Revisión del efecto del entrenamiento de la fuerza sobre el rendimiento de la resistencia y variables asociadas en distintas disciplinas (ciclismo, pedestrismo, triatlón, etc.)

Fil: Cragnulini, Franco Emmanuel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Entrevista a Leonardo Senkman

Fil: Celentano, Adrián. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Competition may explain the fine-scale spatial patterns and genetic structure of two co-occurring plant congeners

1. The spatial distribution of individual plants within a population and the population’s genetic structure are determined by several factors, like dispersal, reproduction mode or biotic interactions. The role of interspecific interactions in shaping the spatial genetic structure of plant populations remains largely unknown. 2. Species with a common evolutionary history are known to interact more closely with each other than unrelated species due to the greater number of traits they share. We hypothesize that plant interactions may shape the fine genetic structure of closely related congeners. 3. We used spatial statistics (georeferenced design) and molecular techniques (ISSR markers) to understand how two closely related congeners, Thymus vulgaris (widespread species) and T. loscosii (narrow endemic) interact at the local scale. Specific cover, number of individuals of both study species and several community attributes were measured in a 10 × 10 m plot. 4. Both species showed similar levels of genetic variation, but differed in their spatial genetic structure. Thymus vulgaris showed spatial aggregation but no spatial genetic structure, while T. loscosii showed spatial genetic structure (positive genetic autocorrelation) at short distances. The spatial pattern of T. vulgaris’ cover showed significant dissociation with that of T. loscosii. The same was true between the spatial patterns of the cover of T. vulgaris and the abundance of T. loscosii and between the abundance of each species. Most importantly, we found a correlation between the genetic structure of T. loscosii and the abundance of T. vulgaris: T. loscosii plants were genetically more similar when they were surrounded by a similar number of T. vulgaris plants. 5. Synthesis. Our results reveal spatially complex genetic structures of both congeners at small spatial scales. The negative association among the spatial patterns of the two species and the genetic structure found for T. loscosii in relation to the abundance of T. vulgaris indicate that competition between the two species may account for the presence of adapted ecotypes of T. loscosii to the abundance of a competing congeneric species. This suggests that the presence and abundance of close congeners can influence the genetic spatial structure of plant species at fine scales.

Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España. Manual de metodología del trabajo corológico y demográfico

El proyecto ''Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España" (proyecto AFA) se ha desarrollado a iniciativa del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, en el que han participado de forma coordinada más de 200 personas organizadas en una treintena de equipos de trabajo procedentes de universidades, centros de investigación y otras instituciones vinculadas a la conservación de plantas. Su objetivo principal es el inventariado basado en la cartografía, censo y catalogación de la flora vascular amenazada española. Este proyecto se encuentra enmarcado dentro en un extenso programa nacional de caracterización de la biodiversidad, denominado Inventario Nacional de Biodiversidad, que tiene como finalidad la creación y el mantenimiento a largo plazo de un inventario de la biodiversidad española, organizado en una serie de Atlas estructurados por grupos taxonómicos (http://www.mma.es/portal! secciones/biodiversidad / inventarios / inb/) . En el caso de la flora vascular, un total de 466 especies prioritarias, en su mayoría pertenecientes a las categorías "en peligro crítico" (CR) y "en peligro" (EN) se encuentran informatizadas en una base de datos del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, I cuyos campos describen su corología en cuadrículas de 500 x 500 m, el tamaño de cada una de sus poblaciones, los factores de amenaza, el grado de protección territorial, las actuaciones emprendidas y las propuestas futuras de conservación. Una síntesis de dicha información fue publicada en 2003 (reeditada en 2004 y 2007) bajo el título ''Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España" (Bañares el al., 2004). En un proceso continuo de ampliación se han sumado al proyecto otras series de 35 y 53 especies (mayoritariamente "vulnerables", VU), publicadas como adendas al Atlas y Libro Rojo en años sucesivos (Bañares el al., 2007, 2009). En el inicio de las labores organizativas del proyecto AFA, y con antelación a los trabajos de campo, se constituyó un grupo de trabajo con el objetivo de preparar un manual metodológico de obtención de datos aplicable a todos los taxones de flora vascular considerados y en todo el territorio. Este manual de metodología, que fue presentado a los equipos de trabajo en una reunión técnica celebrada en Miraflores de la Sierra (Madrid) en febrero de 2001 y que se publica con la presente edición, recopila las pautas dadas a los equipos de trabajo que participaron en la obtención de los datos de campo. Con la publicación de este Manual de Metodología aplicado en la ejecución del proyecto AFA se intenta lograr un doble objetivo: por un lado, divulgar la metodología empleada a un público más amplio al objeto de que pueda servir de base para la ejecución de otros estudios de la misma naturaleza en éste u otros entornos geográficos; en segundo lugar, dar máxima difusión a esta información para facilitar la posibilidad de que, en un futuro, cuando se emprendan acciones de naturaleza semejante sobre las plantas vasculares amenazadas de España, resulte posible comparar los resultados obtenidos en tal estudio con los publicados en el Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España. La experiencia adquirida tras la aplicación de esta metodología a los más de 500 taxones estudiados durante estos años, más una serie de avances, fundamentalmente el acceso a ciertas herramientas como los Sistemas Globales de Navegación por Satélite (GNSS) (p.ej. GPS), los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), la fotografía digital y también el desarrollo de ciertas bases de datos fácilmente consultables, nos ha permitido ahora incluir un apartado adicional que recopila nuevas recomendaciones metodológicas a incorporar en futuros estudios de esta naturaleza.

Fine spatial pattern of an epiphytic lichen species is affected by habitat conditions in two forest types in the Iberian Mediterranean region

Persistence and abundance of species is determined by habitat availability and the ability to disperse and colonize habitats at contrasting spatial scales. Favourable habitat fragments are also heterogeneous in quality, providing differing opportunities for establishment and affecting the population dynamics of a species. Based on these principles, we suggest that the presence and abundance of epiphytes may reflect their dispersal ability, which is primarily determined by the spatial structure of host trees, but also by host quality. To our knowledge there has been no explicit test of the importance of host tree spatial pattern for epiphytes in Mediterranean forests. We hypothesized that performance and host occupancy in a favourable habitat depend on the spatial pattern of host trees, because this pattern affects the dispersal ability of each epiphyte and it also determines the availability of suitable sites for establishment. We tested this hypothesis using new point pattern analysis tools and generalized linear mixed models to investigate the spatial distribution and performance of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria, which inhabits two types of host trees (beeches and Iberian oaks). We tested the effects on L. pulmonaria distribution of tree size, spatial configuration, and host tree identity. We built a model including tree size, stand structure, and several neighbourhood predictors to understand the effect of host tree on L. pulmonaria. We also investigated the relative importance of spatial patterning on the presence and abundance of the species, independently of the host tree configuration. L. pulmonaria distribution was highly dependent on habitat quality for successful establishment, i.e., tree species identity, tree diameter, and several forest stand structure surrogates. For beech trees, tree diameter was the main factor influencing presence and cover of the lichen, although larger lichen-colonized trees were located close to focal trees, i.e., young trees. However, oak diameter was not an important factor, suggesting that bark roughness at all diameters favoured lichen establishment. Our results indicate that L. pulmonaria dispersal is not spatially restricted, but it is dependent on habitat quality. Furthermore, new spatial analysis tools suggested that L. pulmonaria cover exhibits a distinct pattern, although the spatial pattern of tree position and size was random.

Juvenile–adult tree associations in a continental Mediterranean ecosystem: no evidence for sustained and general facilitation at increased aridity

Question: How do tree species identity, microhabitat and water availability affect inter- and intra-specific interactions between juvenile and adult woody plants? Location: Continental Mediterranean forests in Alto Tajo Natural Park, Guadalajara, Spain. Methods: A total of 2066 juveniles and adults of four co-occurring tree species were mapped in 17 plots. The frequency of juveniles at different microhabitats and water availability levels was analysed using log-linear models. We used nearest-neighbour contingency table analysis of spatial segregation and J-functions to describe the spatial patterns. Results: We found a complex spatial pattern that varied according to species identity and microhabitat. Recruitment was more frequent in gaps for Quercus ilex, while the other three species recruited preferentially under shrubs or trees depending on the water availability level. Juveniles were not spatially associated to conspecific adults, experiencing segregation from them inmany cases. Spatial associations, both positive and negative, were more common at higher water availability levels. Conclusions: Our results do not agree with expectations from the stressgradient hypothesis, suggesting that positive interactions do not increase in importance with increasing aridity in the study ecosystem. Regeneration patterns are species-specific and depend on microhabitat characteristics and dispersal strategies. In general, juveniles do not look for conspecific adult protection. This work contributes to the understanding of species co-existence, proving the importance of considering a multispecies approach at several plots to overcome limitations of simple pair-wise comparisons in a limited number of sites.

Interfaz web para BaDELE3000

El objetivo del presente Trabajo de Fin de Carrera es el estudio, diseño e implementación de una aplicación web que sirva de interfaz para una base de datos relacional llamada BaDELE3000 que trabaja actualmente con unos 3000 lexemas y sigue en fase de desarrollo. BaDELE modela conceptos y principios lingüísticos más o menos complejos, dentro del marco de la Teoría Sentido-Texto. El desarrollo de esta interfaz, permitirá a personas autorizadas, seguir nutriendo la base de datos. La memoria está formada por cinco capítulos, una bibliografía y un apéndice. Cada capítulo se divide en secciones. La sección, «Estado de la cuestión», introduce las bases linguísticas en las que se basa el modelo desarrollado, y su situación actual. En la tercera sección, «Especificación de Requisitos Software», se recogen todos los requisitos que el cliente ha transmitido al desarrollador. La siguiente sección de la memoria, «Desarrollo de la aplicación», es la más extensa. Empieza de manera teórica, describiendo los ciclos de vida en cascada y en espiral. En los siguientes apartados de la sección se explican las diferentes fases del ciclo de vida: fase de análisis, fase de diseño, centrándose en la elaboración del modelo de datos y relacional, fase de implementación, explicando las decisiones importantes en el desarrollo de la aplicación y la estructura modular de la aplicación, y por último, se trata la fase de pruebas, describiendo los tipos de pruebas ejecutados sobre el sistema y cómo se realizaron. En la quinta sección, se añaden las conclusiones obtenidas como fruto del trabajo realizado y se tratan posibles aspectos de mejora en la aplicación. En última sección, se incluye toda la bibliografía consultada y el manual de instalación y usuario de la aplicación

Optimization of InGaAsN(Sb)/GaAs quantum dots for optical emission at 1.55 µm with low optical degradation

Low optical degradation in GaInAsN(Sb)/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) p–i–n structures emitting up to 1.55 μm is presented in this paper. We obtain emission at different energies by means of varying N content from 1 to 4%. The samples show a low photoluminescence (PL) intensity degradation of only 1 order of magnitude when they are compared with pure InGaAs QD structures, even for an emission wavelength as large as 1.55 μm. The optimization studies of these structures for emission at 1.55 μm are reported in this work. High surface density and homogeneity in the QD layers are achieved for 50% In content by rapid decrease in the growth temperature after the formation of the nanostructures. Besides, the effect of N and Sb incorporation in the redshift and PL intensity of the samples is studied by post-growth rapid thermal annealing treatments. As a general conclusion, we observe that the addition of Sb to QD with low N mole fraction is more efficient to reach 1.55 μm and high PL intensity than using high N incorporation in the QD. Also, the growth temperature is determined to be an important parameter to obtain good emission characteristics. Finally, we report room temperature PL emission of InGaAsN(Sb)/GaAs at 1.4 μm.

Single phase a-plane MgZnO epilayers for UV optoelectronics: substitutional behaviour of Mg at large contents

High quality 1 μm thick a-plane MgxZn1−xO layers were produced by molecular beam epitaxy with Mg contents higher than 50%. Resonant Rutherford backscattering spectrometry combined with ion channeling revealed a uniform growth in both composition and atomic order. The lattice-site location of Mg, Zn and O elements was determined independently, proving the substitutional behaviour of Mg in Zn-sites of the wurtzite lattice. X-Ray diffraction pole figure analysis also confirms the absence of phase separation. Optical properties at such high Mg contents were studied in Schottky photodiodes.

Fine spatial pattern of an epiphytic lichen species is affected by habitat conditions in two forest types in the Iberian Mediterranean region

Persistence and abundance of species is determined by habitat availability and the ability to disperse and colonize habitats at contrasting spatial scales. Favourable habitat fragments are also heterogeneous in quality, providing differing opportunities for establishment and affecting the population dynamics of a species. Based on these principles, we suggest that the presence and abundance of epiphytes may reflect their dispersal ability, which is primarily determined by the spatial structure of host trees, but also by host quality. To our knowledge there has been no explicit test of the importance of host tree spatial pattern for epiphytes in Mediterranean forests. We hypothesized that performance and host occupancy in a favourable habitat depend on the spatial pattern of host trees, because this pattern affects the dispersal ability of each epiphyte and it also determines the availability of suitable sites for establishment. We tested this hypothesis using new point pattern analysis tools and generalized linear mixed models to investigate the spatial distribution and performance of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria, which inhabits two types of host trees (beeches and Iberian oaks). We tested the effects on L. pulmonaria distribution of tree size, spatial configuration, and host tree identity. We built a model including tree size, stand structure, and several neighbourhood predictors to understand the effect of host tree on L. pulmonaria. We also investigated the relative importance of spatial patterning on the presence and abundance of the species, independently of the host tree configuration. L. pulmonaria distribution was highly dependent on habitat quality for successful establishment, i.e., tree species identity, tree diameter, and several forest stand structure surrogates. For beech trees, tree diameter was the main factor influencing presence and cover of the lichen, although larger lichen-colonized trees were located close to focal trees, i.e., young trees. However, oak diameter was not an important factor, suggesting that bark roughness at all diameters favoured lichen establishment. Our results indicate that L. pulmonaria dispersal is not spatially restricted, but it is dependent on habitat quality. Furthermore, new spatial analysis tools suggested that L. pulmonaria cover exhibits a distinct pattern, although the spatial pattern of tree position and size was random.

Room temperature absorption in laterally biased Quantum Infrared Detectors fabricated by MBE regrowth

In this paper, we show room temperature operation of a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) using lateral conduction through ohmic contacts deposited at both sides of two n-doped quantum wells. To reduce the dark current due to direct conduction in the wells, we apply an electric field between the quantum wells and two pinch-off Schottky gates, in a fashion similar to a field effect device. Since the normal incidence absorption is strongly reduced in intersubband transitions in quantum wells, we first analyze the response of a detector based on quantum dots (QD). This QD device shows photocurrent signal up to 150 K when it is processed in conventional vertical detector. However, it is possible to observe room temperature signal when it is processed in a lateral structure. Finally, the room temperature photoresponse of the QWIP is demonstrated, and compared with theory. An excellent agreement between the estimated and measured characteristics of the device is found

Developing Accessible Mobile Phone Applications: The Case of a Contact Manager and Real Time Text Applications

Mobile phones are becoming increasingly popular and are already the first access technology to information and communication. However, people with disabilities have to face a lot of barriers when using this kind of technology. This paper presents an Accessible Contact Manager and a Real Time Text application, designed to be used by all users with disabilities. Both applications are focused to improve accessibility of mobile phones.

Near infrared high efficiency InAs/GaAsSb QDLEDs: band alignment and carrier recombination mechanisms

The development of high efficiency laser diodes (LD) and light emitting diodes (LED) covering the 1.0 to 1.55 μm region of the spectra using GaAs heteroepitaxy has been long pursued. Due to the lack of materials that can be grown lattice-macthed to GaAs with bandgaps in the 1.0 to 1.55 μm region, quantum wells (QW) or quantum dots (QD) need be used. The most successful approach with QWs has been to use InGaAs, but one needs to add another element, such as N, to be able to reach 1.3/1.5μm. Even though LDs have been successfully demonstrated with the QW approach, using N leads to problems with compositional homogeneity across the wafer, and limited efficiency due to strong non-radiative recombination. The alternative approach of using InAs QDs is an attractive option, but once again, to reach the longest wavelengths one needs very large QDs and control over the size distribution and band alignment. In this work we demonstrate InAs/GaAsSb QDLEDs with high efficiencies, emitting from 1.1 to 1.52 μm, and we analyze the band alignment and carrier loss mechanisms that result from the presence of Sb in the capping layer.

Gas sensor based on room temperature optical properties of Surface QDs

Self-organized InGaAs QDs are intensively studied for optoelectronic applications. Several approaches are in study to reach the emission wavelengths needed for these applications. The use of antimony (Sb) in either the capping layer or into the dots is one example. However, these studies are normally focused on buried QD (BQD) where there are still different controversial theories concerning the role of Sb. Ones suggest that Sb incorporates into the dot [1], while others support the hypothesis that the Sb occupies positions surrounding the dot [2] thus helping to keep their shape during the capping growth.

Room temperature photoluminescence of InGaAs Surface Quantum Dots

Self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots show unique physical properties such as three dimensional confinement, high size homogeneity, high density and low number of dislocations. They have been extensively used in the active regions of laser devices for optical communications applications [1]. Therefore, buried quantum dots (BQDs) embedded in wider band gap materials have been normally studied. The wave confinement in all directions and the stress field around the dot affect both optical and electrical properties [2, 3]. However, surface quantum dots (SQDs) are less affected by stress, although their optical and electrical characteristics have a strong dependence on surface fluctuation. Thus, they can play an important role in sensor applications