Ciudad, poder y resistencia. Modernización urbana de Quito, 1895-1932

A inicios del siglo XX Ecuador era un país eminentemente rural. Por lo tanto, abordar el tema de la modernización urbana de Quito de 1895 a 1932 exige un tratamiento que incluya necesariamente la realidad del campo. Un acercamiento a este hecho descubre a una fracción de la élite terrateniente que mantuvo un vínculo orgánico con los procesos de modernización urbana. Desde este punto de vista, la ciudad no solo era destino de la renta extraída en el sistema de la hacienda, sino que tenía importancia como espacio para la representación del poder. En ese contexto, nos parece lógico pensar en la posibilidad del desplazamiento y continuidad de los dispositivos de dominación del campo a la ciudad. Pero ¿cómo ocurre y cómo entender este desplazamiento? Pensamos que introducir el componente espacial en el análisis de las relaciones de poder nos permite evidenciar este proceso. Proceso que en este estudio está delimitado a una noción particular de «espacio público» marcado por el liberalismo y que tiene como correlato la construcción de un tipo ideal de ciudadano.

The audit of regional policy: 1934‐1939

This paper examines the cost-effectiveness of British regional policy during the 1930s. It takes issue with Correlli Barnett, who has argued that regional policy measures introduced from 1945 were already shown to be inefficient by the failure of similar assistance during the 1930s. The evolution of the main 1930s initiatives that influenced post-war policy is discussed and their effectiveness assessed. When account is taken of savings in government welfare payments these initiatives are shown to have been very cost-effective, producing an annual return to the exchequer of around 56%, or more.

Narrowing socioeconomic inequality in child stunting: the Brazilian experience, 1974-2007

Objective To assess trends in the prevalence and social distribution of child stunting in Brazil to evaluate the effect of income and basic service redistribution policies implemented in that country in the recent past. Methods The prevalence of stunting (height-for-age z score below 2 using the Child Growth Standards of the World Health Organization) among children aged less than 5 years was estimated from data collected during national household surveys carried out in Brazil in 1974-75 (n = 34 409), 1989 (n = 7374), 1996 (n = 4149) and 2006-07 (n = 4414). Absolute and relative socioeconomic inequality in stunting was measured by means of the slope index and the concentration index of inequality, respectively. Findings Over a 33-year period, we documented a steady decline in the national prevalence of stunting from 37.1% to 7.1%. Prevalence dropped from 59.0% to 11.2% in the poorest quintile and from 12.1% to 3.3% among the wealthiest quintile. The decline was particularly steep in the last 10 years of the period (1996 to 2007), when the gaps between poor and wealthy families with children under 5 were also reduced in terms of purchasing power; access to education, health care and water and sanitation services; and reproductive health indicators. Conclusion In Brazil, socioeconomic development coupled with equity-oriented public policies have been accompanied by marked improvements in living conditions and a substantial decline in child undernutrition, as well as a reduction of the gap in nutritional status between children in the highest and lowest socioeconomic quintiles. Future studies will show whether these gains will be maintained under the current global economic crisis.

Health in Brazil 2 Maternal and child health in Brazil: progress and challenges

In the past three decades, Brazil has undergone rapid changes in major social determinants of health and in the organisation of health services. In this report, we examine how these changes have affected indicators of maternal health, child health, and child nutrition. We use data from vital statistics, population censuses, demographic and health surveys, and published reports. In the past three decades, infant mortality rates have reduced substantially, decreasing by 5.5% a year in the 1980s and 1990s, and by 4.4% a year since 2000 to reach 20 deaths per 1000 livebirths in 2008. Neonatal deaths account for 68% of infant deaths. Stunting prevalence among children younger than 5 years decreased from 37% in 1974-75 to 7% in 2006-07. Regional differences in stunting and child mortality also decreased. Access to most maternal-health and child-health interventions increased sharply to almost universal coverage, and regional and socioeconomic inequalities in access to such interventions were notably reduced. The median duration of breastfeeding increased from 2.5 months in the 1970s to 14 months by 2006-07. Official statistics show stable maternal mortality ratios during the past 10 years, but modelled data indicate a yearly decrease of 4%, a trend which might not have been noticeable in official reports because of improvements in death registration and the increased number of investigations into deaths of women of reproductive age. The reasons behind Brazil`s progress include: socioeconomic and demographic changes (economic growth, reduction in income disparities between the poorest and wealthiest populations, urbanisation, improved education of women, and decreased fertility rates), interventions outside the health sector (a conditional cash transfer programme and improvements in water and sanitation), vertical health programmes in the 1980s (promotion of breastfeeding, oral rehydration, and immunisations), creation of a tax-funded national health service in 1988 (coverage of which expanded to reach the poorest areas of the country through the Family Health Program in the mid-1990s); and implementation of many national and state-wide programmes to improve child health and child nutrition and, to a lesser extent, to promote women`s health. Nevertheless, substantial challenges remain, including overmedicalisation of childbirth (nearly 50% of babies are delivered by caesarean section), maternal deaths caused by illegal abortions, and a high frequency of preterm deliveries.

Relationship between the somatic cell count in raw milk and the casein fractions of UHT milk

The relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) in raw milk and casein fractions of 15 batches of the corresponding ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk was examined. Raw milk was collected, pasteurised and submitted to UHT treatment. Samples of the UHT milk were taken on days 8, 30, 60, 90 and 120 of storage at room temperature and their casein fractions analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. SCC ranged from 197,000 to 800,000 cells/mL. No correlation (p>0.05) was found between SCC and K-casein concentrations in raw or UHT milks. The alpha(s2) and P-casein concentrations in raw milk were negatively correlated with SCC (p<0.05). In UHT milk, negative correlations were observed for a,1-casein (p<0.05) and beta-casein (p<0.05) on the 8th day, and for alpha S-2-casein (p<0.01) on the 60th day of storage. Results indicate that higher SSC in raw milk is associated with substantial degradation of beta-casein and alpha(s)-casein, which may lead to quality defects in UHT milk during storage. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 63, 45-49

One-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus in children

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children. Rapid diagnosis is required to permit appropriate care and treatment and to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use. Reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) methods have been considered important tools for virus detection due to their high sensitivity and specificity. In order to maximize use-simplicity and minimize the risk of sample cross-contamination inherent in two-step techniques, a RT-PCR method using only a single tube to detect HRSV in clinical samples was developed. Nasopharyngeal aspirates from 226 patients with acute respiratory illness, ranging from infants to 5 years old, were collected at the University Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo (HU-USP), and tested using IFA, one-step RT-PCR, and semi-nested RT-PCR. One hundred and two (45.1%) samples were positive by at least one of the three methods, and 75 (33.2%) were positive by all methods: 92 (40.7%) were positive by one-step RT-PCR, 84 (37.2%) by IFA, and 96 (42.5%) by the semi-nested RT-PCR technique. One-step RT-PCR was shown to be fast, sensitive, and specific for RSV diagnosis, without the added inconvenience and risk of false positive results associated with semi-nested PCR. The combined use of these two methods enhances HRSV detection. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A pointcut-based coverage analysis approach for aspect-oriented programs

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is a promising technology that supports separation of crosscutting concerns (i.e., functionality that tends to be tangled with, and scattered through the rest of the system). In AOP, a method-like construct named advice is applied to join points in the system through a special construct named pointcut. This mechanism supports the modularization of crosscutting behavior; however, since the added interactions are not explicit in the source code, it is hard to ensure their correctness. To tackle this problem, this paper presents a rigorous coverage analysis approach to ensure exercising the logic of each advice - statements, branches, and def-use pairs - at each affected join point. To make this analysis possible, a structural model based on Java bytecode - called PointCut-based Del-Use Graph (PCDU) - is proposed, along with three integration testing criteria. Theoretical, empirical, and exploratory studies involving 12 aspect-oriented programs and several fault examples present evidence of the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

External polyacrylate-coating as alternative material for preparation of photopolymerized sol-gel monolithic column

Photopolymerized sol-gel monolithic columns for use in capillary electrochromatography were prepared in 125 mu m i.d. polyacrylate-coated fused-silica capillaries. The polyacrylate-coating, unlike the polyimide one, is transparent to the radiation used (approximate to 370 nm), and thus, no coating removal is necessary. This is a very important particularity since intrinsic capillary column characteristics, such as flexibility and mechanical resistance, are unchanged. A mixture containing metacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as the polymeric precursor, hydrochloric acid as the catalyst, toluene as the porogen and bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide (Irgacure 819) as the photoinitiator was irradiated at 370 nm for 20 min inside the capillaries to prepare the columns through sol-gel approach. The versatility and viability of the use of polyacrilate as a new capillary external coating were shown through preparation of two columns under different conditions, which were tested in electrochromatography for separation of standard mixture containing thiourea (marker compound), propylbenzene, phenanthrene and pyrene. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural studies of prephenate dehydratase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by SAXS, ultracentrifugation, and computational analysis

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infectious diseases known to man and responsible for millions of human deaths in the world. The increasing incidence of TB in developing countries, the proliferation of multidrug resistant strains, and the absence of resources for treatment have highlighted the need of developing new drugs against TB. The shikimate pathway leads to the biosynthesis of chorismate, a precursor of aromatic amino acids. This pathway is absent from mammals and shown to be essential for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Accordingly, enzymes of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway represent promising targets for structure-based drug design. The first reaction in phenylalanine biosynthesis involves the conversion of chorismate to prephenate, catalyzed by chorismate mutase. The second reaction is catalyzed by prephenate dehydratase (PDT) and involves decarboxylation and dehydratation of prephenate to form phenylpyruvate, the precursor of phenylalanine. Here, we describe utilization of different techniques to infer the structure of M. tuberculosis PDT (MtbPDT) in solution. Small angle X-ray scattering and ultracentrifugation analysis showed that the protein oligomeric state is a tetramer and MtbPDT is a flat disk protein. Bioinformatics tools were used to infer the structure of MtbPDT A molecular model for MtbPDT is presented and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that MtbPDT i.s stable. Experimental and molecular modeling results were in agreement and provide evidence for a tetrameric state of MtbPDT in solution.

Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi. En möjlighet till utbild­ning och kvinnoemancipation för de ogifta borgarflick­orna. : En social rekryteringsstudie av lärarinnekandidater till fackskolan för huslig ekonomi i Upp­sala, 1895-1910.

Jag har med denna uppsats velat undersöka betydelsen av Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi i Uppsala,(FHE), för de ogifta borgarflickornas emancipation vad beträffar utbildningsmöjlig­heter. Detta har jag gjort genom att undersöka den sociala re­kryteringen, där de rekryterade flickornas fäders yr­ken, samt en geografisk fördelning har upptecknats, från tiden då skolan grundades, 1895 och fram till 1910. Det undersökta materi­alet, som är matriklar för rekryterade hushållslärarinnor på FHE, är arkivmaterial som lagras på Landsarkivet i Uppsala, där FHE är arkivbildare.   Undersökningen visar att ca 65 % av eleverna var av medelklassfamilj, vilket vid jämförelse överrensstämmer med andra liknande skolor. Blanda annat visar min jämförande undersökning med Folkskollärarinneseminariet i Falun, (FFS), detta. Det som utmärker FHE är dock det höga antalet elever som kom från akademiker-och överklasshem, ca.30 % och det låga antalet med arbetarbakgrund,(2-4%), vilket visar på att skolan hade en övervägande borgerlig profil.

Paternidade na adolescência : expectativas, sentimentos e a interação com o bebê

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar eventuais diferenças nas expectativas e sentimentos de futuros pais adolescentes e adultos, bem como sua interação com o bebê aos três meses de vida. Participaram do estudo 23 futuros pais, sendo doze adolescentes (M = 17,7 anos, DP = 1,0) e onze adultos (M = 29,9 anos, DP = 3,8). Todos esperavam seu primeiro filho. Os futuros pais foram entrevistados no final da gestação e quando o bebê completou três meses. Nesta ocasião foi realizada a observação da interação da díade pai-bebê. A expectativa inicial que previa diferenças entre os grupos não foi totalmente corroborada neste estudo. Análise de conteúdo das entrevistas, utilizando seis categorias temáticas, mostrou mais semelhanças do que particularidades em relação às expectativas e sentimentos dos futuros pais. O Teste de Mann-Whitney não revelou diferenças significativas na interação pai-bebê entre adolescentes e adultos. Estes resultados sugerem que a idade não é necessariamente um fator determinante para a transição para a paternidade, e que muitos adolescentes podem realizar este processo com sucesso, especialmente quando recebem apoio familiar e social.

Modelo de sacola quiral com superfície difusa : um estudo das propriedades dos hádrons

o modelo de sacola difusa é um modelo hadrônico que possui aspectos tanto do modelo de sacola do MIT (conservação da energia e momentum, energia de vácuo da QCD) quanto dos modelos de potencial relativísticos (confinamento obtido através de um potencial). O modelo desenvolvido também é um modelo quiral, com a propriedade única de que o campo piônico é suprimido no interior da sacola por meio de um potencial escalar, e no entanto a simetria quiral é preservada. O modelo também é único em que podese controlar o quanto o campo piônico pode penetrar no interior da sacola (em todos os outros modelos, os píons ou entram livremente na sacola ou permanecem totalmente excluídos de seu interior). Nós calculamos as massas do octeto fundamental dos bárions levando em conta as correções de centro de massa, troca de um glúon e troca de um píon. Também calculamos a constante de acoplamento píon-núcleon, a carga axial do núcleon, assim como os raios de carga, momentos magnéticos e fatores de forma eletromagnéticos do próton e do neutron. Exceto pelos fatores de forma eletromagnéticos, a concordância com os resultados experimentais foi excelente, e os resultados indicam que o campo piônico é suprimido somente na vizinhança do centro da sacola.

O teatro no Centro Popular de Cultura da União Nacional dos Estudantes : o povo, a nação, o imperialismo e a revolução (1961-1964)

Nos anos 50 e 60 a vontade de superação do arcaico rumo ao moderno, no Brasil, ganhou expressão na Ideologia do Desenvolvimento. Tratava-se de acreditar que através das idéias e da divulgação destas seria possível promover no povo brasileiro uma mentalidade que fosse compatível com a modernidade. Ainda no governo de Café Filho, foi criado o Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (ISEB), órgão financiado pelo Ministério da Educação para tecer e debater esta ideologia. Mas, entre a ideologia do governo e a dos setores da sociedade brasileira que de algum modo foram influenciados por ela, havia uma diferença no uso de conceitos. Os conceitos chaves da Ideologia do Desenvolvimento são nação, povo, revolução e imperialismo. Na presente dissertação, procurei mostrar como estes conceitos eram usados em peças de teatro do Centro Popular de Cultura da União Nacional dos Estudantes (CPC da UNE). Mesmo não assumindo diretamente a Ideologia do Desenvolvimento, o CPC da UNE fez uso de seus conceitos em suas peças. Houve mesmo uma aproximação entre o CPC e o ISEB, proporcionado pela publicação dos Cadernos do Povo Brasileiro, distribuídos pelo primeiro que os encomendou ao segundo. Entretanto, as peças cepecistas, embora influenciadas pela idéia de desenvolvimento e pelo clima de progresso industrial, nem por isso foram reprodutoras dos conceitos de povo, nação, revolução e imperialismo do ISEB. Ao contrário, significaram muitas vezes uma ruptura. No conceito de revolução brasileira, por exemplo, no geral, os isebianos acreditavam na necessidade de uma revolução burguesa pacífica a partir da aliança das classes operaria e burguesia nacional. Em contraste, no CPC, através de peças 6 como A mais valia vai acabar, seu Edgar, a aliança entre burguesia e operariado é contestada, vide a incompatibilidade de interesses.