Catalogue of the type material of Phasmatodea (Insecta) deposited in Brazilian museums

The type material of Phasmatodea deposited in Brazilian museums and institutions is listed for the first time. New synonyms are proposed: Phibalosoma paulense Toledo Piza, 1938, Phibalosoma rochai Toledo Piza, 1938, Bacteria tuberculata Toledo Piza, 1938 and Bacteria tuberculata var. argentina Toledo Piza, 1938 are junior synonyms of Cladomorphus phyllinus (Gray, 1835). Nineteen new combinations are established.

Skeletal material from San José ruin, British Honduras / by Wilfrid D. Hambly -- Field Museum-Carnegie Institution Expeditions to British Honduras; 3 text figures. Paul S. Martin -- editor.

v.25:no.1(1937)

Anthropometric observations on the Eskimos and Indians of Labrador / by T. Dale Stewart --. Material and data collected by William Duncan Strong --. Chicago, 1939.

v.31:no.1(1939)

Material flow accounting of Spain

Material throughput is a means of measuring the so-called social metabolism, or physical dimensions of a society’s consumption, and can be taken as an indirect and approximate indicator of sustainability. Material flow accounting can be used to test the dematerialisation hypothesis, the idea that technological progress causes a decrease in total material used (strong dematerialisation) or material used per monetary unit of output (weak dematerialisation). This paper sets out the results of a material flow analysis for Spain for the period from 1980 to 2000. The analysis reveals that neither strong nor weak dematerialisation took place during the period analysed. Although the population did not increase considerably, materials mobilised by the Spanish economy (DMI) increased by 85% in absolute terms, surpassing GDP growth. In addition, Spain became more dependent on external trade in physical terms. In fact, its imports are more than twice the amount of its exports in terms of weight.

Sôbre u'a modificação do meio de Monteverde

It is well known that the culture media used in the presumptive diagnosis of suspiciuous colonies from plates inoculated with stools for isolation of enteric organisms do not always correctly indicate the major groups of enterobacteria. In an effort to obtain a medium affording more exact indications, several media (1-9) have been tested. Modifications of some of these media have also been tested with the result that a satisfactory modification of Monteverde's medium was finaly selected. This proved to be most satisfactory, affording, as a result of only one inoculation, a complete series of basic indications. The modification involves changes in the formula, in the method of preparation and in the manner of storage. The formulae are: A. Thymol blue indicator: NaOH 0.1/N .............. 34.4 ml; Thymol blue .............. 1.6 g; Water .................... 65.6 ml. B. Andrade's indicator. C. Urea and sugar solution: Urea ..................... 20 g; Lactose ................... 30 g; Sucrose ................... 30 g; Water .................... 100 ml. The mixture (C.) should be warmed slightly in order to dissolve the ingredients rapidly. Sterilise by filtration (Seitz). Keep stock in refrigeratior. The modification of Monteverde's medium is prepared in two parts. Semi-solid part - Peptone (Difco) 2.0 g; NaCl 0.5 g; Agar 0.5 g; Water 100.0 ml. Boil to dissolve the ingredients. Adjust pH with NaOH to 7.3-7.4. Boil again for precipitation. Filter through cotton. Ad indicators "A" 0.3 ml and "B" 1.0 ml. Sterilise in autoclave 115ºC, 15 minutes in amounts not higher than 200 ml. Just before using, add solution "C" asseptically in amounts of 10 ml to 200 ml of the melted semi-solid medium, maintained at 48-50ºC. Solid part - Peptone (Difco) 1.5 g; Trypticase (BBL) 0.5 g; Agar 2.0 g; Water 100,00 ml. Boil to dissolve the ingredients. Adjust pH with NaOH to 7.3-7.4. Boils again. Filter through cotton. Add indicators "A" 0.3 ml and "B" 1.0 ml; ferrous ammonium sulfate 0.02 g; sodiun thiosulfate 0.02 g. Sterilise in autoclave 115ºC, 15 minutes in amounts not higher than 200 ml. Just before using, add solution "C" asseptically in amounts of 10 ml to 200 ml of the melted solid medium, maintained at 48-50ºC. Final medium - The semi-solid part is dispensed first (tubes about 12 x 120 mm) in 2.5 ml amounts and left to harden at room temperature, in vertical position. The solid part is dispensed over the hardened semi-solid one in amounts from 2.0 ml to 2.5 ml and left to harden in slant position, affording a butt of 12 to 15 mm. The tubes of medium should be subjected to a sterility test in the incubator, overnight. Tubes showing spontaneous gas bubbles (air) should then be discarded. The medium should be stored in the incubator (37ºC), for not more than 2 to 4 days. Storage of the tubes in the ice-box produces the absorption of air which is released as bubbles when the tubes are incubated at 37ºC after inoculation. This fact confirmed the observation of ARCHAMBAULT & McCRADY (10) who worked with liquid media and the aplication of their observation was found to be essential to the proper working conditions of this double-layer medium. Inoculation - The inoculation is made by means of a long straight needle, as is usually done on the triple sugar, but the needel should penetrate only to about half of the height of the semi-solid column. Indol detection - After inoculation, a strip of sterelized filter papaer previously moistened with Ehrlich's reagent, is suspended above the surface of the medium, being held between the cotton plug and the tube. Indications given - In addition to providing a mass of organisms on the slant for serological invetigations, the medium gives the following indications: 1. Acid from lactose and/or sucrose (red, of yellowsh with strains which reduce the indicators). 2. Gas from lactose and/or sucrose (bubbles). 3. H[2]S production, observed on the solid part (black). 4. Motility observed on the semi-solid part (tubidity). 5. Urease production, observed on solid and semi-solid parts (blue). 6. Indol production, observed on the strip of filter paper (red or purplish). Indol production is not observed with indol positive strains which rapidly acidify the surface o the slant, and the use of oxalic acid has proved to give less sensitive reaction (11). Reading of results - In most cases overnight incubation is enough; sometimes the reactions appear within only a few hours of incubation, affording a definitive orientation of the diagnosis. With some cultures it is necessary to observe the medium during 48 hours of incubation. A description showing typical differential reaction follows: Salmonella: Color of the medium unchanged, with blackening of the solid part when H[2]S is positive. The slant tends to alkalinity (greenish of bluish). Gas always absent. Indol negative. Motility positive or negative. Shigella: Color of the medium unchanged at the beginning of incubation period, but acquiring a red color when the strain is late lactose/sucrose positive. Slant tending to alkalinity (greenish or purplish). Indol positive or negative. Motility, gas and H[2]S always negative. Proteus: Color of the medium generally changes entirely to blue or sometimes to green (urease positive delayed), with blackening of solid part when H[2]S is positive. Motility positive of negative. Indol positive. Gas positive or negative. The strains which attack rapidly sucrose may give a yellow-greenish color to the medium. Sometimes the intense blue color of the medium renders difficult the reading of the H[2]S production. Escherichiae and Klebsiellae: Color of the medium red or yellow (acid) with great and rapid production of gas. Motility positive or negative. Indol generally impossible to observe. Paracoli: Those lactose of sucrose positive give the same reaction as Esherichia. Those lactose or sucrose negatives give the same reactions as Salmonellae. Sometimes indol positive and H[2]S negative. Pseudomonas: Color of the medium unchanged. The slant tends to alkalinity. It is impossible to observe motility because there is no growth in the bottom. Alkaligenes: Color of the medium unchanged. The slant tends to alkalinity. The medium does not alter the antigenic properties of the strains and with the mass of organisms on the slant we can make the serologic diagnosis. It is admitted that this medium is somewhat more laborious to prepare than others used for similar purposes. Nevertheless it can give informations generally obtained by two or three other media. Its use represents much saving in time, labor and material, and we suggest it for routine laboratory work in which a quick presumptive preliminary grouping of enteric organisms is needed.

Estudo dos megacarióticos em material humano

Repetimos não desejar tirar conclusões de um material histopatológico procedente de necrópsias e biópsias de doentes com afecções diversas. Todavia, podemos admitir o seguinte: 1. Tem-se a impressão de que nos portadores de neoplasias malignias, o número de megacariócitos presentes na medula óssea é elevado; no pulmão é regular, dependente da megacariocitopoiese medular. 2 Não foi possível identificar nenhum megacariócito nos outros órgãos por nós estudados, procedentes dêstes mesmos doentes, parecendo, portanto, que não exitirá uma megacariocitopoiese extramedular nos adultos. Os megacariócitos procedentes de medula, por ser células muito volumosas, serão retidas em sua maior parte pelo pulmão, pois é o órgão que recebe tôda a circulação venosa. 3. Quanto à citologia cabe assinalar que, no grupo formado por indivíduos portadores de neoplasias malignas, os megacariócitos de medula óssea apresentam-se bem conservados, morfològicamente normais, bi ou polilobulados, porém maiores e às vezes com formas bizarras. No pulmão, são geralmente de formas alongadas ou bizarras, com núcleos densos, picnóticos e com o citoplasma reduzido a uma fina camada periférica.

Material flow accounting of Mexico (1970-2003)

This technical background paper describes the methods applied and data sources used in the compilation of the 1980-2003 data set for material flow accounts of the Mexican economy and presents the data set. It is organised in four parts: the first part gives an overview of the Material Flow Accounting (MFA) methodology. The second part presents the main material flows of the Mexican economy including biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, industrial minerals and, construction minerals. The aim of this part is to explain the procedures and methods followed, the data sources used as well as providing a brief evaluation of the quality and reliability of the information used and the accounts established. Finally, some conclusions will be provided.

Material Flow Accounting in Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru (1980-2000)

In this paper we compare the resource flows of Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru between 1980 and 2000. In this time span, the domestic extraction of materials increased in the four countries, mainly due to the mining sector in Chile and Peru, biomass and oil in Ecuador and construction minerals in Mexico. Imports and exports increased too, due to the increasing integration in the international markets, prompted by the liberalization policies undertaken by the four countries between the late 1970s and the late 1990s. The four countries had a negative physical trade balance for most of the period analyzed, meaning that their exports exceeded their imports in terms of weight. However, the increase of imports reduced the physical deficit in Chile, Mexico and Peru. Ecuador’s physical deficit was the highest and did not decrease in the period analyzed. Also, a diversification of exports away from bulk commodities could be observed in Chile and Mexico, and to a lesser extent in Peru, whereas in Ecuador the export sector remained mainly based on oil and biomass. More research is needed to explore the environmental effects of this phenomenon. Also, the indirect flows associated to the direct physical flows deserve to be subject to further analysis.

Isolamento e caracterização de Pseudomonas maltophilia (Hugh & Ryschenkow, 1960) de material clínico humano, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Os autores estudaram as propriedades morfo-bioquímicas e a sensibilidade às substâncias antimicrobianas, de uma nova e rara espécie de Pseudomonas, a Pseudomonas maltophilia (Hugh & Ryschenkow, 1960), isolada de secração vaginal. Como características marcantes, dentre mais de 65 testadas, as amostras estudadas mostraram ser: oxidase negativa e lisina descarboxilase positiva; produziram desoxiribonuclease e um pigmento escuro que se difunde no meio; atacaram oxidativamente a maltose tanto em meio complexo nitrogenado como em meio de Hugh & Leifson e hidrolisaram a esculina. As amostras foram sensíveis ao cloranfenicol, gentamicina, kanamicina, colistin e gabromicina.

Evaluación agronómica e industrial del material vegetal de avellano en Cataluña. Estudio de nuevas aplicaciones tecnológicas de la avellana

Los frutos secos representan un peso notable en la producción final agrícola española, siendo nuestro país el segundo productor mundial de almendra (55.000 tm grano) y el cuarto de avellana (9.000 tm grano). En el caso del avellano, la superficie de España es de unas 25.000 ha (MAPA, 2000), concentrándose el 95 % de la misma en Cataluña y, más concretamente en Tarragona (18.000 ha), donde el avellano es, en diversas comarcas, una importante fuente de ingresos. Durante las últimas décadas, el sector ha estado sometido a fuertes crisis debido al descenso de precios causado, entre otros motivos, por la existencia o no de acuerdos comerciales entre la UE y Turquía sobre este fruto seco, por las oscilaciones del dólar y la competencia creciente de Turquía, que produce casi el 75 % del total mundial y cuyos costes de producción son más reducidos, por disponer de mano de obra más barata y mejores condiciones edafoclimáticas para el cultivo. Un problema adicional de la avellana española en dicho periodo, fue la poca calidad del producto obtenido, motivada por la realización inadecuada de una serie de prácticas de recogida y de postcosecha. La variedad 'Negret' es la base de la producción de avellana española para industria y, junto con la ‘Pauetet’, constituyen el tipo comercial ‘negreta’ que es el que obtiene mejor precio en el mercado nacional. Ello es debido a sus buenas características organolépticas y elevada aptitud al tostado, que constituye el punto de partida de la mayoría de aplicaciones comerciales. Por otra parte, constituye, también, la base de la producción de la Denominación de Origen ‘Avellana de Reus’. Tradicionalmente esta variedad adolece de importantes problemas de tipo agronómico (poco vigor, rebrotante, sensible a clorosis férrica, asfixia del suelo, muy virosada, etc.) y comercial (facilidad de enranciamiento, calibres pequeños, etc.), situación que ha inducido, en la última década, a la introducción de variedades foráneas (‘Tonda Giffoni’ y ‘Tonda Romana’) que en principio no presentan estos problemas. Sin embargo, la sustitución de la variedad autóctona ‘Negret’ por otras nuevas supondría la pérdida de un carácter diferencial para la producción española, que debe evaluarse con sumo cuidado.