Cyanobacteria from the Baltic Sea and Finnish lakes as an energy source and modulators of bioenergetic pathways

Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that inhabit in a wide range of environments. They are versatile and multifaceted organisms with great possibilities for different biotechnological applications. For example, cyanobacteria produce molecular hydrogen (H2), which is one of the most important alternatives for clean and sustainable energy. Apart from being beneficial, cyanobacteria also possess harmful characteristics and may become a source of threat to human health and other living organisms, as they are able to form surface blooms that are producing a variety of toxic or bioactive compounds. The University of Helsinki Culture Collection (UHCC) maintains around 1,000 cyanobacterial strains representing a large number of genera and species isolated from the Baltic Sea and Finnish lakes. The culture collection covers different life forms such as unicellular and filamentous, N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing strains, and planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria. In this thesis, the UHCC has been screened to identify potential strains for sustainable biohydrogen production and also for strains that produce compounds modifying the bioenergetic pathways of other cyanobacteria or terrestrial plants. Among the 400 cyanobacterial strains screened so far, ten were identified as high H2-producing strains. The enzyme systems involved in H2 metabolism of cyanobacteria were analyzed using the Southern hybridization approach. This revealed the presence of the enzyme nitrogenase in all strains tested, while none of them are likely to have contained alternative nitrogenases. All the strains tested, except for two Calothrix strains, XSPORK 36C and XSPORK 11A, were suggested to contain both uptake and bidirectional hydrogenases. Moreover, 55 methanol extracts of various cyanobacterial strains were screened to identify potent bioactive compounds affecting the photosynthetic apparatus of the model cyanobacterium, Synechocystis PCC 6803. The extract from Nostoc XPORK 14A was the only one that modified the photosynthetic machinery and dark respiration. The compound responsible for this effect was identified, purified, and named M22. M22 demonstrated a dual-action mechanism: production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under illumination and an unknown mechanism that also prevailed in the dark. During summer, the Baltic Sea is occupied by toxic blooms of Nodularia spumigena (hereafter referred to as N. spumigena), which produces a hepatotoxin called nodularin. Long-term exposure of the terrestrial plant spinach to nodularin was studied. Such treatment resulted in inhibition of growth and chlorosis of the leaves. Moreover, the activity and amount of mitochondrial electron transfer complexes increased in the leaves exposed to nodularin-containing extract, indicating upregulation of respiratory reactions, whereas no marked changes were detected in the structure or function of the photosynthetic machinery. Nodularin-exposed plants suffered from oxidative stress, evidenced by oxidative modifications of various proteins. Plants initiated strategies to combat the stress by increasing the levels of alpha-tocopherol, mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), and mitochondrial ascorbate peroxidase (mAPX).

Análise das alterações histopatológicas dos fígado de ratos pré-tratados com alopurinol e submetidos à isquemia: reperfusão hepática

OBJETIVO: As espécies ativas de oxigênio (EAO), originadas pela ação da enzima xantina-oxidase, têm importância na fisiopatologia da síndrome isquêmica-reperfusional. Foi nosso objetivo verificar o possível efeito citoprotetor do alopurinol (inibidor da xantina-oxidase) sobre as alterações histológicas decorrentes da isquemia-reperfusão hepática. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 60 ratos Wistar assim divididos: grupo 1(n=20): pré-tratado com alopurinol e submetido à laparotomia e à exposição do pedículo hepático por 45 min.; grupo 2 (n=20): tratado com alopurinol e submetido à isquemia hepática seletiva por 45 min.; e grupo 3 (n=20): submetido apenas à isquemia por 45 min. A cada 24 horas, durante quatro dias, cinco animais de cada grupo foram submetidos a hepatectomias parciais para estudo histopatológico. RESULTADOS: Na análise das 24h, houve aumento significativo da congestão vascular e da necrose nos grupos de animais submetidos à isquemia (2 e 3) quando comparados aos do grupo controle (grupo 1) (p<0,05). Na análise das 48h, os resultados se repetiram em relação à necrose hepática. Não se observaram diferenças significativas nos tempos de 72 e 96h. Além disso, no período das 24h, verificou-se uma diminuição significativa da necrose nos animais submetidos à isquemia e pré-tratados com alopurinol quando comparados ao grupo não tratado. CONCLUSÕES: A isquemia transitória normotérmica hepática causa significativas alterações histopatológicas nos fígados de ratos. Em nosso estudo, o alopurinol exerceu efeito benéfico em relação à necrose hepatocitária, o que reforça o envolvimento da enzima xantina oxidase no dano decorrente da isquemia-reperfusão hepática.

Perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana e presença do gene vapA em Rhodococcus equi de origem humana, ambiental e equina

Rhodococcus equi é um micro-organismo intracelular facultativo, agente etiológico da rodococose, uma importante enfermidade que acomete principalmente potros com menos de seis meses de idade, causando a morte geralmente em decorrência de lesões pulmonares. Este agente também tem potencial zoonótico e emergiu como um patógeno oportunista no mundo, acometendo humanos imunocomprometidos, especialmente os transplantados e infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Entretanto, infecções por R. equi em hospedeiros hígidos tem sido relatadas, principalmente em crianças e idosos. Estudos tem mostrado um nível crescente na resistência de isolados de R. equi em relação aos antimicrobianos comumente utilizados no tratamento de animais e seres humanos infectados por este agente. A virulência deste pode estar associada a fatores como a cápsula de polissacarídeo, fosfolipase C e à enzima colesterol oxidase (fator equi). No entanto, uma proteína localizada em um plasmídeo, designada vapA, é essencial para a sobrevivência e replicação do agente em macrófagos. Com isso, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o perfil de suscetibilidade de isolados de R. equi de diferentes fontes em relação aos antimicrobianos mais comumente utilizados na terapêutica animal e humana, bem como verificar a associação entre a presença do gene vapA e o índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos (IRMA). Neste estudo, 67 isolados brasileiros de R. qui de diferentes fontes foram analisados: 30 provenientes de amostras clínicas de equinos, sete de humanos e 30 ambientais (seis do solo e 24 de fezes de equinos). Para avaliar o perfil de suscetibilidade dos isolados utilizou-se o método de disco difusão, sendo testadas 16 drogas de diferentes classes de antimicrobianos. As amostras clínicas de equinos apresentaram as maiores taxas de resistência à penicilina (86,7%) e lincomicina (30%). Além disso, foram também resistentes a macrolídeos (azitromicina a 6,7%, eritromicina a 6% e claritromicina a 3,3%) e rifamicina (13%). Todas as amostras humanas e ambientais foram sensíveis aos macrolídeos e rifamicina. Contudo, isolados ambientais demonstraram níveis elevados de resistência à penicilina e cloranfenicol. Da mesma forma, os isolados humanos apresentaram alto nível de resistência ao ceftiofur, lincomicina e sulfazotrim. O IRMA em todos os isolados de R. equi variou de 0 a 0,67, tendo como valores médios 0,19 para as amostras clínicas de equinos, 0,14 nas ambientais e em isolados humanos foi de 0,1. Apesar da alta sensibilidade observada nos isolados analisados, verificaram-se diferentes níveis de resistência nas amostras clínicas de equinos. Em contraste, os isolados ambientais não demonstraram resistência em relação aos agentes antimicrobianos utilizados na terapia da rodococose equina. Além disso, em isolados humanos não se observou resistência contra a droga para uso restrito em terapia de humano. Com base no IRMA observado em isolados clínicos de equinos, destacamos a importância de medidas restritivas e mais cautela na utilização de antimicrobianos em infecções causadas por R. equi para evitar o aumento de novas cepas multirresistentes.

Regioselective modification of galactose-containing polysaccharides in aqueous media

Biorefining is defined as sustainable conversion of biomass into marketable products and energy. Forests cover almost one third of earth’s land area, and account for approximately 40% of the total annual biomass production. In forest biorefining, the wood components are, in addition to the traditional paper and board products, converted into chemicals and biofuels. The major components in wood are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The main hemicellulose in softwoods, which are of interest especially for the Nordic forest industry, is O-acetyl galactoglucomannan (GGM). GGM can be isolated in industrial scale from the waste waters of the mechanical pulping process, but is not yet today industrially utilized. In order to attain desired properties of GGM for specific end-uses, chemical and enzymatic modifications can be performed. Regioselective modifications of GGM, and other galactose-containing polysaccharides were done by oxidations, and by combining oxidations with subsequent derivatizations of the formed carbonyl or carboxyl groups. Two different pathways were investigated: activation of the C-6 positions in different sugar units by TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and activation of C-6 position in only galactose-units by oxidation catalyzed by the enzyme galactose oxidase. The activated sites were further selectively derivatized; TEMPO-oxidized GGM by a carbodiimide-mediated reaction forming amides, and GO-oxidized GGM by indium-mediated allylation introducing double or triple bonds to the molecule. In order to better understand the reaction, and to develop a MALDI-TOF-MS method for characterization of regioselectively allylated GGM, α-D-galactopyranoside and raffinose were used as model compounds. All reactions were done in aqueous media. To investigate the applicability of the modified polysaccharides for, e.g., cellulose surface functionalization, their sorption onto pulp fibres was studied. Carboxylation affects the sorption tendency significantly; a higher degree of oxidation leads to lower sorption. By controlling the degree of oxidation of the polysaccharides and the ionic strength of the sorption media, high degrees of sorption of carboxylated polysaccharides onto cellulose could, however, be obtained. Anionic polysaccharides were used as templates during laccase-catalyzed polymerization of aniline, offering a green, chemo-enzymatic route for synthesis of conducting polyaniline (PANI) composite materials. Different polysaccharide templates, such as, native GGM, TEMPO-oxidized GGM, naturally anionic κ-carrageenan, and nanofibrillated cellulose produced by TEMPO-oxidation, were assessed. The conductivity of the synthesized polysaccharide/PANI biocomposites varies depending on the polysaccharide template; κ-CGN, the anionic polysaccharide with the lowest pKa value, produces the polysaccharide/PANI biocomposites with the highest conductivity. The presented derivatization, sorption, and polymerization procedures open new application windows for polysaccharides, such as spruce GGM. The modified polysaccharides and the conducting biocomposites produced provide potential applications in biosensors, electronic devices, and tissue engineering.

Manejo de populações de plantas daninhas resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da acetolactato sintase

Nas áreas produtoras de soja da região central do Brasil é comum a infestação da planta daninha picão-preto (constituída de uma mistura das espécies Bidens pilosa e Bidens subalternans). Da mesma forma, o caruru (Amaranthus quitensis) é infestante da cultura da soja na Argentina. Estas plantas daninhas são controladas normalmente por diversos herbicidas; dentre os mais utilizados encontram-se os inibidores da acetolactato sintase (ALS). O uso intensivo e repetitivo destes herbicidas em áreas cultivadas com soja no município de São Gabriel do Oeste (MS-Brasil) e nas províncias de Córdoba e Tucumã (Argentina) selecionou populações resistentes destas plantas daninhas. Assim, com o objetivo de estudar alternativas de manejo dessas populações resistentes, foram desenvolvidos ensaios em condições de campo e casa de vegetação, por meio da aplicação de herbicidas inibidores da ALS (chlorimuron-ethyl e imazethapyr) e com mecanismos de ação alternativos; como inibidores da protoporfirinogênio oxidase (PROTOX), que participa da biossíntese de porfirina e tetrapirroles (lactofen e fomesafen) e inibidores do fotossistema II (bentazon). O ensaio de campo foi instalado no município de São Gabriel do Oeste-MS, Brasil, onde se suspeitava que a população de picão-preto da área fosse resistente, pois os herbicidas inibidores da ALS aplicados nos últimos anos na área não apresentavam eficiência esperada e a área tinha um histórico de pelo menos oito anos de aplicação sucessiva destes herbicidas. Concluiu-se, deste ensaio, que os herbicidas chlorimuron-ethyl e imazethapyr, nas doses recomendadas, foram ineficientes no controle da população resistente, porém os herbicidas alternativos lactofen, fomesafen e bentazon, aplicados isoladamente ou em mistura com os inibidores da ALS, foram eficazes. No ensaio conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde foram utilizados picão-preto e caruru, provenientes das áreas com suspeita de resistência, bem como populações de áreas que não tinham histórico da aplicação de herbicidas inibidores da ALS, foram obtidos resultados que confirmaram a resistência destas populações e a eficácia dos herbicidas alternativos obtidos em condições de campo. Como conclusão geral da pesquisa, ressalta-se que as populações resistentes de picão-preto e caruru estudadas possuem resistência cruzada às sulfoniluréias e imidazolinonas, mas não possuem resistência múltipla aos herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema II e aos inibidores da PROTOX, sugerindo que estes herbicidas alternativos podem ser utilizados para prevenção e manejo da resistência aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS.

Manejo de Bidens subalternans resistente aos herbicidas inibidores da acetolactato sintase

A extensão das áreas com seleção de populações de plantas daninhas resistentes a herbicidas tem aumentado rapidamente no Brasil nos últimos anos, sendo citado como causa principal desta seleção a recomendação inadequada de produtos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de controle de plantas daninhas através de herbicidas, com diferentes mecanismos de ação, sobre plantas de Bidens subalternans, foi conduzido o presente trabalho, que envolveu um experimento de casa de vegetação e dois de campo, com as culturas de milho e soja. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de populações de plantas de Bidens subalternans com suspeita de resistência aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS encontradas em área de produção comercial nas quais ocorriam falhas de controle através desses herbicidas. Os resultados permitiram confirmar a seleção de populações resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da acetolactato sintase (ALS) e encontrar alternativas para o manejo destas populações, por meio do uso de produtos com mecanismo de ação diferenciado, tanto para a cultura da soja quanto para a do milho. Produtos inibidores da protoporfirinogênio oxidase (PROTOX), da fotossíntese e da divisão celular, aplicados isoladamente ou em misturas, controlaram adequadamente o biótipo resistente.

Physiological response of vicia faba to prohexadione-calcium under saline conditions

Changes in the activities of oxidative enzymes (indole acetic acid oxidase, peroxidase and catalase), endogenous hormones (gibberellic acid (GA3), indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinins (AsZeatin), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), total carbohydrates, total soluble sugars, amino acid proline and vegetative growth parameters were used as indicators to explain the physiological role of the growth retardant prohexadione-calcium on Vicia faba seedlings 40 days after sowing under salinity stress for 30 days. The obtained results show that soaking faba bean seeds prior to sowing at different concentrations of prohexadione-calcium (0, 10, 20 and 30 ppm) significantly increased the activities of indole acetic acid oxidase (IAA-oxidase) and peroxidase enzymes, but decreased the catalase enzyme activity as compared with their respective control. Application of prohexadione-Ca caused markedly decreases in the endogenous contents of gibberellins and indole acetic acid (IAA) but increased the levels of natural growth inhibitor abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinins in the shoots of faba bean seedlings. All the prohexadione-Ca concentrations increased the contents of amino acid proline, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars in faba bean seedlings grown under salt stress. Application of prohexadione-Ca decreased significantly seedling height and shoot fresh weight but significantly increased shoot dry weight.

Morphological and physiological alterations induced by lactofen in soybean leaves are reduced with nitric oxide

Lactofen is a diphenylether herbicide recommended to control broad-leaved weeds in soybean (Glycine max) fields and its mechanism of action is the inhibition of protoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase (Protox), which acts in the chlorophyll biosynthesis. This inhibition results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin-IX, which leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress. Consequently, spots, wrinkling and leaf burn may occur, resulting in a transitory crop growth interruption. However, nitric oxide (NO) acts as an antioxidant in direct ROS scavenging. Thus, the aim of this work was to verify, through phytometric and biochemical evaluations, the protective effect of NO in soybean plants treated with the herbicide lactofen. Soybean plants were pre-treated with different levels of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO-donor substance, and then sprayed with 168 g a.i. ha-1 lactofen. Pre-treatment with SNP was beneficial because NO decreased the injury symptoms caused by lactofen in young leaflets and kept low the soluble sugar levels. Nevertheless, NO caused slower plant growth, which indicates that further studies are needed in order to elucidate the action mechanisms of NO in signaling the stress caused by lactofen in soybean crop.

Avaliação de métodos de preservação de amostras de plantas de savanas neotropicais para a obtenção de DNA de alta qualidade para estudos moleculares

Foram comparadas metodologias para preservação de amostras de folhas de plantas de savanas neotropicais, visando a posterior obtenção de DNA de alta qualidade para estudos moleculares. Foram também testadas diferentes metodologias para extração de DNA das amostras investigadas. A qualidade do DNA extraído foi avaliada através de dois métodos: por digestão, utilizando-se três enzimas de restrição e através da amplificação do gene mitocondrial cox3 (subunidade III da citocromo oxidase) por PCR. Os resultados revelaram que, para as plantas de savanas investigadas, a metodologia de preservação de amostras mais comumente empregada pelos botânicos (desidratação rápida usando sílica-gel) não é a mais eficiente. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a importância de testar diferentes métodos de preservação de amostras vegetais para estudos moleculares, para garantir a obtenção de DNA de alta qualidade. Para as plantas de savanas neotropicais, o método de preservação em sílica gel pode ser menos eficiente do que outros métodos igualmente simples de preservação de amostras.

Printed platforms for paper-based analytical applications

Paper-based analytical technologies enable quantitative and rapid analysis of analytes from various application areas including healthcare, environmental monitoring and food safety. Because paper is a planar, flexible and light weight substrate, the devices can be transported and disposed easily. Diagnostic devices are especially valuable in resourcelimited environments where diagnosis as well as monitoring of therapy can be made even without electricity by using e.g. colorimetric assays. On the other hand, platforms including printed electrodes can be coupled with hand-held readers. They enable electrochemical detection with improved reliability, sensitivity and selectivity compared with colorimetric assays. In this thesis, different roll-to-roll compatible printing technologies were utilized for the fabrication of low-cost paper-based sensor platforms. The platforms intended for colorimetric assays and microfluidics were fabricated by patterning the paper substrates with hydrophobic vinyl substituted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) -based ink. Depending on the barrier properties of the substrate, the ink either penetrates into the paper structure creating e.g. microfluidic channel structures or remains on the surface creating a 2D analog of a microplate. The printed PDMS can be cured by a roll-ro-roll compatible infrared (IR) sintering method. The performance of these platforms was studied by printing glucose oxidase-based ink on the PDMS-free reaction areas. The subsequent application of the glucose analyte changed the colour of the white reaction area to purple with the colour density and intensity depending on the concentration of the glucose solution. Printed electrochemical cell platforms were fabricated on paper substrates with appropriate barrier properties by inkjet-printing metal nanoparticle based inks and by IR sintering them into conducting electrodes. Printed PDMS arrays were used for directing the liquid analyte onto the predetermined spots on the electrodes. Various electrochemical measurements were carried out both with the bare electrodes and electrodes functionalized with e.g. self assembled monolayers. Electrochemical glucose sensor was selected as a proof-of-concept device to demonstrate the potential of the printed electronic platforms.

Role of nitric oxide and superoxide in Giardia lamblia killing

Giardia lamblia trophozoites were incubated for 2 h with activated murine macrophages, nitric oxide (NO) donors or a superoxide anion generator (20 mU/ml xanthine oxidase plus 1 mM xanthine). Activated macrophages were cytotoxic to Giardia trophozoites (~60% dead trophozoites). This effect was inhibited (>90%) by an NO synthase inhibitor (200 µM) and unaffected by superoxide dismutase (SOD, 300 U/ml). Giardia trophozoites were killed by the NO donors, S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in a dose-dependent manner (LD50 300 and 50 µM, respectively). A dual NO-superoxide anion donor, 3-morpholino-sydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), did not have a killing effect in concentrations up to 1 mM. However, when SOD (300 U/ml) was added simultaneously with SIN-1 to Giardia, a significant trophozoite-killing effect was observed (~35% dead trophozoites at 1 mM). The mixture of SNAP or SNP with superoxide anion, which yields peroxynitrite, abolished the trophozoite killing induced by NO donors. Authentic peroxynitrite only killed trophozoites at very high concentrations (3 mM). These results indicate that NO accounts for Giardia trophozoite killing and this effect is not mediated by peroxynitrite

Superoxide: a two-edged sword

Superoxide (O2-) is the compound obtained when oxygen is reduced by one electron. For a molecule with an unpaired electron, O2- is surprisingly inert, its chief reaction being a dismutation in which it reacts with itself to form H2O2 and oxygen. The involvement of O2- in biological systems was first revealed by the discovery in 1969 of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of O2-. Since then it has been found that biological systems produce a bewildering variety of reactive oxidants, all but a few arising ultimately from O2-. These oxidants include O2- itself, H2O2 and alkyl peroxides, hydroxyl radical and other reactive oxidizing radicals, oxidized halogens and halamines, singlet oxygen, and peroxynitrite. These various oxidants are able to damage molecules in their environment, and are therefore very dangerous. They are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of a number of common diseases, including among others malignancy, by their ability to mutate the genome, and atherosclerosis, by their capacity for oxidizing lipoproteins. Their properties are put to good use, however, in host defense, where they serve as microbicidal and parasiticidal agents, and in biological signalling, where their liberation in small quantities results in redox-mediated changes in the functions of enzymes and other proteins

Assessment of the degree of contamination of rat germ cell preparations using specific cDNA probes

Recent reports showing a decrease in sperm count in men have brought new concerns about male infertility. Animal models have been widely used to provide some relevant information about the human male gamete, and extrapolations are made to men and to the clinical context. The present study assesses one of the methods used for separation of germ cells of the adult rat testis, namely centrifugal elutriation followed by density gradients (Percoll®). This method was chosen since it presents the best results for cell purity in separating germ cells from the rat testis. A comparison between continuous and discontinuous Percoll® gradients was performed in order to identify the best type of gradient to separate the cells. Maximal cell purity was obtained for spermatocytes (81 ± 8.2%, mean ± SEM) and spermatids (84 ± 2.6%) using centrifugal elutriation followed by continuous Percoll® gradients. A significant difference in purity was observed between elongating spermatids harvested from continuous Percoll® gradients and from discontinuous gradients. Molecular analysis was used to assess cell contamination by employing specific probes, namely transition protein 2 (TP2), mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase II (COX II), and sulfated glycoprotein 1 (SGP1). Molecular analysis of the samples demonstrated that morphological criteria are efficient in characterizing the main composition of the cell suspension, but are not reliable for identifying minimal contamination from other cells. Reliable cell purity data should be established using molecular analysis

NADPH-diaphorase activity in area 17 of the squirrel monkey visual cortex: neuropil pattern, cell morphology and laminar distribution

We studied the distribution of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the visual cortex of normal adult New World monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) using the malic enzyme "indirect" method. NADPH-diaphorase neuropil activity had a heterogeneous distribution. In coronal sections, it had a clear laminar pattern that was coincident with Nissl-stained layers. In tangential sections, we observed blobs in supragranular layers of V1 and stripes throughout the entire V2. We quantified and compared the tangential distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and cytochrome oxidase blobs in adjacent sections of the supragranular layers of V1. Although their spatial distributions were rather similar, the two enzymes did not always overlap. The histochemical reaction also revealed two different types of stained cells: a slightly stained subpopulation and a subgroup of deeply stained neurons resembling a Golgi impregnation. These neurons were sparsely spined non-pyramidal cells. Their dendritic arbors were very well stained but their axons were not always evident. In the gray matter, heavily stained neurons showed different dendritic arbor morphologies. However, most of the strongly reactive cells lay in the subjacent white matter, where they presented a more homogenous morphology. Our results demonstrate that the pattern of NADPH-diaphorase activity is similar to that previously described in Old World monkeys

Application of various antioxidants in the treatment of influenza

We determined the effect of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase, desferrioxamine and allopurinol on the survival of male CBA mice infected intranasally with 2-5 LD50 lung influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68. Survival for at least 20 days was observed for 45% of the mice that received 1000 U/day superoxide dismutase prepared from red blood cells on days 5, 6, 7 and 8 after infection, and 75% survival was observed for mice that received the same dose on days 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. Desferrioxamine, 25 mg/kg per day and 100 mg/kg per day injected subcutaneously, resulted in survival rates of 5 and 0%, respectively, compared to 10% survival observed for saline-injected controls. Allopurinol at doses of 5 to 50 mg/kg per day had no effect on mouse survival. These data demonstrate the efficacy of superoxide dismutase for the protection of mice against hemorrhagic lung edema. The ineffectiveness of allopurinol suggests that the xanthine oxidase system does not play a major role in hemorrhage or lung edema and that caution is necessary when desferrioxamine is administered during an acute inflammatory process accompanied by erythrocyte lysis