of either FMAs or DMAs) could be used effectively for local resource management. Second, judicious leverage and coordination of node mobility could lead to significant performance gains for distributed applications deployed over resource-impoverished infrastructures.

Orientational Harmonic Model for Rotation, Translation, and Scale Invariant Pattern Representation in Biological Vision

The proposed model, called the combinatorial and competitive spatio-temporal memory or CCSTM, provides an elegant solution to the general problem of having to store and recall spatio-temporal patterns in which states or sequences of states can recur in various contexts. For example, fig. 1 shows two state sequences that have a common subsequence, C and D. The CCSTM assumes that any state has a distributed representation as a collection of features. Each feature has an associated competitive module (CM) containing K cells. On any given occurrence of a particular feature, A, exactly one of the cells in CMA will be chosen to represent it. It is the particular set of cells active on the previous time step that determines which cells are chosen to represent instances of their associated features on the current time step. If we assume that typically S features are active in any state then any state has K^S different neural representations. This huge space of possible neural representations of any state is what underlies the model's ability to store and recall numerous context-sensitive state sequences. The purpose of this paper is simply to describe this mechanism.