Investigative links between cognitive function and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in elementary physical education

Research has noted both physical and psychosocial benefits when children participate in regular physical activity. Recent studies are indicating that there may also be academic benefits and that students may be more efficient learners with participation in physical activity. This study investigated the influence of acute moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on four cognitive functions: planning, attention, simultaneous processing, and successive processing. Three classes (59 students) were each tested twice using a balanced design (intervention, balance, and control groups). It was found that the intervention group had a large increase in planning abiHty (ES = 1.67) when compared to the balance (ES = .80) and control (ES = -.89) groups. On the three remaining cognitive functions, the intervention group showed effect sizes similar to that of the balance and control groups. These results indicate that improved planning after physical activity may playa role in improving student performance.

The Terroir of Winter Hardiness: Investigation of Winter Hardiness, Water Metrics, and Yield of Riesling and Cabernet Franc in the Niagara Region Using Geomatic Technologies

Grapevine winter hardiness is a key factor in vineyard success in many cool climate wine regions. Winter hardiness may be governed by a myriad of factors in addition to extreme weather conditions – e.g. soil factors (texture, chemical composition, moisture, drainage), vine water status, and yield– that are unique to each site. It was hypothesized that winter hardiness would be influenced by certain terroir factors , specifically that vines with low water status [more negative leaf water potential (leaf ψ)] would be more winter hardy than vines with high water status (more positive leaf ψ). Twelve different vineyard blocks (six each of Riesling and Cabernet franc) throughout the Niagara Region in Ontario, Canada were chosen. Data were collected during the growing season (soil moisture, leaf ψ), at harvest (yield components, berry composition), and during the winter (bud LT50, bud survival). Interpolation and mapping of the variables was completed using ArcGIS 10.1 (ESRI, Redlands, CA) and statistical analyses (Pearson’s correlation, principal component analysis, multilinear regression) were performed using XLSTAT. Clear spatial trends were observed in each vineyard for soil moisture, leaf ψ, yield components, berry composition, and LT50. Both leaf ψ and berry weight could predict the LT50 value, with strong positive correlations being observed between LT50 and leaf ψ values in eight of the 12 vineyard blocks. In addition, vineyards in different appellations showed many similarities (Niagara Lakeshore, Lincoln Lakeshore, Four Mile Creek, Beamsville Bench). These results suggest that there is a spatial component to winter injury, as with other aspects of terroir, in the Niagara region.

Power, Contextual Intelligence and Leadership: Research Approaches for Understanding Participatory Community Climate Change Adaptation

Analysis of power in natural resources management is important as multiple stakeholders interact within complex, social-ecological systems. As a sub-set of these interactions, community climate change adaptation is increasingly using participatory processes to address issues of local concern. While some attention has been paid to power relations in this respect, e.g. evaluating international climate regimes or assessing vulnerability as part of integrated impact assessments, little attention has been paid to how a structured assessment of power could facilitate real adaptation and increase the potential for successful participatory processes. This paper surveys how the concept of power is currently being applied in natural resources management and links these ideas to agency and leadership for climate change adaptation. By exploring behavioural research on destructive leadership, a model is developed for informing participatory climate change adaptation. The working paper then concludes with a discussion of developing research questions in two specific areas - examining barriers to adaptation and mapping the evolution of specific participatory processes for climate change adaptation.

Role of Phosphorylation of the Oxysterol Binding Protein (OSBP) in (PI(4)P) and Sterol-Containing Membrane Recognition and Binding

Studies have demonstrated that the oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) acts as a phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP)-sterol exchanger at membrane contact sites (MCS) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. OSBP is known to pick up phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) from the ER, transfer it to the trans-Golgi in exchange for a cholesterol molecule that is then transferred from the trans-Golgi to the ER. Upon further examination of this pathway by Ridgway et al. (1), it appeared that phosphorylation of OSBP played a role in the localization of OSBP. The dephosphorylation state of OSBP was linked to Golgi localization and the depletion of cholesterol at the ER. To mimic the phosphorylated state of OSBP, the mutant OSBP-S5E was designed by Ridgway et al. (1). The lipid and sterol recognition by wt-OSBP and its phosphomimic mutant OSBP-S5E were investigated using immobilized lipid bilayers and dual polarization interferometry (DPI). DPI is a technique in which the protein binding affinity to immobilized lipid bilayers is measured and the binding behavior is examined through real time. Lipid bilayers containing 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and varying concentrations of PI(4)Ps or sterols (cholesterol or 25-hydroxycholesterol) were immobilized on a silicon nitride chip. It was determined that wt-OSBP binds differently to PI(4)P-containing bilayers compared to OSBP-S5E. The binding behavior suggested that wt-OSBP extracts PI(4)P and the change in the binding behavior, in the case of OSBP-S5E, suggested that the phosphorylation of OSBP may prevent the recognition and/or extraction of PI(4)P. In the presence of sterols, the overall binding behavior of OSBP, regardless of phosphorylation state, was fairly similar. The maximum specific bound mass of OSBP to sterols did not differ as the concentration of sterols increased. However, comparing the maximum specific bound mass of OSBP to cholesterol with oxysterol (25-hydroxycholesterol), OSBP displayed nearly a 2-fold increase in bound mass. With the absence of the wt-OSBP-PI(4)P binding behavior, it can be speculated that the sterols were not extracted. In addition, the binding behavior of OSBP was further tested using a fluorescence based binding assay. Using 22-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-23,24-bisnor-5-cholen-3β-ol (22-NBD cholesterol), wt-OSBP a one site binding dissociation constant Kd, of 15 ± 1.4 nM was determined. OSBP-S5E did not bind to 22-NBD cholesterol and Kd value was not obtained.

Melanosomal targeting sequences from gp100 are essential for MHC class II-restricted endogenous epitope presentation and mobilization to endosomal compartments

CD4+ T lymphocytes play an important role in CD8+ T cell-mediated responses against tumors. Considering that about 20% of melanomas express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, it is plausible that concomitant antigenic presentation by MHC class I and class II complexes shapes positive (helper T cells) or negative (regulatory T cells) anti-tumor responses. Interestingly, gp100, a melanoma antigen, can be presented by both MHC class I and class II when expressed endogenously, suggesting that it can reach endosomal/MHC class II compartments (MIIC). Here, we demonstrated that the gp100 putative amino-terminal signal sequence and the last 70 residues in carboxy-terminus, are essential for MIIC localization and MHC class II presentation. Confocal microscopy analyses confirmed that gp100 was localized in LAMP-1+ endosomal/MIIC. Gp100-targeting sequences were characterized by deleting different sections in the carboxy-terminus (residues 590 to 661). Transfection in 293T cells, expressing MHC class I and class II molecules, revealed that specific deletions in carboxy-terminus resulted in decreased MHC class II presentation, without effects on MHC class I presentation, suggesting a role in MIIC trafficking for these deleted sections. Then, we used these gp100-targeting sequences to mobilize the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to endosomal compartments, and to allow MHC class II and class I presentation of minimal endogenous epitopes. Thus, we concluded that these specific sequences are MIIC targeting motifs. Consequently, these sequences could be included in expression cassettes for endogenously expressed tumor or viral antigens to promote MHC class II and class I presentation and optimize in vivo T cell responses, or as an in vitro tool for characterization of new MHC class II epitopes.

Vertical R&D Sprillovers, Cooperation, Market Structure, and Innovation.

This paper studies vertical R&D spillovers between upstream and downstream firms. The model incorporates two vertically related industries, with horizontal spillovers within each industry and vertical spillovers between the two industries. Four types of R&D cooperation are studied : no cooperation, horizontal cooperation, vertical cooperation, and simultaneous horizontal and vertical cooperation. Vertical spillovers always increase R&D and welfare, while horizontal spillovers may increase or decrease them. The comparison of cooperative settings in terms of R&D shows that no setting uniformly dominates the others. Which type of cooperation yields more R&D depends on horizontal and vertical spillovers, and market structure. The ranking of cooperative structures hinges on the signs and magnitudes of three competitive externalities (vertical, horizontal, and diagonal) which capture the effect of the R&D of a firm on the profits of other firms. One of the basic results of the strategic investment literature is that cooperation between competitors increases (decreases) R&D when horizontal spillovers are high (low); the model shows that this result does not necessarily hold when vertical spillovers and vertical cooperation are taken into account. The paper proposes a theory of innovation and market structure, showing that the relation between innovation and competition depends on horizontal spillovers, vertical spillovers, and cooperative settings. The private incentives for R&D cooperation are addressed. It is found that buyers and sellers have divergent interests regarding the choice of cooperative settings and that spillovers increase the likelihood of the emergence of cooperation in a decentralized equilibrium.

iVici: Interrelational Visualization and Correlation Interface

Affiliation: Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal

A mechanism for co-transcriptional recruitment of mRNA localization factor on nascent mRNAs in budding yeast

Le transport et la localisation des ARN messagers permettent de réguler l’expression spatiale et temporelle de facteurs spécifiques impliqués dans la détermination du destin cellulaire, la plasticité synaptique, la polarité cellulaire et la division asymétrique des cellules. Chez S.cerevisiæ, plus de trente transcrits sont transportés activement vers le bourgeon cellulaire. Parmi ces transcrits, l’ARNm ASH1 (asymetric synthesis of HO) est localisé à l’extrémité du bourgeon pendant l’anaphase. Ce processus va entrainer une localisation asymétrique de la protéine Ash1p, qui sera importée uniquement dans le noyau de la cellule fille, où elle entraine le changement de type sexuel. La localisation asymétrique de l’ARNm ASH1, et donc de Ash1p, implique la présence de différents facteurs de localisation. Parmi ces facteurs, les protéines She (She1p/Myo4p, She2p et She3p) et les répresseurs traductionnels (Puf6p, Loc1p et Khd1p) participent à ce mécanisme. La protéine navette She2p est capable de lier l’ARNm ASH1 et va entrainer le ciblage de cet ARNm vers l’extrémité du bourgeon en recrutant le complexe She3p-Myo4p. Des répresseurs traductionnels régulent la traduction de cet ARNm et évitent l’expression ectopique de la protéine Ash1p pendant son transport. Alors que la fonction cytoplasmique de She2p sur la localisation des ARNm est connue, sa fonction nucléaire est encore inconnue. Nous avons montré que She2p contient une séquence de localisation nucléaire non classique qui est essentielle à son import nucléaire médié par l’importine α (Srp1p). L’exclusion de She2p du noyau par mutation de son NLS empêche la liaison de Loc1p et Puf6p sur l’ARNm ASH1, entrainant un défaut de localisation de l’ARNm et de la protéine. Pour étudier plus en détail l’assemblage de la machinerie de localisation des ARNm dans le noyau, nous avons utilisé des techniques d’immunoprécipitation de chromatine afin de suivre le recrutement des facteurs de localisation et des répresseurs traductionnels sur les ARNm naissants. Nous avons montré que She2p est recruté sur le gène ASH1 pendant sa transcription, via son interaction avec l’ARNm ASH1 naissant. Puf6p est également recruté sur ASH1, mais d’une manière dépendante de la présence de She2p. De façon intéressante, nous avons détecté une interaction entre She2p et la plus grande sous-unité de l’ARN polymérase II (Rpb1p). Cette interaction est détectée avec la forme active en élongation de l’ARN polymérase II. Nous avons également démontré que She2p interagit avec le complexe d’élongation de la transcription Spt4p/Spt5p. Une délétion de SPT4 ou une mutation dans SPT5 (Ts spt5) à température restrictive empêche l’interaction entre She2p et Rpb1p, et diminue le recrutement de She2p au gène ASH1, entrainant un défaut de localisation de l’ARNm et un défaut de localisation asymétrique de la protéine Ash1p. De manière globale, nos résultats montrent que les facteurs impliqués dans la localisation cytoplasmique des ARNm et dans leur contrôle traductionnel sont recrutés de façon co-transcriptionnelle sur les ARNm naissants via leur interaction avec la machinerie de transcription, suggèrant un rôle important de la machinerie transcriptionelle dans la localisation des ARNm.

Sermons In Stones. Argument And Artefact For Sustainability

The focus of the study is on the values, priorities and arguments needed to advance ‘design for sustainability’. The discussion critiques conventions related to innovation and technology and offers a product design approach that emphasises minimal intervention, integrated thinking-and-doing, reinstating the familiar, localization and the particularities of place. These interdependent themes are discussed in terms of their relationship to design for sustainability and are clarified through the conceptualization, design, production and use of a simple functional object that is, essentially, a ‘symbolic sustainable artefact’. Although it is fully functional, its practical usefulness in contemporary society would probably be seen as marginal. Its potential contribution is as a symbol of an alternative direction. It asks us to consider aspects of our humanity that are beyond instrumental approaches. It challenges sustainable initiatives that become so caught up in practical and environmental concerns that they fail to question the underlying values, priorities and social drivers which affect how we act in the world; those behaviours and norms that have created the very problems we are so urgently trying to tackle. The discussion is accompanied by a parallel series of photographs that document the relationship between argument, locale and the creation of the conceptual artefact. These photographs convey some of the qualitative differences between the place of much contemporary artefact acquisition, i.e. the shopping mall, and the particular locale that yielded the artefact created during this study; they are also useful in conveying the potential relationship that exist between place and the aesthetics of functional objects.

Identification du gène Anoctamine 5 responsable d'une nouvelle forme récessive de dystrophie musculaire des ceintures

Les dystrophies musculaires des ceintures (ou limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, LGMD) sont un groupe hétérogène de dystrophies musculaires chez l’adulte et sont définies par une atrophie et une faiblesse progressive qui surviennent dans les muscles proximaux. Chez une cohorte canadienne-française, nous avons précédemment décrit une nouvelle forme récessive, désignée LGMD2L et marquée par une atrophie asymétrique du quadriceps, que nous avions cartographiée au chromosome 11p12-p13 grâce à des analyses de liaison. L’objectif de ce projet de thèse était de raffiner l’intervalle candidat, puis d’identifier et de caractériser le gène muté responsable de la LGMD2L. Grâce à une cartographie par homozygotie de polymorphismes de nucléotide simple (SNPs) réalisée sur une grande famille consanguine, nous avons redéfini l’intervalle candidat à une région du chromosome 11p14.3-p15.1. Par séquençage de l’ADN génomique et complémentaire au gène Anoctamine 5 (ANO5) inclus dans cet intervalle, nous avons identifié trois mutations, chez autant de familles: une substitution créant un site d’épissage aberrant, une insertion d’un nucléotide et une mutation faux-sens. Les deux premières mutations étaient associées à une hausse de la dégradation de l’ARN messager médiée par une troncation prématurée. Nous avons également identifié des mutations ANO5 chez une seconde dystrophie musculaire de type distal cartographiant au même locus que la LGMD2L, nommée MMD3, et dont la manifestation initiale était une faiblesse des mollets, mais qui pouvait progresser vers une atrophie des quadriceps. Une réparation membranaire défective avait été observée chez les fibroblastes de deux patients MMD3, suggérant un rôle pour ANO5 dans ce mécanisme. La localisation et la fonction d’ANO5 dans le muscle sont inconnues, mais cette protéine fait partie d’une famille conservée de protéines à huit domaines transmembranaires, les Anoctamines, dont certains membres sont des transporteurs chloriques activés par le calcium. Les résultats de nos études d’immunofluorescence suggèrent qu’ANO5 se localise peu au sarcolemme, mais plutôt à une structure intracellulaire qui suit la ligne Z des myofibrilles. De façon étonnante, cette localisation était préservée chez un patient LGMD2L porteur homozygote de la mutation d’épissage, en dépit du fait que cette dernière était considérée comme une mutation nulle. Néanmoins, nous avons identifié un épissage alternatif de l’exon 15 qui se produisait sur une proportion des transcrits porteurs de la mutation d’épissage, ce qui rétablirait le cadre de lecture, soulignant la complexité de la régulation de l’épissage d’ANO5 et laissant croire que la LGMD2L pourrait être causée par une perte de fonction partielle, et non complète, d’ANO5. Des études subséquentes par des groupes européens ont montré que les anoctaminopathies 5 sont une cause fréquente de dystrophies musculaires des ceintures chez l’adulte. Notre découverte de mutations au gène Anoctamine 5 a mis en évidence une nouvelle classe de protéines importantes pour la biologie du muscle et a ouvert la voie à de nouvelles pistes pour étudier les mécanismes par lesquels un défaut de réparation membranaire progresse en une dystrophie musculaire.

Bodies, stories, cities : learning to read and write (in) Montréal with Gail Scott

Cette lecture, tant critique, comparative, et théorique que pédagogique, s’ancre dans le constat, premièrement, qu’il advient aux étudiantEs en littérature de se (re)poser la question des coûts et complicités qu’apprendre à lire et à écrire présuppose aujourd’hui; deuxièmement, que nos pratiques littéraires se trament au sein de lieux empreints de différences, que l’on peut nommer, selon le contexte, métaphore, récit, ville; et, troisièmement, que les efforts et investissements requis sont tout autant couteux et interminable qu’un plaisir et une nécessité politique. Ces conclusions tendent vers l’abstrait et le théorique, mais le langage en lequel elles sont articulées, langage corporel et urbain, de la dépendance et de la violence, cherche d’autant plus une qualité matérielle et concrète. Or, l’introduction propose un survol des lectures et comparaisons de Heroine de Gail Scott qui centre ce projet; identifie les contextes institutionnels, historiques, et personnels qui risquent, ensuite, de décentrer celui-ci. Le premier chapitre permet de cerner le matérialisme littéraire qui me sert de méthode par laquelle la littérature, à la fois, sollicite et offre une réponse à ces interrogations théoriques. Inspirée de l’œuvre de Gail Scott et Réjean Ducharme, premièrement, et de Walter Benjamin, Elisabeth Grosz, et Pierre Macherey ensuite, ‘matérialisme’ fait référence à cette collection de figures de pratiques littéraires et urbaines qui proviennent, par exemple, de Georges Perec, Michel DeCerteau, Barbara Johnson, et Patricia Smart, et qui invitent ensuite une réflexions sur les relations entre corporalité et narrativité, entre la nécessité et la contingence du littéraire. De plus, une collection de figures d’un Montréal littéraire et d’une cité pédagogique, acquis des œuvres de Zygmunt Bauman, Partricia Godbout, et Lewis Mumford, constitue en effet un vocabulaire nous permettant de mieux découvrir (et donc enseigner) ce que lire et apprendre requiert. Le deuxième chapitre propose une lecture comparée de Heroine et des romans des auteures québécoises Anne Dandurand, Marie Gagnon, et Tess Fragoulis, dans le contexte, premièrement, les débats entourant l’institutionnalisation de la littérature (anglo)Québécoise et, deuxièmement, des questions pédagogiques et politiques plus larges et plus urgentes que nous pose, encore aujourd’hui, cette violence récurrente qui s’acharna, par exemple, sur la Polytechnique en 1989. Or, cette intersection de la violence meurtrière, la pratique littéraire, et la pédagogie qui en résulte se pose et s’articule, encore, par le biais d’une collection de figures de styles. En fait, à travers le roman de Scott et de l’œuvre critique qui en fait la lecture, une série de craques invite à reconnaître Heroine comme étant, ce que j’appelle, un récit de dépendance, au sein duquel se concrétise une temporalité récursive et une logique d’introjection nous permettant de mieux comprendre la violence et, par conséquent, le pouvoir d’une pratique littéraire sur laquelle, ensuite, j’appuie ma pédagogie en devenir. Jetant, finalement, un regard rétrospectif sur l’oeuvre dans son entier, la conclusion de ce projet se tourne aussi vers l’avant, c’est-à-dire, vers ce que mes lectures dites matérialistes de la littérature canadienne et québécoise contribuent à mon enseignement de la langue anglaise en Corée du Sud. C’est dans ce contexte que les propos de Jacques Rancière occasionnent un dernier questionnement quant à l’historique des débats et des structures pédagogiques en Corée, d’une part, et, de l’autre, les conclusions que cette lecture de la fiction théorique de Gail Scott nous livre.

The Steady-State and Transient Characteristic Analysis of Thermal Fixing a Photorefractive Hologram Grating in Lithium Niobate

The transient interaction between a refraction index grating and light beams during simultaneous writing and thermal fixing of a photorefractive hologram is investigated. With a diffusion- and photovoltaic-dominated carrier transport mechanism and carrier thermal activation (temperature dependent) considered in Fe:LiNbO3 crystal, from the standpoint of field-material coupling, the theoretical thermal fixing time and the space-charge field buildup, spatial distribution, and temperature dependence are given numerically by combining the band transport model with mobile ions with the coupled-wave equation

Studies on the distribution and abundance of fish eggs and larvae off the south—west coast of India with special reference to scombroids

The broad objective of the present study is to present a synoptic picture of the distribution and abundance of fish eggs and the lmportant groups of fish larvae obtained off the SW coast of India. so as to delineate the spawning areas and seasones of the fish population. with special reference to the scombroid fishes. An attempt was also made to correlate the occurrence of certain categories of larvae and hydrographical factors like temperature and salinity. The present effort was a pioneering one in Indian waters. in as much as it involved systematic and seasonally repetitive collection of ichthyoplankton from a large stretch of our seas and mapping of their distribution and abudance.

“Improved Feature Extraction and Classification Techniques for Multispectral Brain Magnetic Resonance Images”

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a multi sequence medical imaging technique in which stacks of images are acquired with different tissue contrasts. Simultaneous observation and quantitative analysis of normal brain tissues and small abnormalities from these large numbers of different sequences is a great challenge in clinical applications. Multispectral MRI analysis can simplify the job considerably by combining unlimited number of available co-registered sequences in a single suite. However, poor performance of the multispectral system with conventional image classification and segmentation methods makes it inappropriate for clinical analysis. Recent works in multispectral brain MRI analysis attempted to resolve this issue by improved feature extraction approaches, such as transform based methods, fuzzy approaches, algebraic techniques and so forth. Transform based feature extraction methods like Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and its extensions have been effectively used in recent studies to improve the performance of multispectral brain MRI analysis. However, these global transforms were found to be inefficient and inconsistent in identifying less frequently occurred features like small lesions, from large amount of MR data. The present thesis focuses on the improvement in ICA based feature extraction techniques to enhance the performance of multispectral brain MRI analysis. Methods using spectral clustering and wavelet transforms are proposed to resolve the inefficiency of ICA in identifying small abnormalities, and problems due to ICA over-completeness. Effectiveness of the new methods in brain tissue classification and segmentation is confirmed by a detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis with synthetic and clinical, normal and abnormal, data. In comparison to conventional classification techniques, proposed algorithms provide better performance in classification of normal brain tissues and significant small abnormalities.

“Studies on glucose tolerant β-glucosidases from a novel Byssochlamys fulva and their applications in biomass to ethanol conversion”

Beta-glucosidases are critical enzymes in biomass hydrolysis process and is important in creating highly efficient enzyme cocktails for the bio-ethanol industry. Among the two strategies proposed for overcoming the glucose inhibition of commercial cellulases, one is to use heavy dose of BGL in the enzyme blends and the second is to do simultaneous saccharification and fermentation where glucose is converted to alcohol as soon as it is being generated. While the former needs extremely high quantities of enzyme, the latter is inefficient since the conditions for hydrolysis and fermentation are different. This makes the process technically challenging and also in this case, the alcohol generation is lesser, making its recovery difficult. A third option is to use glucose tolerant β-glucosidases which can work at elevated glucose concentrations. However, there are very few reports on such enzymes from microbial sources especially filamentous fungi which can be cultivated on cheap biomass as raw material. There has been very less number of studies directed at this, though there is every possibility that filamentous fungi that are efficient degraders of biomass may harbor such enzymes. The study therefore aimed at isolating a fungus capable of secreting glucose tolerant β- glucosidase enzyme. Production, characterization of β-glucosidases and application of BGL for bioethanol production were attempted.