Memory in children with temporal lobe epilepsy is at least partially explained by executive dysfunction

An association between memory and executive dysfunction (ED) has been demonstrated in patients with mixed neurological disorders. We aimed to investigate the impact of ED in memory tasks of children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We evaluated 36 children with TLE and 28 controls with tests for memory, learning, attention, mental flexibility, and mental tracking. Data analysis was composed of comparison between patients and controls in memory and executive function; correlation between memory and executive function tests; and comparison between patients with mild and severe ED in memory tests. Children with TLE had worse performance in focused attention, immediate and delayed recall, phonological memory, mental tracking, planning, and abstraction. Planning, abstraction, and mental tracking were correlated with visual and verbal memory. Children with severe ED had worse performance in verbal and visual memory and learning tests. This study showed that ED was related to memory performance in children with TLE. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Reprogramming of prostate cancer-associated stromal cells to embryonic stem-like

BACKGROUND CD90+ prostate cancer-associated (CP) stromal cells represent a diseased cell type found only in tumor tissue. They differ from their normal counterpart in gene expression and inductive signaling. Genetic reprogramming by induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology can effectively change adult cells into stem-like cells through wholesale alteration of the gene expression program. This technology might be used to erase the abnormal gene expression of diseased cells. The resultant iPS cells would no longer express the disease phenotype, and behave like stem cells. METHODS CP stromal cells, isolated from tumor tissue of a surgically resected prostate by anti-CD90-mediated sorting and cultured in vitro, were transfected with in vitro packaged lentiviral expression vectors containing stem cell transcription factor genes POU5F1, LIN28, NANOG, and SOX2. RESULTS Alkaline phosphatase-positive iPS cells were obtained in about 3 weeks post-transfection at a frequency of 10-4. Their colony morphology was indistinguishable from that of human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Transcriptome analysis showed a virtually complete match in gene expression between the iPS and ES cells. CONCLUSIONS Genes of CP stromal cells could be fully inactivated by genetic reprogramming. As a consequence, the disease phenotype was cured. Prostate 72:14531463, 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Gene expression down-regulation in CD90+ prostate tumor-associated stromal cells involves potential organ-specific genes

Abstract Background The prostate stroma is a key mediator of epithelial differentiation and development, and potentially plays a role in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. The tumor-associated stroma is marked by increased expression of CD90/THY1. Isolation and characterization of these stromal cells could provide valuable insight into the biology of the tumor microenvironment. Methods Prostate CD90+ stromal fibromuscular cells from tumor specimens were isolated by cell-sorting and analyzed by DNA microarray. Dataset analysis was used to compare gene expression between histologically normal and tumor-associated stromal cells. For comparison, stromal cells were also isolated and analyzed from the urinary bladder. Results The tumor-associated stromal cells were found to have decreased expression of genes involved in smooth muscle differentiation, and those detected in prostate but not bladder. Other differential expression between the stromal cell types included that of the CXC-chemokine genes. Conclusion CD90+ prostate tumor-associated stromal cells differed from their normal counterpart in expression of multiple genes, some of which are potentially involved in organ development.

Desempenhos neuropsicológicos em um caso com sequência de Robin

Objetivo: Caracterizar os desempenhos neuropsicológicos de um caso com sequência de Robin. Método: Participou um sujeito com 11 anos e 11 meses, sexo masculino, com Sequência de Robin e fissura completa de palato e queixa de baixo aproveitamento acadêmico. Foram utilizados: Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas, Teste Gestaltico Bender, Escala de Inteligência para Crianças - WISC III; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-WCST, Teste de Atenção Visual-Tavis-4. Resultados: O raciocínio espaço-temporal lógico apresentou-se na média para a idade. A análise das funções cognitivas para a aprendizagem revelou desempenhos com classificação na média em escalas verbal (QIV=112), execução (QIE=99) e global (QIT=106). No entanto, apresentou desempenhos inferiores em tarefas com sobrecarga, que exigiam atenção sustentada, agilidade e flexibilidade mental, memória de trabalho visual e gerenciamento de estratégias para resolução de problemas. O desempenho em provas perceptivas visiomotoras foi inferior ao esperado, compatível a oito anos de idade, com evidentes dificuldades na construção de ângulos, organização espacial e posição relativa. As habilidades de atenção mostraram-se preservadas em provas de sustentadas e alternadas; naquelas envolvendo a atenção seletiva, cujo estímulo exigiu capacidade de rastreamento e velocidade da resposta, o desempenho foi significativamente inferior ao esperado para a idade. Conclusão: Apesar do nível intelectual satisfatório, a avaliação evidenciou déficits neuropsicológicos importantes interferentes na aprendizagem, tais como, a atenção, memória de trabalho, percepção visomotora e gerenciamento executivo. Estes achados justificam os prejuízos do sujeito em atividades acadêmicas que envolvem as habilidades de leitura, escrita e aritmética.

The unconventional secretion of stress-inducible protein 1 by a heterogeneous population of extracellular vesicles

The co-chaperone stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1) is released by astrocytes, and has important neurotrophic properties upon binding to prion protein (PrPC). However, STI1 lacks a signal peptide and pharmacological approaches pointed that it does not follow a classical secretion mechanism. Ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, electron microscopy, vesicle labeling, and particle tracking analysis were used to identify three major types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from astrocytes with sizes ranging from 20–50, 100–200, and 300–400 nm. These EVs carry STI1 and present many exosomal markers, even though only a subpopulation had the typical exosomal morphology. The only protein, from those evaluated here, present exclusively in vesicles that have exosomal morphology was PrPC. STI1 partially co-localized with Rab5 and Rab7 in endosomal compartments, and a dominant-negative for vacuolar protein sorting 4A (VPS4A), required for formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), impaired EV and STI1 release. Flow cytometry and PK digestion demonstrated that STI1 localized to the outer leaflet of EVs, and its association with EVs greatly increased STI1 activity upon PrPC-dependent neuronal signaling. These results indicate that astrocytes secrete a diverse population of EVs derived from MVBs that contain STI1 and suggest that the interaction between EVs and neuronal surface components enhances STI1–PrPC signaling

Multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for single and multiple fault service restoration in large-scale distribution systems

Network reconfiguration for service restoration (SR) in distribution systems is a complex optimization problem. For large-scale distribution systems, it is computationally hard to find adequate SR plans in real time since the problem is combinatorial and non-linear, involving several constraints and objectives. Two Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms that use Node-Depth Encoding (NDE) have proved able to efficiently generate adequate SR plans for large distribution systems: (i) one of them is the hybridization of the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) with NDE, named NSGA-N; (ii) the other is a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm based on subpopulation tables that uses NDE, named MEAN. Further challenges are faced now, i.e. the design of SR plans for larger systems as good as those for relatively smaller ones and for multiple faults as good as those for one fault (single fault). In order to tackle both challenges, this paper proposes a method that results from the combination of NSGA-N, MEAN and a new heuristic. Such a heuristic focuses on the application of NDE operators to alarming network zones according to technical constraints. The method generates similar quality SR plans in distribution systems of significantly different sizes (from 3860 to 30,880 buses). Moreover, the number of switching operations required to implement the SR plans generated by the proposed method increases in a moderate way with the number of faults.

Metabolismo di oligosaccaridi prebiotici in Bifidobacterium per il potenziale sviluppo di nuovi prodotti alimentari funzionali

The growth and the metabolism of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 fermenting GOS, lactose, galactose, and glucose were investigated. An unstructerd unsegregated model for growth of B. adolescentis MB 239 in batch cultures was developed and kinetic parameters were calculated with a Matlab algorithm. Galactose was the best carbon source; lactose and GOS led to lower growth rate and cellular yield, but glucose was the poorest carbon source. Lactate, acetate and ethanol yields allowed calculation of the carbon fluxes toward fermentation products. Similar distribution between 3- and 2-carbon products was observed on all the carbohydrates (45 and 55%, respectively), but ethanol production was higher on glucose than on GOS, lactose and galactose, in decreasing order. Based on the stoichiometry of the fructose 6-phosphate shunt and on the carbon distribution among the products, ATP yield was calculated on the different carbohydrates. ATP yield was the highest on galactose, while it was 5, 8, and 25% lower on lactose, GOS, and glucose, respectively. Therefore, a correspondance among ethanol production, low ATP yields, and low biomass production was established demonstrating that carbohydrate preferences may result from different sorting of carbon fluxes through the fermentative pathway. During GOS fermentation, stringent selectivity based on the degree of polymerization was exhibited, since lactose and the trisaccharide were first to be consumed, and a delay was observed until longer oligosaccharides were utilized. Throughout the growth on both lactose and GOS, galactose accumulated in the cultural broth, suggesting that β-(1-4) galactosides can be hydrolysed before they are taken up. The physiology of Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 239 toward xylooligosaccharides (XOS) was also studied and our attention was focused on an extracellular glycosyl-hydrolase (β-Xylosidase) expressed by a culture of B. adolescentis grown on XOS as sole carbon source. The extracellular enzyme was purified from the the supernatant, which was dialyzed and concentrated by ultrafiltration. A two steps purification protocol was developed: the sample was loaded on a Mono-Q anion exchange chromatography and then, the active fractions were pooled and β-Xylosidase was purified by gel filtration chromatography on a Superdex-75. The enzyme was characterized in many aspects. β- Xylosidase was an homo-tetramer of 160 kDa as native molecular mass; it was a termostable enzyme with an optimum of temperature at 53 °C and an optimum of pH of 6.0. The kinetics parameter were calculated: km = 4.36 mM, Vmax = 0.93 mM/min. The substrate specificity with different di-, oligo- and polysaccharides was tested. The reactions were carried out overnight at pH 7 and at the optimum of temperature and the carbohydrates hydrolysis were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Only glycosyl-hydrolase activities on XOS and on xylan were detected, whereas sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, maltose and raffinose were not hydrolyzed. It’s clearly shown that β-Xylosidase activity was higher than the Xylanase one. These studies on the carbohydrate preference of a strain of Bifidobacterium underlined the importance of the affinity between probiotics and prebiotics. On the basis of this concept, together with Barilla G&R f.lli SpA, we studied the possibility to develop a functional food containing a synbiotic. Three probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 were studied to assess their suitability for utilization in synbiotic products on the basis of antioxidative activity, glutathione production, acid and bile tolerance, carbohydrates fermentation and viability in food matrices. Bile and human gastric juice resistance was tested in vitro to estimate the transit tolerance in the upper gastrointestinal tract. B. lactis and L. plantarum were more acid tolerant than S. thermophilus. All the strains resisted to bile. The growth kinetics on 13 prebiotic carbohydrates were determined. Galactooligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides were successfully utilized by all the strains and could be considered the most appropriate prebiotics to be used in effective synbiotic formulations. The vitality of the three strains inoculated in different food matrices and maintained at room temperature was studied. The best survival of Lactobacillus plantarum BAR 10, Streptococcus thermophilus BAR 20, and Bifidobacterium lactis BAR 30 was found in food chocolate matrices. Then an in vivo clinical trial was carried out for 20 healthy volunteers. The increase in faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli populations and the efficacy of the pre-prototype was promising for the future develop of potential commercial products.

Risposta del Meiobenthos all'input di detrito da barriere artificiali

Le aree costiere hanno un ruolo fondamentale nello sviluppo economico, sociale e politico della maggior parte dei paesi; esse supportano infatti diversi ecosistemi produttivi che rendono disponibili beni e servizi. L'importanza economica delle aree costiere è destinata a una considerevole crescita a causa del costante aumento delle popolazioni, delle industrie e delle attività  ricreazionali che si concentrano sempre di più sulle coste e ciò può provocare un'alterazione delle linee di costa, imputabile a più fattori e un deterioramento delle condizioni naturali. E' necessario anche tenere da conto dei processi erosivi, sia imputabili a cause naturali (correnti oceaniche, movimenti di marea; azione del vento) sia a cause antropiche (subsidenza del terreno indotta dall'uomo, dragaggio al largo, riduzione del rifornimento di sedimento dai fiumi, distruzione di letti algali, paludi e dune sabbiose). A questo panorama va poi aggiunto il problema dell'innalzamento del livello del mare e dell'aumento delle frequenze di tempeste, come conseguenza del cambiamento climatico globale. In questo contesto quindi, le strutture rigide di difesa contro l'erosione e le mareggiate sono diventate molto comuni nelle aree costiere, coinvolgendo in alcune regioni più della metà della linea di costa. Il meccanismo di difesa attuato dalle barriere consiste nel provocare una riduzione dell'energia delle onde e conseguentemente in una limitazione della quantità di sedimento che viene da loro rimosso dalla spiaggia. La presenza di strutture rigide di difesa generalmente comporta una perdita di habitat di fondale molle e, a causa delle variazioni idrodinamiche che la loro presenza comporta, anche delle comunità ad esso associate, sia su scala locale, che su scala regionale. Uno dei problemi che tali strutture possono indurre è l'eccessiva deposizione di detrito prodotto dalle specie che si insediano sul substrato duro artificiale, che normalmente non fanno parte delle comunità "naturali" di fondo molle circostanti le strutture. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di cercare di evidenziare gli effetti che la deposizione di tale detrito potesse avere sulle comunita meiobentoniche di fondale molle. A tale fine è stata campionata un'area antistante la località di Lido di Dante (RA), la quale è protetta dal 1996 da una struttura artificiale, per fronteggiare il problema dell'erosione della zona, in aumento negli ultimi decenni. La struttura è costituita da una barriera semisoffolta e tre pennelli, di cui uno completamente collegato alla barriera. A circa 50 m dalla barriera, e alla profondità di 4 m circa, è stato allestito un esperimento manipolativo in cui è stato valutato l'effetto della deposizione delle due specie dominanti colonizzanti la barriera, Ulva sp. e Mitili sp. sull'ambiente bentonico, e in particolare sulla comunità  di meiofauna. Ulva e Mitili sono stati posti in sacche di rete che sono state depositate sul fondo al fine di simulare la deposizione naturale di detrito, e tali sacche hanno costituito i trattamenti dell'esperimento, i quali sono stati confrontati con un Controllo, costituito da sedimento non manipolato, e un Controllo Procedurale, costituito da una sacca vuota. Il campionamento è stato fatto in tre occasioni nel giugno 2009 (dopo 2 giorni, dopo 7 giorni e dopo 21 giorni dall'allestimento dell'esperimento) per seguire la dinamica temporale degli effetti del detrito. Per ogni combinazione tempo/trattamento sono state prelevate 4 repliche, per un totale di 48 campioni. Successivamente sono stati prelevati ulteriori campioni di meiofauna in condizioni naturali. In particolare sono stati raccolti in due Posizioni diverse, all'Interno e all'Esterno del pennello posto più a Sud, e su due substrati differenti, rispettivamente Ulva proveniente dalle barriere e sedimento privo di detrito. Per ogni combinazione Posizione/Substrato sono state prelevate 3 repliche, ottenendo un totale di 12 campioni. Tutti i campioni prelevati sono stati poi trattati in laboratorio tramite la procedura di filtratura, pulizia e centrifuga indicata dal protocollo. A questa fase è seguito il sorting al microscopio, durante il quale la meiofauna è stata identificata ed enumerata a livello di taxa maggiori. Per quanto riguarda il taxon più abbondante, quello dei Nematodi, si è proceduto anche all'analisi della distribuzione della biomassa per classi di taglia, in quanto descrittore funzionale delle comunità. Per la costruzione degli spettri di biomassa per classi di taglia sono state misurate la lunghezza e larghezza dei primi 100 Nematodi presenti nei campioni. A partire da tali valori dimensionali è stata calcolata la biomassa di ogni individuo, usata poi per la costruzione dei size spectra, tramite tre metodiche messe a confronto: "Nematode Biomass Spectra" (NBS), "Normalised Nematode Biomass Spectra"(NNBS), "Mean Cumulative Biomass Spectra" (MC-NBS). Successivamente la composizione e la struttura della comunità meiobentonica, in termini di consistenza numerica e di rapporti reciproci di densità degli organismi che la compongono e variabili dimensionali, sono state analizzate mediante tecniche di analisi univariate e multivariate. Ciò che emerge generalmente dai risultati dell'esperimento è la mancanza di interazione significativa tra i due fattori, tempi e trattamenti, mentre sono risultati significativi i due fattori principali, considerati singolarmente. Tali esiti sono probabilmente imputabili all'elevata variabilità fra campioni dei trattamenti e delle patches di controllo. Nonostante ciò l'analisi dei risultati ottenuti permette di effettuare alcune considerazioni interessanti. L'analisi univariata ha mostrato che nel confronto tra trattamenti non ci sono differenze significative nel numero medio di taxa rinvenuti, mentre il livello di diversità e di equidistribuzione degli individui nei taxa differisce in maniera significativa, indicando che la struttura delle comunità varia in funzione dei trattamenti e non in funzione del tempo. Nel trattamento Ulva si osservano le densità più elevate della meiofauna totale imputabile prevalentemente alla densità dei Nematodi. Tuttavia, i valori di diversità e di equiripartizione non sono risultati più elevati nei campioni di Ulva, bensì in quelli di Mitili. Tale differenza potrebbe essere imputabile all'inferiorità numerica dei Nematodi nei campioni di Mitili. Questo andamento è stato giustificato dai differenti tempi di degradazione di Mitili e Ulva posti nelle sacche durante l'esperimento, dai quali emerge una più rapida degradazione di Ulva; inoltre la dimensione ridotta della patch analizzata, i limitati tempi di permanenza fanno sì che l'Ulva non rappresenti un fattore di disturbo per la comunità analizzata. Basandosi su questo concetto risulta dunque difficile spiegare l'inferiorità numerica dei Nematodi nei campioni del trattamento Mitili, in quanto i tempi di degradazione durante l'esperimento sono risultati più lenti, ma è anche vero che è nota l'elevata resistenza dei Nematodi ai fenomeni di ipossia/anossia creata da fenomeni di arricchimento organico. E' possibile però ipotizzare che la presenza delle valve dei Mitili aumenti la complessità dell'habitat e favorisca la colonizzazione da parte di più specie, tra cui specie predatrici. Tale effetto di predazione potrebbe provocare la riduzione dell'abbondanza media dei Nematodi rispetto a Ulva e al Controllo, in quanto i Nematodi costituiscono circa l'85% della meiofauna totale rinvenuta nei campioni. A tale riduzione numerica, però, non corrisponde un decremento dei valori medi di biomassa rilevati, probabilmente a causa del fatto che l'arricchimento organico dovuto ai Mitili stessi favorisca la permanenza degli individui più facilmente adattabili a tali condizioni e di dimensioni maggiori, oppure, la colonizzazione in tempi successivi delle patches a Mitili da parte di individui più grandi. Anche i risultati dell'analisi multivariata sono in accordo con quanto rilevato dall'analisi univariata. Oltre alle differenze tra tempi si evidenzia anche un'evoluzione della comunità nel tempo, in particolar modo dopo 7 giorni dall'allestimento dell'esperimento, quando si registrano il maggior numero di individui meiobentonici e il maggior numero di taxa presenti. Il taxon che ha risentito maggiormente dell'influenza dei tempi è quello degli Anfipodi, con densità maggiori nei campioni prelevati al secondo tempo e sul trattamento Ulva. E'importante considerare questo aspetto in quanto gli Anfipodi sono animali che comprendono alcune specie detritivore e altre carnivore; le loro abitudini detritivore potrebbero quindi aumentare il consumo e la degradazione di Ulva, spiegando anche la loro abbondanza maggiore all'interno di questo trattamento, mentre le specie carnivore potrebbero concorrere al decremento del numero medio di Nematodi nei Mitili. Un risultato inatteso della sperimentazione riguarda l'assenza di differenze significative tra trattamenti e controlli, come invece era lecito aspettarsi. Risultati maggiormente significativi sono emersi dall'analisi del confronto tra sedimento privo di detrito e sedimento contenente Ulva provenienti dal contesto naturale. Relativamente all'area esterna alla barriera, sono stati confrontati sedimento privo di detrito e quello sottostante l'Ulva, nelle condizioni sperimentali e naturali. Globalmente notiamo che all'esterno della barriera gli indici univariati, le densità totali di meiofauna, di Nematodi e il numero di taxa, si comportano in maniera analoga nelle condizioni sperimentali e naturali, riportando valori medi maggiori nei campioni prelevati sotto l'Ulva, rispetto a quelli del sedimento privo di detrito. Differente appare invece l'andamento delle variabili e degli indici suddetti riguardanti i campioni prelevati nell'area racchiusa all'interno della barriera, dove invece i valori medi maggiori si rilevano nei campioni prelevati nel sedimento privo di detrito. Tali risultati possono essere spiegati dall'alterazione dell'idrodinamismo esercitato dalla barriera, il quale provoca maggiori tempi di residenza del detrito con conseguente arricchimento di materia organica nell'area interna alla barriera. Le comunità dei sedimenti di quest'area saranno quindi adattate a tale condizioni, ma la deposizione di Ulva in un contesto simile può aggravare la situazione comportando la riduzione delle abbondanze medie dei Nematodi e degli altri organismi meiobentonici sopracitata. Per quel che riguarda i size spectra la tecnica che illustra i risultati in maniera più evidente è quella dei Nematode Biomass Spectra. I risultati statistici fornitici dai campioni dell'esperimento, non evidenziano effetti significativi dei trattamenti, ma a livello visivo, l'osservazione dei grafici evidenzia valori medi di biomassa maggiori nei Nematodi rilevati sui Mitili rispetto a quelli rilevati su Ulva. Differenze significative si rilevano invece a livello dei tempi: a 21 giorni dall'allestimento dell'esperimento infatti, le biomasse dei Nematodi misurati sono più elevate. Relativamente invece ai size spectra costruiti per l'ambiente naturale, mostrano andamento e forma completamente diversi e con differenze significative tra l'interno e l'esterno della barriera; sembra infatti che la biomassa nella zona interna sia inibita, portando a densità maggiori di Nematodi, ma di dimensioni minori. All'esterno della barriera troviamo invece una situazione differente tra i due substrati. Nel sedimento prelevato sotto l'Ulva sembra infatti che siano prevalenti le classi dimensionali maggiori, probabilmente a causa del fatto che l'Ulva tende a soffocare le specie detritivore, permettendo la sopravvivenza delle specie più grosse, composte da predatori poco specializzati, i quali si cibano degli organismi presenti sull'Ulva stessa. Nel sedimento privo di detrito, invece, la distribuzione all'interno delle classi segue un andamento completamente diverso, mostrando una forma del size spectra più regolare. In base a questo si può ipotizzare che la risposta a questo andamento sia da relazionarsi alla capacità di movimento dei Nematodi: a causa della loro conformazione muscolare i Nematodi interstiziali di dimensioni minori sono facilitati nel movimento in un substrato con spazi interstiziali ridotti, come sono nel sedimento sabbioso, invece Nematodi di dimensioni maggiori sono più facilitati in sedimenti con spazi interstiziali maggiori, come l'Ulva. Globalmente si evidenzia una risposta della comunità  bentonica all'incremento di detrito proveniente dalla struttura rigida artificiale, ma la risposta dipende dal tipo di detrito e dai tempi di residenza del detrito stesso, a loro volta influenzati dal livello di alterazione del regime idrodinamico che la struttura comporta. Si evince inoltre come dal punto di vista metodologico, le analisi univariate, multivariate e dei size spectra riescano a porre l'accento su diverse caratteristiche strutturali e funzionali della comunità. Rimane comunque il fatto che nonostante la comunità scientifica stia studiando metodiche "taxonomic free" emerge che, se da un lato queste possono risultare utili, dall'altro, per meglio comprendere l'evoluzione di comunità, è necessaria un'analisi più specifica che punti all'identificazione almeno delle principali famiglie. E'importante infine considerare che l'effetto riscontrato in questo studio potrebbe diventare particolarmente significativo nel momento in cui venisse esteso alle centinaia di km di strutture artificiali che caratterizzano ormai la maggior parte delle coste, la cui gestione dovrebbe tenere conto non soltanto delle esigenze economico-turistiche, e non dovrebbe prescindere dalla conoscenza del contesto ambientale in cui si inseriscono, in quanto, affiancati a conseguenze generali di tali costruzioni, si incontrano molti effetti sitospecifici.

Ottimizzazione delle reti di distribuzione idrica tramite algoritmi genetici multi-obiettivo

Water distribution networks optimization is a challenging problem due to the dimension and the complexity of these systems. Since the last half of the twentieth century this field has been investigated by many authors. Recently, to overcome discrete nature of variables and non linearity of equations, the research has been focused on the development of heuristic algorithms. This algorithms do not require continuity and linearity of the problem functions because they are linked to an external hydraulic simulator that solve equations of mass continuity and of energy conservation of the network. In this work, a NSGA-II (Non-dominating Sorting Genetic Algorithm) has been used. This is a heuristic multi-objective genetic algorithm based on the analogy of evolution in nature. Starting from an initial random set of solutions, called population, it evolves them towards a front of solutions that minimize, separately and contemporaneously, all the objectives. This can be very useful in practical problems where multiple and discordant goals are common. Usually, one of the main drawback of these algorithms is related to time consuming: being a stochastic research, a lot of solutions must be analized before good ones are found. Results of this thesis about the classical optimal design problem shows that is possible to improve results modifying the mathematical definition of objective functions and the survival criterion, inserting good solutions created by a Cellular Automata and using rules created by classifier algorithm (C4.5). This part has been tested using the version of NSGA-II supplied by Centre for Water Systems (University of Exeter, UK) in MATLAB® environment. Even if orientating the research can constrain the algorithm with the risk of not finding the optimal set of solutions, it can greatly improve the results. Subsequently, thanks to CINECA help, a version of NSGA-II has been implemented in C language and parallelized: results about the global parallelization show the speed up, while results about the island parallelization show that communication among islands can improve the optimization. Finally, some tests about the optimization of pump scheduling have been carried out. In this case, good results are found for a small network, while the solutions of a big problem are affected by the lack of constraints on the number of pump switches. Possible future research is about the insertion of further constraints and the evolution guide. In the end, the optimization of water distribution systems is still far from a definitive solution, but the improvement in this field can be very useful in reducing the solutions cost of practical problems, where the high number of variables makes their management very difficult from human point of view.

The assessment of change in rural landscape and the analysis of the driving forces. Proposal of a spatial model for the rural built environment

The presented study carried out an analysis on rural landscape changes. In particular the study focuses on the understanding of driving forces acting on the rural built environment using a statistical spatial model implemented through GIS techniques. It is well known that the study of landscape changes is essential for a conscious decision making in land planning. From a bibliography review results a general lack of studies dealing with the modeling of rural built environment and hence a theoretical modelling approach for such purpose is needed. The advancement in technology and modernity in building construction and agriculture have gradually changed the rural built environment. In addition, the phenomenon of urbanization of a determined the construction of new volumes that occurred beside abandoned or derelict rural buildings. Consequently there are two types of transformation dynamics affecting mainly the rural built environment that can be observed: the conversion of rural buildings and the increasing of building numbers. It is the specific aim of the presented study to propose a methodology for the development of a spatial model that allows the identification of driving forces that acted on the behaviours of the building allocation. In fact one of the most concerning dynamic nowadays is related to an irrational expansion of buildings sprawl across landscape. The proposed methodology is composed by some conceptual steps that cover different aspects related to the development of a spatial model: the selection of a response variable that better describe the phenomenon under study, the identification of possible driving forces, the sampling methodology concerning the collection of data, the most suitable algorithm to be adopted in relation to statistical theory and method used, the calibration process and evaluation of the model. A different combination of factors in various parts of the territory generated favourable or less favourable conditions for the building allocation and the existence of buildings represents the evidence of such optimum. Conversely the absence of buildings expresses a combination of agents which is not suitable for building allocation. Presence or absence of buildings can be adopted as indicators of such driving conditions, since they represent the expression of the action of driving forces in the land suitability sorting process. The existence of correlation between site selection and hypothetical driving forces, evaluated by means of modeling techniques, provides an evidence of which driving forces are involved in the allocation dynamic and an insight on their level of influence into the process. GIS software by means of spatial analysis tools allows to associate the concept of presence and absence with point futures generating a point process. Presence or absence of buildings at some site locations represent the expression of these driving factors interaction. In case of presences, points represent locations of real existing buildings, conversely absences represent locations were buildings are not existent and so they are generated by a stochastic mechanism. Possible driving forces are selected and the existence of a causal relationship with building allocations is assessed through a spatial model. The adoption of empirical statistical models provides a mechanism for the explanatory variable analysis and for the identification of key driving variables behind the site selection process for new building allocation. The model developed by following the methodology is applied to a case study to test the validity of the methodology. In particular the study area for the testing of the methodology is represented by the New District of Imola characterized by a prevailing agricultural production vocation and were transformation dynamic intensively occurred. The development of the model involved the identification of predictive variables (related to geomorphologic, socio-economic, structural and infrastructural systems of landscape) capable of representing the driving forces responsible for landscape changes.. The calibration of the model is carried out referring to spatial data regarding the periurban and rural area of the study area within the 1975-2005 time period by means of Generalised linear model. The resulting output from the model fit is continuous grid surface where cells assume values ranged from 0 to 1 of probability of building occurrences along the rural and periurban area of the study area. Hence the response variable assesses the changes in the rural built environment occurred in such time interval and is correlated to the selected explanatory variables by means of a generalized linear model using logistic regression. Comparing the probability map obtained from the model to the actual rural building distribution in 2005, the interpretation capability of the model can be evaluated. The proposed model can be also applied to the interpretation of trends which occurred in other study areas, and also referring to different time intervals, depending on the availability of data. The use of suitable data in terms of time, information, and spatial resolution and the costs related to data acquisition, pre-processing, and survey are among the most critical aspects of model implementation. Future in-depth studies can focus on using the proposed model to predict short/medium-range future scenarios for the rural built environment distribution in the study area. In order to predict future scenarios it is necessary to assume that the driving forces do not change and that their levels of influence within the model are not far from those assessed for the time interval used for the calibration.

Detection and localization of GLUTs in spermatozoa from different domestic species

Sperm cells need hexoses as a substrate for their function, for both the maintenance of membrane homeostasis and the movement of the tail. These cells have a peculiar metabolism that has not yet been fully understood, but it is clear that they obtain energy from hexoses through glycolisis and/or oxidative phosphorylation. Spermatozoa are in contact with different external environments, beginning from the testicular and epididymal fluid, passing to the seminal plasma and finally to the female genital tract fluids; in addition, with the spread of reproductive biotechnologies, sperm cells are diluted and stored in various media, containing different energetic substrates. To utilize these energetic sources, sperm cells, as other eukaryotic cells, have a well-constructed protein system, that is mainly represented by the GLUT family proteins. These transporters have a membrane-spanning α-helix structure and work as an enzymatic pump that permit a fast gradient dependent passage of sugar molecules through the lipidic bilayer of sperm membrane. Many GLUTs have been studied in man, bull and rat spermatozoa; the presence of some GLUTs has been also demonstrated in boar and dog spermatozoa. The aims of the present study were - to determine the presence of GLUTs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in boar, horse, dog and donkey spermatozoa and to describe their localization; - to study eventual changes in GLUTs location after capacitation and acrosome reaction in boar, stallion and dog spermatozoa; - to determine possible changes in GLUTs localization after capacitation induced by insulin and IGF stimulation in boar spermatozoa; - to evaluate changes in GLUTs localization after flow-cytometric sex sorting in boar sperm cells. GLUTs 1, 2, 3 and 5 presence and localization have been demonstrated in boar, stallion, dog and donkey spermatozoa by western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis; a relocation in GLUTs after capacitation has been observed only in dog sperm cells, while no changes have been observed in the other species examined. As for boar, the stimulation of the capacitation with insulin and IGF didn’t cause any change in GLUTs localization, as well as for the flow cytometric sorting procedure. In conclusion, this study confirms the presence of GLUTs 1, 2 ,3 and 5 in boar, dog, stallion and donkey spermatozoa, while GLUT 4 seems to be absent, as a confirmation of other studies. Only in dog sperm cells capacitating conditions induce a change in GLUTs distribution, even if the physiological role of these changes should be deepened.

Methoden und Modelle zur Phytoplanktonanalyse am Beispiel einer Restaurierungsmaßnahme an der Bleiloch Talsperre

Methoden und Modelle zur Phytoplanktonanalyse am Beispiel einer Restaurierungsmaßnahme an der Bleiloch Talsperre Zusammenfassung An der hypertrophen Bleiloch Talsperre (Thüringen, BRD) werden die Auswirkungen der 1997 in Betrieb genommenen partiellen Destratifikation (0- 20m) untersucht. Ziel der Maßnahme war die Hemmung des Phytoplanktonwachstums durch Lichtlimitation.Da es nicht gelang, auch die Oberflächenlammelle in die Durchmischung einzubeziehen, wurde auch keine Reduktion des Phytoplanktons beobachtet. Seine zeitliche Dynamik nahm deutlich zu und es traten neben typischen Längsgradienten auch extreme, kleinräumige Konzentrationsunterschiede auf. Die vorher häufigen Cyanobakterien spielten jedoch keine quantitativ bedeutsame Rolle mehr. Es wird diskutiert, wie die Belüftung die Saisonalität des Planktons stört und zu Verschiebungen der Zusammensetzung führt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Chlorophyll a Menge und der Stabilität der Wassersäule sowie der Einfluß wachstumsbestimmender Größen werden modelliert. Methodische Schwerpunkte umfassen die Auswertung von Phytoplankton-Pigmentdaten (HPLC-Analyse) und die Entwicklung einer Durchflußzytometer-Methode. Bei letzerer werden an lebenden Phytoplanktern die Vorwärtsstreuung sowie vier Fluoreszenzen (2 Phycoerythrine, Phycocyanin und Chlorophyll a, 514nm Anregungswellenlänge) gemessen. Zur Klassifizierung von Algen anhand von Referenzen werden zwei Methoden entwickelt, Möglichkeiten des Sortierens aufgezeigt und es wird ein Vergleich mit Mikroskopie und HPLC- Pigmentanalyse durchgeführt. Anhand von Modellrechnungen wird demonstriert, wie sich systematische bzw. zufällige Abweichungen der Pigmentstöchiometrien auf die Berechnung von Algengruppenanteilen auswirken. Strategien zur Auswertung von Pigmentdaten werden empfohlen.

Untersuchungen über Wechselwirkungen zwischen Proteinen der Leber und dem großen Hüllprotein des Hepatitis-B-Virus

Zusammenfassung:Im Infektionszyklus des Hepatitis-B-Virus spielt das große L-Hüllprotein mit seiner einzigartigen PräS1-Domäne eine zentrale Rolle. Es vermittelt die Bindung und Aufnahme in die Leberzelle, die Verpackung der Nukleokapside in die Virushülle, die Regulation der cccDNA-Amplifikation und eine transkriptionelle Aktivierung in der Wirtszelle. Zur Erfüllung seiner vielfältigen Aufgaben benötigt das L-Protein Unterstützung durch Wirtzellfaktoren, von denen einige im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung durch Verwendung von PräS1-Konstrukten als Fängerproteine im Hefe-Zwei-Hybrid-System identifiziert wurden. Mehrere Klone, die im Hefe-Zwei-Hybrid-Test mit dem C-terminalen PräS1-Fängerprotein (Aminosäure 44-108) isoliert worden waren, enthielten Teile der cDNA von gamma2-Adaptin, einem mutmaßlichen Mitglied der Clathrin-Adaptor-Proteine. Diese sind für intrazelluläre Membrantransportprozesse mittels clathrinumhüllter Vesikel verantwortlich. Unter den interagierenden Klonen, die mit dem N-terminalen Konstrukt des L-Proteins (Aminosäure 1-70) isoliert worden waren, befand sich überproportional häufig eine cDNA, die der schweren Kette H4 der Inter-Alpha-Trypsin-Inhibitor-Familie homolog war. H4 besitzt vermutlich bei der 'Akute-Phase-Reaktion', die Entzündungen folgt, und bei der Stabilisierung der extrazellulären Matrix physiologische Bedeutung. Weitere Klone kodierten für die Serinprotease C1r. Diese ist Bestandteil des C1-Komplex, der ersten Komponente des klassischen Komplementsystems. Die Spezifität der Bindung zwischen den positiven Klonen und der PräS1-Domäne wurde in weiteren biochemischen Interaktionstests bestätigt, sodaß H4, C1r und gamma2-Adaptin als Wirtszellfaktoren in der Physiologie des Hepatitis-B-Virus wahrscheinlich eine Rolle spielen.Abstract:Little is known about host cell factors necessary for hepatitis B virus assembly and infectivity. Central to virogenesis is the large L envelope protein that mediates hepatocyte receptor binding, envelopment of viral capsids, regulation of supercoiled DNA amplification and transcriptional transactivation. To assess its multiple functions and host-protein assistance involved, we here initiated a yeast two-hybrid screen using the L-specific preS1 domain as bait to screen a human liver cDNA library for L-interacting proteins. One of the most prominent cDNAs interacting with aminoacid sequence 44-108 of L-protein encodes for gamma2-adaptin, a novel clathrin adaptor-related protein responsible for protein sorting and trafficking. Among the clones interacting with the N-terminal construct of L-protein (aminoacid sequence 1-70), a frequently isolated cDNA corresponds to the gene for inter-alpha-trypsin family heavy chain H4, likely to be involved in acute inflammatory phase response and stabilization of extracellular matrices. Some other interacting clones were found to carry the cDNA for the serine protease C1r, a subunit of the C1 complex which initiates the classical complement cascade. The specificity of the interaction between the positive clones and the preS1 domain was further confirmed in independent biochemical experiments. Taken together, the results suggest a role for H4, C1r and gamma2-adaptin as host-cell factors in L-mediated process of viral biogenesis and/or pathogenesis.

Genetic Manipulation, Gene Silencing and Biomarker Development in Multiple Experimental Models.

The thesis is set in three different parts, according to the relative experimental models. First, the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is part of the study on reproductive biotechnologies: the transgenesis technique of Sperm Mediated Gene Transfer is widely studied starting from the quality of the semen, through the study of multiple uptakes of exogenous DNA and lastly used in the production of multi-transgenic blastocysts. Finally we managed to couple the transgenesis pipeline with sperm sorting and therefore produced transgenic embryos of predetermined sex. In the second part of the thesis the attention is on the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and on its derived cell line: the S2 cells. The in vitro and in vivo models are used to develop and validate an efficient way to knock down the myc gene. First an efficient in vitro protocol is described, than we demonstrate how the decrease in myc transcript remarkably affects the ribosome biogenesis through the study of Polysome gradients, rRNA content and qPCR. In vivo we identified two optimal drivers for the conditional silencing of myc, once the flies are fed with RU486: the first one is throughout the whole body (Tubulin), while the second is a head fat body driver (S32). With these results we present a very efficient model to study the role of myc in multiple aspects of translation. In the third and last part, the focus is on human derived lung fibroblasts (hLF-1), mouse tail fibroblasts and mouse tissues. We developed an efficient assay to quantify the total protein content of the nucleus on a single cell level via fluorescence. We coupled the protocol with classical immunofluorescence so to have at the same time general and particular information, demonstrating that during senescence nuclear proteins increase by 1.8 fold either in human cells, mouse cells and mouse tissues.

Zellulärer Transport von Myelinproteinen

Während der Myelinbildung im zentralen Nervensystem (ZNS) umwinden Oligodendrozyten mit Ausläufern ihrer Plasmamembran mehrfach das Axon. Myelin ermöglicht die saltatorische Erregungsweiterleitung entlang der Axone und ist zudem für die Aufrechterhaltung der axonalen Integrität erforderlich (Edgar and Garbern, 2004). Ein Oligodendrozyt myelinisiert bis zu 40 Axonsegmente gleichzeitig, wodurch er in seiner aktivsten Myelinisierungsphase 5 bis 50 x 103 µm2 Membranfläche pro Tag produziert (Pfeiffer et al., 1993). Die vollständig ausgebildete Myelinscheide besteht aus Subdomänen mit charakteristischen Protein- und Lipidzusammensetzungen. Die Entwicklung und der Erhalt der komplexen Myelinmembran erfordert die kontinuierliche Kommunikation zwischen Neuronen und Glia-Zellen, die Koordination der Protein- und Lipidsynthese sowie angepasste intrazelluläre Sortier- und Transportwege der Myelinkomponenten. Über die molekularen Mechanismen, die zur Ausbildung des Myelins und seiner Domänen führen, ist bisher nicht sehr viel bekannt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Endo- und Exozytosemechanismen von Myelinproteinen analysiert. Dabei wurden drei Proteine untersucht, die in unterschiedlichen Subdomänen der Myelinmembran des ZNS lokalisiert sind. Das Hauptmyelinprotein Proteolipid Protein (PLP), das Myelin-assoziierte Glykoprotein (MAG) und das Myelin Oligodendrozyten Glykoprotein (MOG). Die Exozytose des Hauptmyelinproteins PLP erfolgt möglicherweise durch sekretorische Lysosomen (Trajkovic et al., 2006) und ist Ca2+-abhängig. Interessanterweise konnte gezeigt werden, dass PLP, MAG und MOG unterschiedlichen endosomalen Transportwegen und Sortierprozessen unterliegen. PLP wird über einen Clathrin-unabhängigen, MAG und MOG hingegen über einen Clathrin-abhängigen Mechanismus endozytiert. Zudem gelangen die Proteine zu unterschiedlichen endosomalen Zielkompartimenten und recyceln zu verschiedenen oligodendroglialen Membrandomänen. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die endosomale Sortierung und das Recycling der Myelinproteine, die für die Bildung der Subdomänen erforderliche Umgestaltung der oligodendroglialen Plasmamembran unterstützen.