Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in pregnancy: asymptomatic viral excretion at delivery and seroepidemiologic survey of two socioeconomically distinct populations in São Paulo, Brazil

The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV 2) antibodies in child bearing women of 2 Brazilian populations with different socioeconomic status and to determine the risk of neonatal HSV exposure by means of maternal cultures at the onset of labor. The study was conducted at 2 hospitals: A, serving very low income patients and B, serving middle socioeconomic class. 173 participants from group A and 127 from B answered a questionnaire which showed that the patients had similar ages (27.7 and 26.8 years, respectively) but differed with regard to socioeconomic status, age at first intercourse (18.6 vs 20.6 years), number of sex partners (1.5 vs 1.2) and previous sexually transmitted diseases (15% vs. 1.5%). History of genital herpes was given by 11% of group A participants and by a similar number, 7%, of patients from group B. In addition, 200 serum samples from population A and 455 from B were tested by ELISA for and HSV antibodies and 92% and 86%, respectively, were found to be positive. Sixty seropositive samples from group A and 90 from B were further analyzed by Western blot, which showed the presence of type 2 specific antibodies in 46% and 36%, respectively, suggesting an overall HSV 2 prevalence of 42% in group A and 31% in B. Cervical specimens were obtained for culture from 299 asymptomatic patients of population A and 313 of B. HSV was isolated from one specimen in each group, indicating a 0.3% incidence of asymptomatic viral excretion in both populations. In conclusion, the prevalence of type 2 antibodies in childbearing women was very high, but it did not differ with the socioeconomic status. The risk of HSV perinatal transmission was also similar in the 2 study populations and it was comparable with the data from developed countries. Our findings do not indicate the need of special screening programs for asymptomatic HSV excretion in Brazilian pregnant women.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in an area of low transmission: II. Risk factors for infection

Risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni infection were identified using a 1:1 matched case-control design. The work was conducted in the municipality of Pedro de Toledo, São Paulo State, Brazil, an area where the snail host is Biomphalaria tenagophila. Information on water contact patterns, knowledge, attitudes and pratices (kap), socioeconomic and sanitary conditions were obtained by mean of questionnaires. The crude odds ratio estimates and the adjusted odds ratio estimates using the logistic regression model are presented. Most of the examined individuals admitted recent water contacts (90.6% of the cases). The most frequent reason for contact was swimming, playing and fishing and the preferential site of contact was the river. According to the logistic regression technique, the main risk factors for infection were: a) water contact through swimming, playing and fishing; b) fording; c) bad hygiene. We concluded that recreational activities are the main reasons for schistosomiasis transmission in Pedro de Toledo and leisure alternatives should be offered to the local population.

Regional variation in toxoplasmosis seronegativity in the São Paulo metropolitan region

Toxoplasmosis is a highly prevalent zoonotic human infection caused by the Apicomplexa protozoon Toxoplasma gondii. The acute disease is usually mild or asymptomatic, except for foetal infection transmitted by acutely infected pregnant women, which courses as a devastating disease. In order to determine possible regional variations in risk factors, we studied the frequency of seronegativity in areas of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, comparing liters and age groups. The prevalence of seronegativity was determined retrospectively in 1286 pregnant women receiving prenatal care at public health services in four selected areas of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region of similar socioeconomic background. The São Paulo City area had the higher frequency of seronegativity (41.1%), followed by the Northwest (31.5%) and Southwest (29.9%) areas, with similar intermediate levels, and by the Northeast (22.5%) area with the lowest frequency (p<0.001). A rough estimate disclosed about 280 infected infants/year in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. Serological titers analyzed by age group suggested a decline in antibody levels with age, as shown by a lower frequency of higher titers in older groups. Our study emphasizes the importance of determining the regional prevalence of toxoplasmosis for proper planning of public health prenatal care.

Quality of Life Predictors and Normative Data

This study identifies predictors and normative data for quality of life (QOL) in a sample of Portuguese adults from general population. A cross-sectional correlational study was undertaken with two hundred and fifty-five (N = 255) individuals from Portuguese general population (mean age 43 years, range 25–84 years; 148 females, 107 males). Participants completed the European Portuguese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life short-form instrument and the European Portuguese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Demographic information was also collected. Portuguese adults reported their QOL as good. The physical, psychological and environmental domains predicted 44 % of the variance of QOL. The strongest predictor was the physical domain and the weakest was social relationships. Age, educational level, socioeconomic status and emotional status were significantly correlated with QOL and explained 25 % of the variance of QOL. The strongest predictor of QOL was emotional status followed by education and age. QOL was significantly different according to: marital status; living place (mainland or islands); type of cohabitants; occupation; health. The sample of adults from general Portuguese population reported high levels of QOL. The life domain that better explained QOL was the physical domain. Among other variables, emotional status best predicted QOL. Further variables influenced overall QOL. These findings inform our understanding on adults from Portuguese general population QOL and can be helpful for researchers and practitioners using this assessment tool to compare their results with normative data

Possibilidade e rentabilidade da utilização do gás de xisto em Portugal

Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica- Energia

Standardization of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting circulating toxic venom antigens in patients stung by the scorpion Tityus serrulatus

The sensitivity and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of circulating antigens from toxic components of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom was determined in patients stung by T. serrulatus before antivenom administration. Thirty-seven patients were classified as mild cases and 19 as moderate or severe cases. The control absorbance in the venom assay was provided by serum samples from 100 individuals of same socioeconomic group and geographical area who had never been stung by scorpions or treated with horse antisera. The negative cutoff value (mean + 2 SD) corresponded to a venom concentration of 4.8 ng/ml. Three out of the 100 normal sera were positive, resulting in a specificity of 97%. The sensitivity of the ELISA when all cases of scorpion sting were included was 39.3%. When mild cases were excluded, the sensitivity increased to 94.7%. This study showed that this ELISA can be used for the detection of circulating venom toxic antigens in patients with systemic manifestations following. T. serrulatus sting but cannot be used for clinical studies in mild cases of envenoming since the test does not discriminate mild cases from control patients.

Clinical-epidemiologic study of schistosomiasis mansoni in Ponte do Pasmado, a village in the municipality of Itinga, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1992

A clinical-epidemiologic study of schistosomiasis mansoni was conducted in the population of Ponte do Pasmado, a village in the municipality of Itinga, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Faecal Parasitology by the Kato-Katz method and clinical examination were performed in 93.8% and 82.8% of the local population, respectively. A socioeconomic survey was also made and the signs and symptoms presented by the patients were recorded, as well as their contacts with natural waters. The rate of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 50.3%; the peak of infection occurred during the second decade of life; there was a predominance of low egg counts in faeces (85.89% of positive patients eliminated less than 500 eggs per gram of faeces); the splenomegaly rate was 1.23%. When the risk factors for S. mansoni infection were studied, significant risks were detected in activities such as fetching water, washing dishes, bathing, and crossing streams.

Equidade na saúde e nos cuidados de saúde : migrantes e não migrantes na infecção de VIH/SIDA em Portugal

RESUMO - Este estudo tem como objectivo analisar a questão da equidade em saúde e nos cuidados de saúde entre migrantes e não migrantes no contexto da infecção de VIH/SIDA. A equidade em saúde e nos cuidados de saúde são valores de justiça distributiva. Este princípio representa um direito essencial para atingir uma melhor saúde e preocupa-se com a redução das desigualdades injustas em saúde e nos cuidados de saúde entre classes socioeconómicas. Os migrantes podem ser mais propensos a piores níveis de saúde do que os não migrantes devido a desigualdades sociais, na infecção por VIH/SIDA. Há escassez de estudos sobre a equidade em saúde e nos cuidados de saúde entre migrantes e não migrantes, aplicado ao contexto de VIH/SIDA em Portugal. Este é um país recente de migração e apresenta um aumento do número de casos de VIH/SIDA. O desenvolvimento deste estudo é importante para uma melhor compreensão da realidade da equidade em saúde e cuidados de saúde entre migrantes e não migrantes. Para a metodologia deste estudo, foram utilizados os dados da notificação obrigatória dos casos de VIH/SIDA em Portugal. A nacionalidade foi utilizada como aproximação ao estatuto de migrante. Através deste estudo empírico, foi possível constatar que os não nacionais estão sobre-representados nos casos notificados com um aumento no número de casos nos últimos anos. Estes dados sugerem uma iniquidade na saúde e nos cuidados de saúde a favor dos nacionais. Os portugueses representam. ----- ABSTRACT - The main goal of this work was to analyze the equity in health and health care between migrants and non migrants in the HIV/AIDS context. Equity in health and health care is a value of distributive justice. Is a primary right in order to achieve a better health and is concerned with a reduction in unfair inequality in health and health care between socioeconomic classes. Migrants are more susceptible to worse health levels due to socio inequalities, especially in the HIV/AIDS disease, when compared to non migrants. There is a scarcity of studies about health and health care between migrants and non migrants applied to the HIV/AIDS context in Portugal. Migration in Portugal is a recent, but increasing, phenomenon regarding the number of HIV/AIDS cases. This study brings a new overview over the equity of health and health care between migrants and non migrants. The methodology of this study uses mandatory notification of the HIV/AIDS cases detected in Portugal, and the nationality was used as a proxy to the migrant status. This empirical study allowed, detect that non nationals are overrepresented among notified cases, although the number has increased in the last years. This data suggests an inequity in health and health care in favor of nationals. Portuguese people’s represent the majority of notified cases, and the PALOP citizens come in second place.

Ascariasis in the subdistrict of Cavacos, municipality of Alterosa (MG), Brazil: effect of mass treatment with albendazole on the intensity of infection

The clinical and epidemiologic aspects of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides were studied in a random stratified sample of the population of the subdistrict of Cavacos, municipality of Alterosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil). The effect of mass treatment with a single dose of albendazole on the prevalence and intensity of infection was also studied six months later in the same population. During the first phase of the study, a questionnaire was applied to 248 individuals to obtain information about the socioeconomic, sanitary and clinical conditions of the population surveyed. A total of 230 fecal samples were also examined by the Kato-Katz technique in order to determine the intensity of A. lumbricoides infection. Two hundred and two individuals were simultaneously submitted to blood counts and 70 children aged 12 years or less were evaluated for nutritional status. The presence of A. lumbricoides and other helminth eggs was also determined in 22 soil samples collected in the urban zone of Cavacos. Infection with enteroparasitic helminths was detected in 29.1% of the sample, with a predominance of A. lumbricoides (23.9%). Parasitism and/or intensity of A. lumbricoides infection were significantly correlated with age range (15 years or less), social class, sanitary and living conditions (water, sewage and domiciliary area per person), and presence of abdominal pain. However, these parameters were not correlated with nutritional status or hematocrit levels. During the second phase of the study, a slight but not statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection was detected after treatment with albendazole. However, an important and significant reduction in the amount of A. lumbricoides eggs eliminated through the feces was detected, indicating that the intensity of A. lumbricoides infection was lower in all the age ranges of the Cavacos population, especially among younger individuals, even six months after administration of the anthelminthic agent.

Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in mammals in Yucatan, Mexico: a serological and parasitological study

In order to determine Trypanosoma cruzi infection among mammals in Yucatan, Mexico, 372 animals, both wild and synanthropic including carnivores, marsupials and rodents were studied. Serological studies by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) were carried out to detect antibodies to T. cruzi and a parasitological study was also performed (blood smear and histopathology). Of all the animals tested 18.54% were serologically positive, with a significantly higher frequency among the wild ones (33.33%) compared to the synanthropic ones (17.79%). To determine T. cruzi in positive animals, blood was inoculated into a white mouse (webster type) to prove myocardium colonization. The serological and parasitological positivity of these animals, as well as their behavior in the environment, taken together with the socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of the population, suggest that in Yucatan, Mexico, Canis familiaris, Didelphis marsupialis and Rattus rattus act as a link with the wild cycle.

Internamento compulsivo em psiquiatria. estudo comparativo de doentes com internamento compulsivo versus voluntário na Grande Lisboa

RESUMO O internamento compulsivo em psiquiatria é uma intervenção de última linha nos indivíduos que manifestam perturbações mentais graves e recusam tratamento, fundamentada nos princípios de necessidade terapêutica e de protecção social. Em Portugal, a última lei que regulamenta o internamento compulsivo vigora desde 1999 (Lei 36/98 de 24 de Julho) e configura esta medida como um internamento por decisão judicial, à semelhança de outros países europeus. A presente investigação, de características exploratórias, pretendeu avaliar os doentes internados involuntariamente do ponto de vista socio-demográfico e clínico e estudar as diferenças entre estes doentes e os doentes internados voluntariamente na região da Grande Lisboa. Para atingir estes objectivos foi delineado um estudo observacional, transversal e comparativo. A partir de uma amostra de conveniência de doentes internados compulsivamente procedeu-se ao emparelhamento dos doentes com psicoses “funcionais”, segundo as variáveis sexo, idade, diagnóstico e duração da doença, com igual número de doentes internados voluntariamente. Como instrumentos de avaliação foram aplicados uma entrevista semi-estruturada para as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas, o Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale 4.0 para a psicopatologia e duas sub-escalas do Historical, Clinical, Risk Management-20 para o risco de violência. No período do estudo (1 de Março a 30 de Junho de 2002) foram internados compulsivamente 74 indivíduos, metade dos quais foram conduzidos aos serviços de urgência com mandado da Autoridade de Saúde. O internamento de urgência foi o procedimento inicial em cerca de noventa por cento dos casos. A maioria dos doentes pertenciam ao sexo masculino (60%) e apresentavam quadros psicóticos “funcionais” (82%). Na amostra emparelhada de 102 doentes não se observaram variáveis sociodemográficas ou clínicas significativamente diferentes em relação aos doentes internados voluntariamente, com excepção dos antecedentes e risco de violência. Os resultados sugerem que a proposta de internamento compulsivo neste grupo de doentes seguiu um modelo de decisão baseado na prevenção de perigo.

Water-contact patterns and risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni infection in a rural village of Northeast Brazil

Schistosomiasis mansoni in the Serrano village, municipality of Cururupu, state of Maranhão, Brazil, is a widely spread disease. The PECE (Program for the Control of Schistosomiasis), undertaken since 1979 has reduced the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and the hepatosplenic form of the disease. Nevertheless piped water is available in 84% of the households, prevalence remains above 20%. In order to identify other risk factors responsible for the persistence of high prevalence levels, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in a systematic sample of 294 people of varying ages. Socioeconomic, environmental and demographic variables, and water contact patterns were investigated. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed by the Kato-Katz technique. Prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 24.1%, higher among males (35.5%) and between 10-19 years of age (36.6%). The risk factors identified in the univariable analysis were water contacts for vegetable extraction (Risk Ratio - RR = 2.92), crossing streams (RR = 2.55), bathing (RR = 2.35), fishing (RR = 2.19), hunting (RR = 2.17), cattle breeding (RR = 2.04), manioc culture (RR = 1.90) and leisure (RR = 1.56). After controlling for confounding variables by proportional hazards model the risks remained higher for males, vegetable extraction, bathing in rivers and water contact in rivers or in periodically inundated parts of riverine woodland (swamplands)

Duality of patterns in hepatitis a epidemiology: A study involving two socioeconomically distinct populations in Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil

To evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A in two socioeconomically distinct populations, 101 and 82 serum samples from high and low socioeconomic groups, respectively, were analysed for the presence of IgG anti-HAV using a commercial ELISA. The prevalence in low socioeconomic level subjects was 95.0%, whereas in high socioeconomic subjects was only 19.6% (p<0.001). These data show a duality in Brazil: anti-HAV prevalence in low socioeconomic subjects is similar to that of developing countries, while in high socioeconomic subjects, a pattern typical of developed countries is found. The control of this infection in our country is primarily related to the improvement of sanitation, but especially for high socioeconomic level populations, the use of vaccination against hepatitis A is strongly advisable to avoid the occasional appearance of this disease in adults.

Influence of Immunopreventable Diseases and AIDS on the Demand of an Infectious Diseases Department in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, in the Course of Thirty Years (1965-1994)

Brazil's nosologic profile has been sustaining profound modifications. Some occurred because of massive immunization campaigns and socioeconomic and demographic trends. Some yet were pure nosologic transitions, such as the emergence of AIDS. In this demand study it is described how these changes reflected on the 8,630 admissions of an Infectious Diseases Department in Niterói, along a thirty year period. Brazilian rural endemic diseases were infrequent (3.45%). Men predominated (62%) all the time, in all age strata and in nearly all diseases. Children under fifteen predominated until 1983. There was, in the case of tetanus, a striking rise in age strata. Institutional mortality dropped from 31% in 1965 to 10% in 1984, but rose since then to 15% in 1994. However, if AIDS patients had not been computed, mortality would have kept descending till 8% at the end of the study period. The crescent unimportance of immunopreventable diseases paralleled with the growing prominence of AIDS. In less than a decade, AIDS ranked fifth among the most frequent diseases in the whole period of thirty years. As opposed to the immunopreventable diseases, neither meningitides nor pneumonia appear to be in decline. AIDS, by its exponential incidence, by its chronic character, and by the uncountable opportunistic infections it determines, imposes itself as a challenge for the coming years.

Programas de intervenção municipal orientados para a promoção do envelhecimento activo

RESUMO: O novo cenário demográfico origina mudanças na estrutura etária, nas relações familiares e de trabalho, nas exigências de cuidados de saúde e de protecção social. Estas constituem fortes desafios a enfrentar pelas políticas públicas, exigindo a preparação dos organismos responsáveis. O “envelhecimento activo” começa a ter lugar como paradigma de intervenção, representando já um marco político mundial, na medida em que pode contrariar ou inverter as tendências nefastas das novas transformações. A investigação incidiu numa reflexão em torno das políticas que procuram responder à intensificação e diversidade dos problemas inerentes ao envelhecimento populacional. Envolvemo-nos numa tarefa de análise detalhada de programas municipais em três concelhos da Região Interior de Portugal, segundo a perspectiva e os determinantes do “envelhecimento activo”. Embora não exista uma solução única e definitiva, se nos detivermos no conceito como estratégia global, conclui-se o dever de considerar diversos determinantes numa perspectiva integrada e individualizada, que percorra todo o curso de vida. Os programas devem procurar enfatizar estilos de vida saudáveis com vista num alcance da maior qualidade de vida possível e ter em conta as situações sócio-económicas, mas sem se afastarem do dever de reforçar a componente reparadora e inclusiva da velhice.-----------ABSTRACT: The new demographic scenario creates changes in the age structure, in the family and work relations, in healthcare and social protection demands. All these changes create a great challenge to public policies, demanding the preparation of the responsible organizations. The “active ageing” starts to be seen as the intervention model, which represents a milestone in global policies as it can counteract or reverse the negative trends of these demographic changes. This research focused on the policies that seek to respond to the intensity and diversity of the population aging problems in Portugal. It was produced a detailed analysis of three local programs following the mainstreaming of “active ageing” in interior country. Although there is no unique and definitive solution, if we take the concept as a global strategy, then we can conclude the obligation to consider several determinants in an integrated and individualized perspective, which covers the entire course of life. These programs should emphasize healthy lifestyles aiming the highest quality of life possible taking into account the socioeconomic situations, without disregarding the duty of reinforce the repairing and inclusive component of ageing.