A Comparison of Radiation Dose Between Standard and 3D Angiography in Congenital Heart Disease

Background: The use of three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) to assess patients with congenital heart diseases appears to be a promising technique despite the scarce literature available. Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe our initial experience with 3D-RA and to compare its radiation dose to that of standard two-dimensional angiography (2D-SA). Methods: Between September 2011 and April 2012, 18 patients underwent simultaneous 3D-RA and 2D-SA during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Radiation dose was assessed using the dose-area-product (DAP). Results: The median patient age and weight were 12.5 years and 47.5 Kg, respectively. The median DAP of each 3D-RA acquisition was 1093µGy.m2 and 190µGy.m2 for each 2D-SA acquisition (p<0.01). In patients weighing more than 45Kg (n=7), this difference was attenuated but still significant (1525 µGy.m2 vs.413µGy.m2, p=0.01). No difference was found between one 3D-RA and three 2D-SA (1525µGy.m2 vs.1238 µGy.m2, p = 0.575) in this population. This difference was significantly higher in patients weighing less than 45Kg (n=9) (713µGy.m2 vs.81µGy.m2, P = 0.008), even when comparing one 3D-RA with three 2D-SA (242µGy.m2, respectively, p<0.008). 3D-RA was extremely useful for the assessment of conduits of univentricular hearts, tortuous branches of the pulmonary artery, and aorta relative to 2D-SA acquisitions. Conclusions: The radiation dose of 3D-RA used in our institution was higher than those previously reported in the literature and this difference was more evident in children. This type of assessment is of paramount importance when starting to perform 3D-RA.

Determinação quantitativa de putrescina por cromatografia em papel de filtro

O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um método de determinação quantitativa da amina putrescina por cromatografia em papel de filtro seguida de espectrofotometria. 80-85% de putrescina adicionada a extratos de plantas pode ser recuperada. O espectro de absorção do produto de reação entre putrescina e ninhidrina tem um pico máximo a 575 mu. O desenvolvimento da côr do produto de reação atinge um máximo em 20 minutos, a 65ºC e se mantém estável durante os 10 minutos seguintes. O produto colorido eluido do cromatograma é estável durante 3 horas.

On the morphological "variation" on the aedaegus of Schizotetranychus oryzae (acari, prostigmata, tetranychidae)

Sobre a "variação" morfológica do edéago de Schizotetranychus oryzae (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae). Apresenta-se uma nota sobre a ocorrência do ácaro do arroz, Schizotetranychus oryzac Rossi de Simons, No Brasil, com observações sobre a "variação" morfológica do edéago do macho desta espécie de ácaro.

Efeito da deficiência de potássio sobre as atividades de glutamato desidrogenase e glutamato sintase em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Foi estudado o efeito da deficiência de potássio sobre as atividades da glutamato desidrogenase (EC. 1.4.1.2) e glutamato sintase (EC. 2.6.1.53) em folhas de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Os resultados mostraram que a atividade específica da glutamato desidrogenase aumentou nas plantas deficientes em potássio nos dois cultivares estudados. Foi detectada redução na atividade de glutamato sintase nas plantas deficientes em potássio.

Ecologia populacional de Aegla franciscana (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) em São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brasil

A pesquisa teve como objetivos caracterizar aspectos populacionais de Aegla franciscana Buckup & Rossi, 1977 que ocorre em corpos d'água do planalto sul-rio-grandense, onde foram analisados a distribuição de freqüência em classes de tamanho, a proporção sexual, o período reprodutivo através da freqüência de fêmeas ovígeras, o recrutamento e a fecundidade da espécie. As amostragens foram realizadas sazonalmente, no arroio Rolante, município de São Francisco de Paula, RS. Os eglídeos foram coletados com puçás, medidos e devolvidos ao arroio. Foram amostrados 1.322 exemplares, sendo 567 machos, 579 fêmeas e 176 animais com sexo indefinido. Machos e fêmeas foram agrupados em classes de comprimento do cefalotórax (CC), onde foi observada distribuição bimodal. A amplitude do comprimento do cefalotórax dos machos variou de 3,86 mm a 22,09 mm e o das fêmeas de 4,06 mm a 22,48 mm, sendo que os machos apresentaram tamanho mediano (10,36 mm) superior ao das fêmeas (9,89 mm). A proporção sexual foi de 1:1 (chi2 = 0,03; p>0,05). Na análise da proporção sexual, por classes de tamanho, observou-se que os machos são mais freqüentes nas classes superiores e as fêmeas nas classes intermediárias. O primeiro registro do surgimento de juvenis na população ocorreu no verão e de fêmeas ovígeras no outono, estas ocorrendo mais freqüentemente no inverno. As fêmeas ovígeras produzem em média 123,3 ± 47,8 ovos; observou-se correlação entre o comprimento do cefalotórax das fêmeas ovígeras e o número de ovos (r = 0,81).

Serum anticholinergic activity and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients

Background: Cerebral cholinergic transmission plays a key role in cognitive function and anticholinergic drugs are associated with impaired cognitive functions [1]. In the perioperative phase many substances with anticholinergic effects are administered and disturbed cholinergic transmission is a hypothetical cause of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Serum anticholinergic activity (SAA; pmol/ml) may be measured as a summary marker of anticholinergic activity in an individual patient's blood. We hypothesised that an increase in SAA from preoperatively to one week postoperatively is associated with POCD in elderly patients. Methods: Thirty-two patients aged >65 yrs undergoing elective major surgery under standardized general anaesthesia (thiopental, sevoflurane, fentanyl) were investigated. Cognitive functions were measured preoperatively and 7 days postoperatively using the extended version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease - Neuropsychological Assessment Battery. POCD was defined as a postoperative decline >1 z-score in at least 2 cognitive domains. SAA was measured preoperatively and 7 days postoperatively at the time of cognitive testing. Results: 50% of the investigated patients developed POCD. There were no statistically significant differences between patients with and without POCD regarding age, education, baseline cognitive function, duration of anaesthesia, SAA preoperatively (median (range) 1.0 (0.3 to 5.0) vs 1.5 (0.4 to 5.0), SAA 7 days postoperatively (median (range) 1.3 (0.1 to 7.0) vs 1.4 (0.6 to 5.5) or changes in SAA (median (range) 0.1 (-1.6 to 2.2) vs 0.2 (-1.4 to 2.8). The variability of SAA in individual patients was considerable and marked changes in SAA between the two examinations were observed in some patients. However, there was no significant relationship between changes in SAA and changes in cognitive function. Conclusion: In this preliminary analysis of a small group of patients, changes in SAA in the perioperative phase were highly variable. SAA was not associated with POCD suggesting that POCD is not simply caused by anticholinergic medications administered in the perioperative phase. A further analysis of a larger group of patients is in progress.

Les temporalités des médicaments : trajectoires en soins palliatifs à l'hôpital

A partir d'un terrain ethnographique réalisé au sein d'une équipe mobile de soins palliatifs d'un hôpital universitaire, cette thèse de doctorat porte sur les médicaments dans le contexte de la fin de vie. Au carrefour d'une socio-anthropologie de la maladie grave, du mourir et des médicaments, elle interroge les rapports à la morphine, ainsi qu'à certains psychotropes et sédatifs utilisés en soins palliatifs. Entre temporalité vécue et temporalité institutionnelle, les manières d'investir le temps lorsqu'il est compté, y sont centrales. Dans une dimension microsociale, les résultats montrent que l'introduction de certains médicaments comme la morphine et l'entrée en scène d'une équipe mobile de soins palliatifs sont des points de repère et peuvent sonner comme une annonce, sorte de sanction, dans la trajectoire incertaine de la personne malade. En outre, les médicaments permettent d'agir sur « le temps qui reste » en plus de soulager les symptômes lorsque la maladie grave bascule en maladie incurable. Ils font l'objet d'usages détournés du but initial de soulagement des symptômes pour repousser, altérer ou accélérer la mort dans une perspective de maîtrise de sa fin de vie. Dans une dimension mésosociale, ce travail considère les médicaments à la base d'échanges entre groupements professionnels sur fond d'institutionnalisation des soins palliatifs par rapport à d'autres segments de la médecine actifs dans la gestion de la fin de vie. Dans une médecine caractérisée par l'incertitude et les décisions -avec une teinte toute particulière en Suisse où le suicide assisté est toléré - les médicaments en soins palliatifs peuvent être considérés comme des instruments de mort, qu'ils soient redoutés ou recherchés. Interrogeant les risques de reproduire un certain nombre d'inégalités de traitements à l'approche de la mort, qui s'accentuent dans un contexte de plus en plus favorable aux pratiques euthanasiques, ce travail se propose, en définitive, de discuter le temps contraint de la mort dans les institutions hospitalo-universitaires, entre acharnement et abstention thérapeutique.¦-¦Based on ethnographie fieldwork conducted within a palliative care mobile team in an academic hospital, this doctoral thesis focuses on medicines used in end of life contexts. At the intersection of a socio-anthropology of illness, dying and pharmaceuticals, the relations to morphine, as well as to some psychotropic and sedative drugs used in palliative care are questioned. Between "lived" experiences of temporality and institutional temporality, the ways by which actors invest time when it is counted, appeared to be central. In a microsocial dimension, the results showed that introducing drugs such as morphine, as well as the arrival of a palliative care mobile team, are landmarks and sound like an announcement, a sort of sanction, during the uncertain trajectory of the ill person. In addition, medicines can act on "the remaining time" when severe illness shifts into incurable illness. Indeed, medicines are being diverted from the initial aim of symptom relief in order to defer, alter or hasten death in a perspective of control over one's death. In a mesosocial dimension, pharmaceuticals are seen as core to professional exchanges and to palliative care institutionalisation compared to other active medical segments in end of life care. In a medical context characterised by uncertainty and decision-taking-with a special shade in Switzerland where assisted suicide is tolerated - palliative medicines can be seen as instruments of death, whether sought or feared. Questioning the risks of reproducing treatment inequalities at the approach of death, which are accentuated in a context increasingly favorable to euthanasia practices, this study aims, ultimately, at discussing death's constrained time in academic hospitals, between therapeutic intervention and abstention.

Estudi del progrés d'una marea roja de Protoceratium reticulatum a la badia de Chipana (Xile) a través d'un cicle intensiu: efectes del fenomen de El Niño

Aquest projecte s’emmarca dins del projecte europeu CENSOR, que pretén fer una detecció, recopilació i comprensió dels efectes de El Niño i La Niña als ecosistemes marins costaners i als seus recursos. L’estudi es basa en l’ús de biomarcadors de producció fitoplanctònica en una zona de surgència (Iquique, Xile) per a conèixer el desenvolupament d’una marea roja tòxica de Protoceratium reticulatum, mitjançant l’anàlisi de les mostres corresponents a un cicle intensiu a la columna d’aigua. També s’estudia com aquesta pot influir en la disponibilitat d’aliment i en la comercialització dels organismes bentònics filtradors d’aquesta zona est del Pacífic, i quins efectes potencials té el fenomen de El Niño sobre els blooms algals.

Population Normalization with Ammonium in Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Application to Illicit Drug Monitoring

Fluctuations in ammonium (NH4+), measured as NH4-N loads using an ion-selective electrode installed at the inlet of a sewage treatment plant, showed a distinctive pattern which was associated to weekly (i.e., commuters) and seasonal (i.e., holidays) fluctuations of the population. Moreover, population size estimates based on NH4-N loads were lower compared to census data. Diurnal profiles of benzoylecgonine (BE) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) were shown to be strongly correlated to NH4-N. Characteristic patterns, which reflect the prolonged nocturnal activity of people during the weekend, could be observed for BE, cocaine, and a major metabolite of MDMA (i.e., 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine). Additional 24 h composite samples were collected between February and September 2013. Per-capita loads (i.e., grams per day per 1000 inhabitants) were computed using census data and NH4-N measurements. Normalization with NH4-N did not modify the overall pattern, suggesting that the magnitude of fluctuations in the size of the population is negligible compared to those of illicit drug loads. Results show that fluctuations in the size of the population over longer periods of time or during major events can be monitored using NH4-N loads: either using raw NH4-N loads or population size estimates based on NH4-N loads, if information about site-specific NH4-N population equivalents is available.