Energy separation of neutrons scattered at small angles from silicon using time-of-flight techniques

The time-of-flight technique is used on a small-angle neutron scattering instrument to separate the energies of the scattered neutrons, in order to determine the origin of the temperature-dependent scattering observed from silicon at Q > similar to 0.1 angstrom(-1). A quantitative analysis of the results in comparison with the phonon dispersion curves, determined by Dolling using a triple-axis neutron spectrometer, shows that the temperature-dependent scattering can be understood in terms of Umklapp processes whereby neutrons gain energy from phonons.

Born-Oppenheimer failure in the separation of low frequency vibrations

Changes in the effective potential function of a low-frequency large-amplitude molecular vibration, resulting from excitation of a high-frequency vibration, are discussed. It is shown that in some situations a significant contribution to such changes may arise from failure of the Born-Oppenheimer separation of the low-frequency mode. In the particular example of the HF dimer, recent evidence that the tunneling barrier increases on exciting either of the H-stretching vibrations is probably due to this effect.

Effects of solar wind magnetosphere coupling recorded at different geomagnetic latitudes: Separation of directly-driven and storage/release systems

The effect on geomagnetic activity of solar wind speed, compared with that of the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field, differs with geomagnetic latitude. In this study we construct a new index based on monthly standard deviations in the H-component of the geomagnetic field for all geomagnetic latitudes. We demonstrate that for this index the response at auroral regions correlates best with interplanetary coupling functions which include the solar wind speed while mid- and low-latitude regions respond to variations in the interplanetary magnetic field strength. These results are used to isolate the responsible geomagnetic current systems.

Lateral phase separation in grafted diblock copolymer films

Tethered films of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers of varying composition and molecular weight were investigated using atomic force microscopy and the observed structures compared with theoretical predictions. Although the experimental results were in qualitative agreement with the theory, there was significant quantitative variation. This was attributed to the presence of solvent in the films prior to and during annealing, a hypothesis supported by new preliminary calculations reported here. Solvent exchange experiments (where a good solvent for both polymer blocks was gradually replaced by a selective solvent), were also performed on the films. This procedure generated textured films in which the structure was defined by miscibility of the polymer blocks with the second solvent.

Separation of Ba-137m from Cs-137 using new ion exchanger Na-2(H2O)(4)(H3O)[Al(OH)(6)Mo6O18]

A new polyoxometalate of chemical formula, Na-2(H2O)(4)(H3O)[Al(OH)(6)Mo6O18] (1) containing Anderson type large anion has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure determination and IR spectroscopic studies. The crystal of 1 is triclinic, spacegroup P-1 with cell dimensions, a = 6.365(9) angstrom, b = 10.37(1) angstrom, c = 10.44(1) angstrom and alpha = 65.41(1), beta = 77.18(1), gamma = 86.58(1) and Z = 1. The compound 1 behaves as an ion exchanger and is stable in thermal, radiation and chemical environments. Radiochemical separation of the short-lived daughter Ba-137m (t(1/2) = 2.50 min) from its long-lived parent Cs-137 using this newly designed and synthesized ion exchanger has been developed.

6,6 '-bis-(5,6-diethyl-[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl)-2,2 '-bipyridyl the first example of a new class of quadridentate hetercyclic extraction reagents for the separation of americium(III) and europium(III)

The synthesis of the first example of a new class of tetradentate reagents for the efficient separation of americium(Ill) and europium(111) is reported together with the structure of the complex formed with europium(III), (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Separation of lanthanides and actinides(III) using tridentate benzimidazole, benzoxazole and benzothiazole ligands

The ability of new hydrophobic tridentate ligands based on 2,6-bis(benziinidazol-2-yl)pyridine, 2,6-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)pyridine and 2,6-bis(benzothiazol-2-yl)pyridine to selectively extract americium(III) from europium(III) was measured. The most promising ligand-2,6-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)-4-(2-decyl-1-tetradecyloxy)pyridine L-9 was found to give separation factors (SFAm/Eu) of up to 70 when used to extract cations from 0.02-0.10 M HNO3 into TPH in synergy with 2-bromodecanoic acid. Six structures of lanthanide complexes with 2,6-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)pyridine L-6 were then determined to evaluate the types of species that are likely to be involved in the separation process. Three structural types were observed, namely [LnL(6)(NO3)(3)(H2O)2], 11-coordinate only for La, [LnL(6) (NO3)(3) (CH3CN)], 10-coordinate for Pr, Nd and Eu and [LnL(6) (NO3)(3)(H2O)], L 10-coordinate for Eu and Gd. Quantum Mechanics calculations were carried out on the tridentate ligands to elucidate the conformational preferences of the ligands in the free state and protonated and diprotonated forms and to assess the electronic properties of the ligands for comparison with other terdentate ligands used in lanthanide/actinide separation processes.

6,6 '-bis (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl) [2,2 ']bipyridine, an effective extracting agent for the separation of americium(III) and curium(III) from the lanthanides

The extraction of americium(III), curium(III), and the lanthanides(III) from nitric acid by 6,6'- bis (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl)-[2,2'] bipyridine (CyMe4-BTBP) has been studied. Since the extraction kinetics were slow, N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dioctyl-2-(2-hexyloxy-ethyl)malonamide (DMDOHEMA) was added as a phase transfer reagent. With a mixture of 0.01 M CyMe4-BTBP + 0.25 M DMDOHEMA in n -octanol, extraction equilibrium was reached within 5 min of mixing. At a nitric acid concentration of 1 M, an americium(III) distribution ratio of approx. 10 was achieved. Americium(III)/lanthanide(III) separation factors between 50 (dysprosium) and 1500 (lanthanum) were obtained. Whereas americium(III) and curium(III) were extracted as disolvates, the stoichiometries of the lanthanide(III) complexes were not identified unambiguously, owing to the presence of DMDOHEMA. In the absence of DMDOHEMA, both americium(III) and europium(III) were extracted as disolvates. Back-extraction with 0.1 M nitric acid was thermodynamically possible but rather slow. Using a buffered glycolate solution of pH=4, an americium(III) distribution ratio of 0.01 was obtained within 5 min of mixing. There was no evidence of degradation of the extractant, for example, the extraction performance of CyMe4-BTBP during hydrolylsis with 1 M nitric acid did not change over a two month contact.

Some new strategies for the chemical separation of actinides and lanthanides

A future goal in nuclear fuel reprocessing is the conversion or transmutation of the long-lived radioisotopes of minor actinides, such as americium, into short-lived isotopes by irradiation with neutrons. In order to achieve this transmutation, it is necessary to separate the minor actinides(III), [An(Ill)], from the lanthanides(III), [Ln(Ill)], by solvent extraction (partitioning), because the lanthanides absorb neutrons too effectively and hence limit neutron capture by the transmutable actinides. Partitioning using ligands containing only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen atoms is desirable because they are completely incinerable and thus the final volume of waste is minimised [1]. Nitric acid media will be used in the extraction experiments because it is envisaged that the An(III)/Ln(III) separation process could take place after the PUREX process. There is no doubt that the correct design of a molecule that is capable of acting as a ligand or extraction reagent is required for the effective separation of metal ions such as actinides(III) from lanthanides. Recent attention has been directed towards heterocyclic ligands with for the preferential separation of the minor actinides. Although such molecules have a rich chemistry, this is only now becoming sufficiently well understood in relation to the partitioning process [2]. The molecules shown in Figures I and 2 will be the principal focus of this study. Although the examples chosen here are used rather specific, the guidelines can be extended to other areas such as the separation of precious metals [3].

Coordination and separation studies of the uranyl ion with iso-butyramide based ligands: Synthesis and structures of [UO2(NO3)(2)((C3H7CON)-C-i{(C4H9)-C-i}(2))(2)] and [UO2(C6H5COCHCOC6H5)(2)((C3H7CON)-C-i{(C3H7)-C-i}(2))]

The coordination chemistry of iso-butyramide based ligands such as: (C3H7CON)-C-i((C3H7)-C-i)(2), (C3H7CON)-C-i(C4H9)(2) and (C3H7CON)-C-i((C4H9)-C-i)(2) with [UO2(NO3)(2) center dot 6H(2)O], [UO2(OO)(2) center dot 2H(2)O] {where OO = C4H3SCOCHCCCF3 (TTA), C6H5COCHCOCF3 (BTA) and C6H5COCHCOC6H5 (DBM)), [Th(NO3)(4) center dot 6H(2)O] and [La(NO3)(3) center dot 6H(2)O] has been evaluated. Structures for the compounds [UO2(NO3)(2)CC3H7CON{(C4H9)-C-i}(2))(2)] and [UO2(C6H5COCHCOC6H5)(2)((C3H7CON)-C-i{(C3H7)-C-i)(2))] have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Preliminary separation studies from nitric acid medium using the amide (C3H7CON)-C-i((C4H9)-C-i)(2) with U(VI), Th(IV) and La(Ill) ions showed the selective precipitation of uranyl ion from the mixture. Thermal study of the compound [UO2(NO3)(2)((C3H7CON)-C-i((C4H9)-C-i)(2))(2)] in air revealed that the ligands can be destroyed completely on incineration. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Phase mixing and phase separation accompanying the catalytic oxidation of CO on Ir{100}

The co-adsorption of CO and O on the unreconstructed (1 x 1) phase of Ir {100} was examined by low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). When CO is adsorbed at 188 K onto the Ir{100} surface precovered with 0.5 ML O, a mixed c(4 x 2)-(2O + CO) overlayer is formed. All CO is oxidised upon heating and desorbs as CO2 in three distinct stages at 230 K, 330 K and 430 K in a 2:1:2 ratio. The excess oxygen left on the surface after all CO has reacted forms an overlayer with a LEED pattern with p(2 x 10) periodicity. This overlayer consists of stripes with a local p(2 x 1)-O arrangement of oxygen atoms separated by stripes of uncovered It. When CO is adsorbed at 300 K onto the surface precovered with 0.5 ML O an apparent (2 x 2) LEED pattern is observed. LEED IV analysis reveals that this pattern is a superposition of diffraction patterns from islands of c(2 x 2)-CO and p(2 x 1)-O structures on the surface. Heating this co-adsorbed overlayer leads to the desorption of CO, in two stages at 330 K and 430 K; the excess CO (0.1 ML) desorbs at 590 K. LEED IV structural analysis of the mixed c(4 x 2) O and CO overlayer shows that both the CO molecules and the O atoms occupy bridge sites. The O atoms show significant lateral displacements of 0.14 angstrom away from the CO molecules; the C-O bond is slightly expanded with respect to the gas phase (1.19 angstrom); the modifications of the Ir substrate with respect to the bulk-terminated surface are very small. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Facile photoinduced charge separation through a cyanoacetylide bridge in a heterobimetallic Fe(II)-Re(I) complex

Photoinduced Fe-to-bpy charge transfer in [{Cp(dppe)Fe}-(mu-C CC N){Re(CO)(3)(bpy)}]PF6 has been observed by ps-TRIR spectroscopy, supported by UV-Vis/IR spectroelectrochemistry and DFT calculations.

Monodisperse binary nanocomposite in silica with enhanced magnetization for magnetic separation

The majority of research on magnetic nanoparticles has focused on optical, electrical, and magnetic storage areas. Recently, the application of magnetic nanoparticles as magnetically separable nanovehicles for chemical or biological species has become an area of intensive research but with rather different challenging criteria that are yet to be addressed. For example, the enhancement of intrinsically weak magnetic properties, avoidance of magnetic interactions among particles, and improvement of the stability of the nanoparticles remain key issues. Here, it is demonstrated using sequential nanochemistry preparation techniques that exchange-coupled nanomagnets, such as FePt-Fe3Pt or FePt-Fe3O4 with dramatically enhanced magnetization, can be placed inside a silica nanosphere. The advantages of enhanced magnetization and the provision of protective coating and anchored sites on the silica shell surface render these new coated particles suitable for use in magnetic separation.

Selective separation of the major whey proteins using ion exchange membranes

Synthetic microporous membranes with functional groups covalently attached were used to selectively separate beta-lactoglobulin, BSA, and alpha-lactalbumin from rennet whey. The selectivity and membrane performance of strong (quaternary ammonium) and weak (diethylamine) ion-exchange membranes were studied using breakthrough curves, measurement of binding capacity, and protein composition of the elution fraction to determine the binding behavior of each membrane. When the weak and strong anion exchange membranes were saturated with whey, they were both selective primarily for beta-lactoglobulin with less than 1% of the eluate consisting of alpha-lactalbumin or BSA. The binding capacity of a pure alpha-lactoglobulin solution was in excess of 1.5 mg/cm(2) of membrane. This binding capacity was reduced to approximately 1.2 mg/cm(2) when using a rennet whey solution (pH 6.4). This reduction in protein binding capacity can be explained by both the competitive effects of other whey proteins and the effect of ions present in whey. Using binary solution breakthrough curves and rennet whey breakthrough curves, it was shown that alpha-lactalbumin and BSA were displaced from the strong and weak anion exchange membranes by beta-lactoglobulin. Finally, the effect of ionic strength on the binding capacity of individual proteins for each membrane was determined by comparing model protein solutions in milk permeate (pH 6.4) and a 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.4). Binding capacities of beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin, and BSA in milk permeate were reduced by as much as 50%. This reduction in capacity coupled with the low binding capacity of current ion exchange membranes are 2 serious considerations for selectively separating complex and concentrated protein solutions.