Predictors of Arrhythmic Events Detected by Implantable Loop Recorders in Renal Transplant Candidates

AbstractBackground:The recording of arrhythmic events (AE) in renal transplant candidates (RTCs) undergoing dialysis is limited by conventional electrocardiography. However, continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring seems to be more appropriate due to automatic detection of arrhythmia, but this method has not been used.Objective:We aimed to investigate the incidence and predictors of AE in RTCs using an implantable loop recorder (ILR).Methods:A prospective observational study conducted from June 2009 to January 2011 included 100 consecutive ambulatory RTCs who underwent ILR and were followed-up for at least 1 year. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to define predictors of AE.Results:During a mean follow-up of 424 ± 127 days, AE could be detected in 98% of patients, and 92% had more than one type of arrhythmia, with most considered potentially not serious. Sustained atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation occurred in 7% and 13% of patients, respectively, and bradyarrhythmia and non-sustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurred in 25% and 57%, respectively. There were 18 deaths, of which 7 were sudden cardiac events: 3 bradyarrhythmias, 1 ventricular fibrillation, 1 myocardial infarction, and 2 undetermined. The presence of a long QTc (odds ratio [OR] = 7.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01–26.35; p = 0.002), and the duration of the PR interval (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.08; p < 0.001) were independently associated with bradyarrhythmias. Left ventricular dilatation (LVD) was independently associated with non-sustained VT (OR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.01–7.96; p = 0.041).Conclusions:In medium-term follow-up of RTCs, ILR helped detect a high incidence of AE, most of which did not have clinical relevance. The PR interval and presence of long QTc were predictive of bradyarrhythmias, whereas LVD was predictive of non-sustained VT.

Atendimento no Ambulatório de Nutrição Renal da Faculdade de Nutrição da Universidade Federal Fluminense e Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro : efeitos de um programa de treino de força intradialítica em pacientes renais crónicos

Relatório de estágio de mestrado, Nutrição Clínica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2015

Do funccionamento renal na febre amarella, na convalescença e após a cura

Graphico n. 1 - A. s. C., Reg. 169 A., 22 annos, branco, portuguez. Inicio com cephalalgia, mal estar e vomitos. Ao ser internado sentia grande abatimento, olhos injectados, ictericia bem nitida da esclerotica. Baço crescido. Dôr epigastrica. Bulhas cardiacas abafadas. Exame da urina: grande quantidade de albumina, cylindros granulosos, urobilina. Até o 13º dia continuou com grande adynamia. Até o 8º dia de molestia tinha cylindros na urina, persistindo depois traços de albumina. Graphico n. 2 - S. I. Reg. 829, 10 annos, branco, brasileiro. Adoeceu com dores musculares, fraqueza nos membros inferiores e peso na cabeça. Ao internar-se apresentava olhos brilhantes e injectados, e vaso dilatação peripherica. Baço augmentado. Durante 3 dias teve cylindros na urina e traços de albumina. Graphico n. 3 - I. D., Reg. 853, 14 annos, branco, russo. Inicio com cephalalgia, dores lombares e temperatura elevada. Ansiedade e dôres epigastricas. Vomitos de "borra de café" desde o 2º dia de molestia. Grande prostração, olhos brilhantes, sub-ictericia. Exame da urina, ao entrar: Grande quantidade de albumina, cylindros granulosos e epitheliaes e cellulas renaes. O estado do doente aggravou-se até o 7º dia de molestia, tendo dias de delirio. A ictericia augmentou progressivamente. Os signaes urinarios melhoraram depois do 16º dia. Graphico n. 4 - F. W., Reg. 165 A., 12 annos, branco, hungaro. Cephalalgia, fortes dores lombares, mau estar, vomitos e oppresão epigastrica. Grande prostração, rubor da face, vaso-dilatação peripherica. Face vultuosa. Depois de internado teve vomitos pretos. Os cylindros desappareceram depois do 8º dia e a albumina no 10º. Graphico n. 5 - A. H. M., 824, 22 annos, brancos, portuguez. Adoeceu com cephalalgia, dores lombares, calafrio e elevação thermica. Face vultuosa, olhos injectados. Albumina e cylindros na urina por muitos dias. Ictericia desde o 4º dia. Graphico n. 6 - Y. P., Reg. 824, 15 annos, branca, brasileira. Calafrios e elevação thermica. Cephalalgia e grande mal estar. Vomitos de "borra de café" desde o 4º dia. Nos primeiros dias o symptomas se aggravaram. Cylindruria até o 6º dia de molestia, restando traços de albumina. Graphico n. 7 - M. M., Reg. 829, 28 annos, branco, portuguez. Inicio com calafrios, febre, cephalalgia e dores lombares. Ao internar-se apresentava grande prostração, ruboe da face, olhos brilhantes e injectados. Lingua humida com muita saburra. A urina revelou grande quantidade de albumina e cylindros granulosos. Os signaes renaes duraram até o 16º dia. Não teve vomitos. Icterica intensa. Graphico n. 8 - A. S. S., Reg. 868, 18 annos, pardo, brasileiro. Internado em estado de confusão mental. Adynamia com grande apathia. Mucosas labiaes sangrando à pressão. Leve ictericia. Pequeno edema das palpebras. Baço palpavel. Oliguria. Grande quantidade de albumina e abundancia de cylindros granulosos e epitheliaes e cellulas renaes. Sómente depois de 10º dia de hospitalização foi que as melhoras se accentuaram e nesse dia desappareceram os cylindros. Traços de albumina. Graphico n. 9 - A. A. F., Reg. 821, 19 annos, branco, portuguez. Cephalalgia, rachialgia, adynamia. Face vultuosa. Suffusões sanguineas nos labios. As mucosas do nariz, gengivas e labios sangraram por muitos dias. Urina: grande quantidade de albumina, cylindros granulosos e epitheliaes e cellulas renaes, tendo este signaes desapparecido depois de 10º dia. Icterica muito accentuada.

Intoxicação por veneno de cobra: necrose symetrica da cortex renal: uremia

Em um caso fatal de ophidismo, em individuo de 15 annos de edade, picado por uma cobra jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) na face externa da perna direita e que veio a fallecer 26 dias apoz o accidente, os A.A, descrevem as lesões anatomo-pathologicas encontradas e as modificações do metabolismo, evidenciadas pelos exames chimicos do sangue. As principaes alterações existentes, acham-se localisadas nos rins os quaes apresentam lesões de glomerulonephrite diffusa e o aspecto typico da necrose cortical symmetrica. Como alterações de maior significação observam-se ainda lesões vasculares de grande intensidade e constituidas essencialmente por processo de endoarterite productiva. A necrose symmetrica da cortex renal, a vista das intensas alterações vasculares (endoarterite productiva) que acarretaram a obliteração das arterías, é considerada como a consequencia immediata de taes lesões vasculares. Os vasos renaes, séde do processo inflammatorio, são as arterias interlobar, arciforme e interlobular, mas principalmente as arteriolares da camada cortical. O processo de endoarterite assume sempre o carater progressivo, de modo que a luz vascular vae sendo aos poucos, totalmente obstruida. Ao contrario do que se tem observado nos casos de necrose cortical symmetrica, citados na literatura, em que as alterações parenchymatosas são consequentes a thrombose dos vasos reanes, no caso presente esse aspecto não foi verificado mas tão sómente a existencia da endoarterite productiva obliterante. Consideram os A.A. as lesões renaes no caso que estudaram, como a resultante da actuação lenta e prolongada do veneno de cobra sobre as estructuras renaes, baseados nos seguintes factos já conhecidos e admittidos: eliminação do veneno de cobra pelos rins; capacidade do mesmo veneno, determinar a glomerulo-nephrite diffusa e acção do veneno de cobra sobre o endothelio vascular, facilitada essencialmente pela funcção especifica do orgão. As modificações do metabolismo se traduziram por alterações urinarias e sanguineas. As urinas foram emitidas em muito pequena quantidade (50 cc. em 24 horas) não havendo comtudo, anuria absoluta. Cylindros hyalinos e granulosos, bem como leucocytos e cellulas renaes, associadas á albuminoria, era presentes. Os exames chimicos do sangue, revelaram: Proteinas totaes 7,61 grs. em 1000 cc.; Albumina 2,39 grs em 1000 cc.; Globulina 5,22 grs. em 1000 cc.; Uréa 6,42 grs. em 1000 cc.; Fibrinogeneo 0,324 grs. em 1000 cc.; Indican +++; Cl. plasmatico 339 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Cl. globular 170 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Cholesterol 163 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Creatinia 260 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Ph. inorganico 13,4 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Calcio 10,3 mgrs em 100 cc.; Potassio 28 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Sodio 328 mgrs. em 100 cc.. O exame hematologico revelou 11% de hemoglobina; 960.000 hematias por mm.³; e 5.200 leucocytos por mm.³. A formula leucocytaria revelou augmento dos neutrophilos, com 74% dos segmentados. A proporção entre sôro o coagulo foi 9 x 3 cc. A reacção de Wassermann no sôro sanguineo foi negativa. A insufficiencia renal se traduziu no caso em estudo, por modificações humoraes, particularmente pela azotemia elevada, pelo augmento da creatinina, do phosphoro inorganico e do indican. Em contraste com a existencia de taes modificações, o doente não apresentou os signaes clinicos observados nos casos emque a azotemia se mantem elevada, reproduzindo tal facto, o quadro clinico descripto para a necrose symmetrica da cortex renal.

Tumor misto do rim com estrutura de Miosarcoma Mipernefroma e blastema renal em individuo adulto

O A. descreve um caso de turmor misto do rim, em indivíduo do sexo masculino, com 58 anos de idade. A doença teve evolução lenta, somente sendo suspeitada, quando atingiu a fase final. O exame necroscópico revelou a existência de volumoso tumor do rim direito, apresentando forma bosselada, medindo 19 x 10 x 10 cm e pesando 940 g. A massa tumoral destrói quase completamente a estrutura renal, desta pouca restando reconhecivel. Fora do rim, encontra-se tambem tecido blastomatoso no figado, nos gânglios linfáticos mesentéricos, no peritônio e no epiploon. A estrutura do tumor, observada nos cortes histológicos, é variavel conforme o tecido examinado: no rim hipernefroma; fígado, gãnglios linfáticos, nos nódulos do peritônio e do epiploon, sarcoma mioblástico; em alguns gânglios do mesentério, alem da estrutura de sarcoma mioblástico, existe tecido nefrógeno, representado por formações pouco numerosas, constituidas por túbulos epiteliais, reproduzindo a estrutura de túbulo urinífero. casos desta natureza teem sido referidos com particular raridade, muito se aproximando o caso estudado do descrito por CHEVREL-BODIN e MARUELLE.

Tuberculose renal: considerações gerais referentes à étio-patogenia, anatomia patológica, bacteriologia, diagnóstico e tratamento

Os A.A., tomando por base cerca de 100 observações feitas durante alguns anos, apresentam a sua maneira de encarar a tuberculose renal, principalmente sob o ponto de vista da sua étio-patogenia, diagnóstico e tratamento. Êsses diferentes aspectos são analisados depois de ligeiro histórico, e a documentação original que apresentam, constante de 115 figuras, oferece as melhores provas em abono das idéias aqui expendidas.

Acth e enzimas na supra-renal

Estudou-se a atividade da ceruloplasmina, adenosina desaminase (AD) e transaminases glutâmico oxalacética (TGO) e glutâmico pirúvica (TGP) na supra-renal de ratos normais e injetados previamente (24 horas antes) com uma injeção única, por via intraperitoneal, de ACTH em doses de 0,5 e 1,2 un. internacionais. observou-se uma elevação estatisticamente significativa das TGO e ceruloplasmina enquanto a AD sofria diminuição sensível em sua atividade.

Técnica de peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) em biópsia renal: estudo comparativo

Os métodos de imunoperoxidase têm muito em comum com os da imunofluorescência para a demonstração de antígenos teciduais e celulares como no campo das doenças renais relacionadas a imunoglobinas e imunocomplexos. Neste trabalho os autores fazem um estudo comparativo da sensibilidade dos dois métodos (IF e PAP) em tecido de congelação e blocos parafinizados de material de biópsia renal. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou uma concordãncia significativa entre a IF de congelação e a imunoperoxidase em tecido parafinizado com exceções para a detecção de frações de complemento e de fibrinogênio. Não houve concordância entre a IF em congelação e IF em tecido parafinizado.

Effect on renal function of tenofovir co-administered with either efavirenz or boosted lopinavir or boosted atazanavir: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Reduced re'nal function has been reported with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). It is not clear whether TDF co-administered with a boosted protease inhibitor (PI) leads to a greater decline in renal function than TDF co-administered with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).Methods: We selected ail antiretroviral therapy-naive patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) with calibrated or corrected serum creatinine measurements starting antiretroviral therapy with TDF and either efavirenz (EFV) or the ritonavir-boosted PIs, lopinavir (LPV/r) or atazanavir (ATV/r). As a measure of renal function, we used the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We calculated the difference in eGFR over time between two therapies using a marginal model for repeated measures. In weighted analyses, observations were weighted by the product of their point of treatment and censoring weights to adjust for differences both in the sort of patients starting each therapy and in the sort of patients remaining on each therapy over time.Results: By March 2011, 940 patients with at least one creatinine measurement on a first therapy with either TDF and EFV (n=484), TDF and LPVlr (n=269) or TDF and ATV/r (n=187) had been followed for a median of 1. 7, 1.2 and 1.3 years, respectively. Table 1 shows the difference in average estimated GFR (eGFR) over time since starting cART for two marginal models. The first model was not adjusted for potential confounders; the second mode! used weights to adjust for confounders. The results suggest a greater decline in renal function during the first 6 months if TDF is used with a PI rather than with an NNRTI, but no further difference between these therapies after the first 6 months. TDF and ATV/r may lead to a greater decline in the first 6 months than TDF and LPVlr.Conclusions: TDF co-administered with a boosted PI leads to a greater de cline in renal function over the first 6 months of therapy than TDF co-administered with an NNRTI; this decline may be worse with ATV/r than with LPV/r.

Primary isolated aortic valve surgery in octogenarians.

We reviewed our surgery registry, to identify predictive risk factors for operative results, and to analyse the long-term survival outcome in octogenarians operated for primary isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR). A total of 124 consecutive octogenarians underwent open AVR from January 1990 to December 2005. Combined procedures and redo surgery were excluded. Selected variables were studied as risk factors for hospital mortality and early neurological events. A follow-up (FU; mean FU time: 77 months) was obtained (90% complete), and Kaplan-Meier plots were used to determine survival rates. The mean age was 82+/-2.2 (range: 80-90 years; 63% females). Of the group, four patients (3%) required urgent procedures, 10 (8%) had a previous myocardial infarction, six (5%) had a previous coronary angioplasty and stenting, 13 patients (10%) suffered from angina and 59 (48%) were in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV. We identified 114 (92%) degenerative stenosis, six (5%) post-rheumatic stenosis and four (3%) active endocarditis. The predicted mortality calculated by logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) was 12.6+/-5.7%, and the observed hospital mortality was 5.6%. Causes of death included severe cardiac failure (four patients), multi-organ failure (two) and sepsis (one). Complications were transitory neurological events in three patients (2%), short-term haemodialysis in three (2%), atrial fibrillation in 60 (48%) and six patients were re-operated for bleeding. Atrio-ventricular block, myocardial infarction or permanent stroke was not detected. The age at surgery and the postoperative renal failure were predictors for hospital mortality (p value <0.05), whereas we did not find predictors for neurological events. The mean FU time was 77 months (6.5 years) and the mean age of surviving patients was 87+/-4 years (81-95 years). The actuarial survival estimates at 5 and 10 years were 88% and 50%, respectively. Our experience shows good short-term results after primary isolated standard AVR in patients more than 80 years of age. The FU suggests that aortic valve surgery in octogenarians guarantees satisfactory long-term survival rates and a good quality of life, free from cardiac re-operations. In the era of catheter-based aortic valve implantation, open-heart surgery for AVR remains the standard of care for healthy octogenarians.

Renal sodium handling and nighttime blood pressure.

Blood pressure follows a circadian rhythm with a physiologic 10% to 20% decrease during the night. There is now increasing evidence that a blunted decrease or an increase in nighttime blood pressure is associated with a greater prevalence of target organ damage and a faster disease progression in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Several factors contribute to the changes in nighttime blood pressure including changes in hormonal profiles such as variations in the activity of the renin-angiotensin and the sympathetic nervous systems. Recently, it was hypothesized that the absence of a blood pressure decrease during the nighttime (nondipping) is in fact a pressure-natriuresis mechanism enabling subjects with an impaired capacity to excrete sodium to remain in sodium balance. In this article, we review the clinical and epidemiologic data that tend to support this hypothesis. Moreover, we show that most, if not all, clinical conditions associated with an impaired dipping profile are diseases associated either with a low glomerular filtration rate and/or an impaired ability to excrete sodium. These observations would suggest that renal function, and most importantly the ability to eliminate sodium during the day, is indeed a key determinant of the circadian rhythm of blood pressure.

Renal transplantation following aorto-iliac reconstruction is a safe a strategy

Introduction: Renal transplantation is considered the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease. However, the association of occlusive aorto-iliac disease and chronic renal failure is frequent and aorto-iliac reconstruction may be necessary prior to renal transplantation. This retrospective study reviews the results of this operative strategy.Material and Methods: Between January 2001 and June 2010, 309 patients underwent renal transplantation at our institution and 8 patients had prior aorto-iliac reconstruction using prosthetic material. There were 6 men and 2 women with a median age of 62 years (range 51-70). Five aorto-bifemoral and 2 aorto-bi-iliac bypasses were performed for stage II (n=5), stage IV (n=1) and aortic aneurysm (n=1). In one patient, iliac kissing stents and an ilio-femoral bypass were implanted. 4 cadaveric and 4 living donor renal transplantations were performed with an interval of 2 months to 10 years after revascularization.The results were analysed with respect of graft and patients survival. Differences between groups were tested by the log rank method.Results: No complications and no death occurred in the post-operative period. All bypasses remained patent during follow-up. The median time of post transplantation follow-up was 46 months for all patients and 27 months for patients with prior revascularization. In the revascularized group and control group, the graft and patient survival at 1 year were respectively 100%/96%, 100%/99% and at 5 years 86%/86%, 86%/94%, without significant differences between both groups.Discussion: Our results suggest that renal transplantation following prior aorto-iliac revascularisation with prosthetic material is safe and effective. Patients with end-stage renal disease and concomitant aorto-iliac disease should therefore be considered for renal transplantation. However, caution in the interpretation of the results is indicated due to the small sample size of our study.

Heritability, determinants and reference values of renal length: a family-based population study.

OBJECTIVES: In this population-based study, reference values were generated for renal length, and the heritability and factors associated with kidney length were assessed. METHODS: Anthropometric parameters and renal ultrasound measurements were assessed in randomly selected nuclear families of European ancestry (Switzerland). The adjusted narrow sense heritability of kidney size parameters was estimated by maximum likelihood assuming multivariate normality after power transformation. Gender-specific reference centiles were generated for renal length according to body height in the subset of non-diabetic non-obese participants with normal renal function. RESULTS: We included 374 men and 419 women (mean ± SD, age 47 ± 18 and 48 ± 17 years, BMI 26.2 ± 4 and 24.5 ± 5 kg/m(2), respectively) from 205 families. Renal length was 11.4 ± 0.8 cm in men and 10.7 ± 0.8 cm in women; there was no difference between right and left renal length. Body height, weight and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were positively associated with renal length, kidney function negatively, age quadratically, whereas gender and hypertension were not. The adjusted heritability estimates of renal length and volume were 47.3 ± 8.5 % and 45.5 ± 8.8 %, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The significant heritability of renal length and volume highlights the familial aggregation of this trait, independently of age and body size. Population-based references for renal length provide a useful guide for clinicians. KEY POINTS: • Renal length and volume are heritable traits, independent of age and size. • Based on a European population, gender-specific reference values/percentiles are provided for renal length. • Renal length correlates positively with body length and weight. • There was no difference between right and left renal lengths in this study. • This negates general teaching that the left kidney is larger and longer.