1000 resultados para Prunus domestica


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The goal of this study was to evaluate the sensory profile of eleven peach cultivars grown in an experimental orchard located in the city of Lapa (PR, Brazil) in two seasons. The peach cultivars analyzed were Aurora I, Chimarrita, Chiripá, Coral, Eldorado, Granada, Leonense, Maciel, Marli, Premier, and Vanguarda. The sensory analysis was performed by previously trained panelists; 20 of them in the first season and 10 in the second season. The sensory evaluation was performed using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, in which the following attributes were measured: appearance, aroma, flesh color, flesh firmness, flavor, and juiciness. The results showed preference for sweet, soft, and juicy fruits. Chimarrita, Chiripá, and Coral fruits showed better sensorial performance than the other peach cultivars. It was also verified that the analysis of the attributes aroma, flesh firmness, and flavor is enough for performing the sensory profile of peach fruits for in natura consumption.

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In this study, the influence of storage temperature and passive modified packaging (PMP) on the respiration rate and physicochemical properties of fresh-cut Gala apples (Malus domestica B.) was investigated. The samples were packed in flexible multilayer bags and stored at 2 °C, 5 °C, and 7 °C for eleven days. Respiration rate as a function of CO2 and O2 concentrations was determined using gas chromatography. The inhibition parameters were estimated using a mathematical model based on Michaelis-Menten equation. The following physicochemical properties were evaluated: total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and reducing sugars. At 2 °C, the maximum respiration rate was observed after 150 hours. At 5 °C and 7 °C the maximum respiration rates were observed after 100 and 50 hours of storage, respectively. The inhibition model results obtained showed a clear effect of CO2 on O2 consumption. The soluble solids decreased, although not significantly, during storage at the three temperatures studied. Reducing sugars and titratable acidity decreased during storage and the pH increased. These results indicate that the respiration rate influenced the physicochemical properties.

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Prunus mume is widely studied due to its health benefits regarding increase of blood fluidity and consequent improvement of the cardiovascular system and the prevention or even the fight against different types of cancer. However, in Brazil this culture is found only among oriental descendants. The present study aimed to characterize mume fruit collected from three different locations in the State of São Paulo regarding general aspects such as pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TTS), pectin content and yield of pulp and chemical characteristics: total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity. Mume fruit were collected unripe and analyzed until maturation about 88 days after flowering. Fruit collected in Botucatu came from a commercial mume fruit producer and had average weight of 16.9 g, while in fruit from other locations weight varied from 5.7-6.9 g. TSS ranged from 9.5 to 10.0 Brix, total solids was 10.2-12.2% and pH showed values between 2.5 and 2.7 for all locations. TTA expressed in citric acid decreased from 4.0-5.7 g (100g- 1) at unripe stage to 2.0-3.8 g (100g- 1) in mature-stage fruit. Pectin content decreased from 11.2 to 10.8% during fruit maturation, TPC content was 147-226 mg catechin (g- 1) on a dry matter basis and the antioxidant capacity was 96-169 µMol Trolox (g- 1) on a dry matter basis or 21-34 µMol Trolox (g- 1) on a wet matter basis.

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The sugars in apple juice prove its authenticity and its sensory and nutritional properties. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection (HPLC-RI) to determinate and quantify the sugars sucrose, D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-sorbitol polyol in apple juices, as well as to analyze the juices from the Fuji suprema and Lis Gala cultivars at three ripening stages. The analytical performance parameters evaluated indicated that the method was specific for the compounds analyzed, and the linearity of the calibration curves of sugars showed high correlation coefficients (close to 1.0). The limits of detection and quantification are consistent with recommendations available in the literature for this type of matrix. Sample preparation is simple and generates small amount of residues. Over 70% of the sugars were determined in the juices of apples at the pre-ripe stage, with an increase during senescence. This method is applicable for the determination of sugars in juices and evaluation of apple ripening.

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The aim of this study was to incorporate astaxanthin to yogurts with different fat content to match apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) color. The samples containing astaxanthin were stored at 5 ± 3 °C, and color stability and astaxanthin content were determined by colorimetry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Yogurt samples were analyzed in triplicate every 24 hours for one week and subsequently every week for 3 more weeks There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) between astaxanthin concentration values at 0 and 28 days for both samples; therefore, it can be said that the fat content in the yogurt had not effect on the stability of pigment. The low dispersion of the data showed uniformity in the three chromaticity coordinates L*, a*, b* throughout the storage period for both types of yogurt. Values of ∆E ≥ 5.0 were not obtained at any time during storage, indicating high stability of the pigment.

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Abstract The research work aimed at investigating the effect of pre-harvest gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment on the quality of ‘Obilnaja’ and ‘Black Star’ Japanese plum varieties. GA3 was sprayed onto the trees during the fruit color break at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm concentrations. After pre-cooling, the plums were placed in modified atmosphere packages and exposed to the following conditions as follows: short storage-transportation (ST) [20 days at 2 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH)]; distribution center (DC) (5 days at 6 °C and 80% RH), and shelf life conditions (SL) (2 days at 20 °C and 70% RH). Pre-harvest GA3 treatments increased the fruit weight and size. Treatment of GA3 at 50, 75, and 100 ppm increased the fruit flesh firmness and total soluble substances (TSS) values in both the plum varieties during storage, transport, and marketing; it also limited the weight loss during the marketing process. Treatment of GA3 had no significant effects on the color, titratable acidity (TA), and the total phenolic and antioxidant activity values of plums. Pre-harvest GA3 treatment at 50 ppm GA3 can be thus recommended for both the plum varieties due to its effect on the fruit quality.

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The allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen for the presence of benomyl resistance, and to characterize their levels and frequencies in field populations of Venturia inaequalis during two seasons. Three hundred isolates of V. inaequalis were collected each season from infected leaves of MalusX domestica. Borkh c.v. Mcintosh. The trees used were sprayed in the year prior to collection with five applications of benomyl, its homologue Azindoyle, or water. Monoconidial isolates of V. inaequalis were grown on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA) for four weeks. Each isolate was taken from a single lesion from a single leaf. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the four week old colonies of V. inaequalis, prepared and used as a template in PCR reactions. PCR reactions were achieved by utilizing allele-specific primers. Each primer was designed to amplify fragments from a specific allele. Primer Vin was specific for mutations conferring the ben^^"^ phenotype. It was expected to amplify a 171 bp. DNA fragment from the ben^"^ alleles only. Primers BenHR and BenMR were specific for mutations conferring the ben"" and ben'^'' phenotypes, respectively. They were expected to amplify 172 bp. and 165 bp. DNA fragments from the ben"" and ben"^" alleles, respectively. Of the 953 isolates tested, 414 (69.9%) were benomyl sensitive (ben^) and 179 (30.1%) were benomyl resistant. All the benomyl resistant alleles were ben^"", since neither the ben"" nor the ben"" alleles were detected. Frequencies of benomyl resistance were 23%, 24%, and 23% for the 1997 collections, and were 46%, 26% and 38% for the 1998 collections for benomyl, Azindoyle and water treatments, respectively. Growth assay was performed to evaluate the applicability of using PCR in monitoring benomyl resistance in fungal field populations. Tests were performed on 14 isolates representing the two phenotypes (ben^ and ben^"'' alleles) characterized by PCR. Results of those tests were in agreement with PCR results. Enzyme digestion was also used to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of PCR products. The mutation associated with the ben^"'' phenotype creates a unique site for the endonuclease enzyme Bsh^236^ allowing the use of enzyme digestion. Isolates characterized by PCR as ben^'^'^ alleles had this restriction site for the SsA7l2361 enzyme. The most time consuming aspect of this study was growing fungal isolates on culture media for DNA extraction. In addition, the risk of contamination or losing the fungus during growth processes was relatively high. A technique for extracting DNA directly from lesions on leaves has been used (Luck and Gillings 1 995). In order to apply this technique in experiments designed to monitor fungicide resistance, a lesion has to be homogeneous for fungicide sensitivity. For this purpose, PCR protocol was used to determine lesion homogeneity. One hundred monoconidial isolates of V. inaequalis from 10 lesions (10-conidia/ lesion) were tested for their phenotypes with respect to benomyl sensitivity. Conidia of six lesions were homogeneous, while conidia of the remaining lesions were mixtures of ben^ and ben^ phenotypes. Neither the ben" nor the ben' phenotype was detected.

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Tesina (Maestro en Informática Administrativa) U.A.N.L.

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Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université Montpellier II

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El CEIP Manuel Pérez de Bollullos Par del Condado (Huelva) ha recibido el Primer Premio de Páginas Web Educativas de la Junta de Andalucía, y ha sido galardonado con la Medalla de Oro al Mérito Educativo

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El projecte té per finalitat la implantació d’un cultiu d’arbres de fusta d’alt valor econòmic en uns terrenys que actualment estan ocupats per prats de pastura abandonats. L’objectiu prioritari que es proposa és augmentar el rendiment de la finca objecte d’estudi. Per assolir-lo es projectarà la realització d’una plantació sostenible de noguers híbrids (Juglans regia×nigra) i cirerers (Prunus avium), en la que s’aplicaran les més avançades tècniques de cultiu i una eficient metodologia que permetrà obtenir fusta noble en cicles productius curts, sempre de forma respectuosa amb el medi ambient

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La monografía busca analizar las condiciones que determinan a Argelia y Marruecos como un santuario para las operaciones terroristas de Al-Qaeda, examinando las dimensiones domestica de ingobernabilidad de ambos Estados, las condiciones de favorabilidad para la consolidación del santuario y las implicaciones que representa el santuario para la seguridad internacional a la luz del aumento en la capacidad de influencia y de impacto que le proporciona el santuario a Al-Qaeda a nivel global.

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Para este trabajo se tomaron como casos de estudio dos amenazas de diferente naturaleza y que de alguna manera son relevantes en la región Andina, en primer lugar se tomó el caso del problema de drogas en Colombia, dado que el Estado colombiano se configura dentro de la región andina como el mayor productor de drogas ilícitas. Además el problema de drogas se caracteriza por ser una amenaza compartida, es decir, una amenaza que responde a una lógica de carácter transnacional, que va más allá de las fronteras de un Estado. Aunque este problema tiene consecuencias en la esfera política, económica y social, para nuestro caso de estudio el problema de drogas se constituye como una de las causas que amenazan al media ambiente, y este hecho comprende un riesgo para la seguridad andina. En segundo lugar, se optó por las crisis política interna de Ecuador, porque la inestabilidad política es una de las amenazas más visibles que presentan los estados de la región andina. Esta situación interna de la nación ecuatoriana puede ser catalogada como amenaza común, es decir, que está presente en varios países, pero cuya naturaleza responde a una lógica domestica de cada uno de los estados afectando su propia seguridad. Aunque una crisis interna tenga efectos o repercusiones en los países de la región, no necesariamente es considerada como una amenaza a la seguridad de los Estados colindantes.

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Este artículo analiza el efecto sistemático de la volatilidad de la tasa de cambio, cuando un gobierno local debe evaluar políticas comerciales estratégicas lineales y cuadráticas. Este ejercicio se realiza para modelos de mercado Cournot y Bertran. El modelo prueba que tanto el esquema lineal como el cuadrático tienen el mismo efecto sobre el bienestar social de los países, y que la volatilidad de la tasa de cambio domestica lleva a los gobiernos a reducir los subsidios a las exportaciones o bajan los impuestos a las exportaciones, de acuerdo a la variable estratégica elegida por las firmas. La tasa de cambio extranjera tiene diferentes efectos dependiendo de si las firmas producen bajos rendimientos a escalas constantes o decrecientes.

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Descubrir nuevas orientaciones pedagógicas en la educación preescolar. Analiza la situación actual de la educación preescolar, propone una alternativa pedagógica y explica dos unidades didácticas elaboradas en forma de cuentos. 1) Existe en el niño preescolar una constante y continua dialéctica entre su pensamiento y acción. Basta con detenernos a su lado, permanecer cerca de ellos, observarlos, seguir el curso de su actividad, para darnos cuenta hasta que punto, su hacer, su movimiento y su pensar discurren en una permanente dialéctica. Esto conlleva a un nuevo planteamiento en el hacer educativo con ellos, con unos niños en los que el cuerpo, el objeto, la acción, el pensamiento, el otro, el yo, la percepción, la expresión, lo afectivo, lo racional, lo real, lo imaginario, están estrechamente imbricados. El pensamiento no es más que un momento de la acción motriz, el objeto es a la vez real e imaginario y el cuerpo se halla aún mal separado del mundo exterior. 2) La práctica de una educación vivenciada, la práctica de una educación psicomotriz en preescolar debe ocupar un lugar en todo el contexto educativo. Pero no es un lugar o un rincón, un área o una parte, sino que debe estar encuadrada y estructurada en una educación vivenciada que tenga en cuenta todas las dimensiones del niño. Que descubra su cuerpo, sus posibilidades y capacidades en el orden de los movimientos, de la expresión, de la relación, de la comunicación, que descubra al otro, a los otros, que descubra el medio y la realidad que le rodea, son objetivos primordiales en educación preescolar, pues así se consiguen después otros muchos, válidos e indispensables para posteriores condiciones. 3) El ambiente en que se desenvuelve la unidad didáctica, la cual es utilizada como recurso pedagógico, es un ambiente de cogestión en el que se pretende que el niño sea un sujeto activo de su propio desarrollo y el protagonista de su propia educación, pero con un punto de apoyo, el hacer en grupo todas las unidades y promoverlo con la realización de un cuento que en su dinámica cree un sustrato de formación social y compromiso compartido. El protagonista de la unidad es el niño y el grupo, de ahí que quede establecido un óptimo clima para conseguir un primer paso en el proceso educativo de interrelación personal. 4) Para elaborar un cuento, hay que reproducir las situaciones inventadas conjuntamente en el transcurso de la elaboración del mismo, se rememoran vivencialmente las situaciones surgidas con ayuda de todos los elementos posibles, sacando del mismo cuento las nociones que el niño debe asimilar. Todas las nociones surgidas del cuento y vivenciadas, deben ser trascritas al papel por el niño para convertirlas en trabajo de preescritura. El niño con folio y pinturas plasma su vivencia diaria sobre la elaboración del cuento. De esta forma, se pueden exponer todos los dibujos y elegir entre todos uno, el que más votos tenga será el dibujo que quede archivado. El resultado material será un libro de imágenes, un libro de lectura, en el cual todos colaboraron en la tarea de crearlo, vivenciarlo, gesticularlo, dramatizarlo, entonarlo, confeccionarlo y plasmarlo. 5) No es tan importante el método o la técnica como el espíritu que lo guía. Las técnicas o líneas de trabajo completas en un determinado entorno educativo, con determinados niños y cierta maestra, a veces fallan cuando las circunstancias varían. Sin embargo los fundamentos y las bases sobre las que se asienta la técnica y que la justifican permanecen invariables ante las distintas circunstancias. Es preciso que la educación deje de ser una actividad forzada y domesticante, que mata a la creatividad y anula, manipula y domestica la intencionalidad de la conciencia, y se convierta en algo tan exigible humanamente, como es la práctica de una actividad natural y dialogal que se fundamente en la creatividad y estimule la reflexión y la acción verdaderas de los hombres sobre la realidad. Se hace preciso, pues el planteamiento de una educación preescolar que tenga en cuenta al niño al que va dirigida y sus posibilidades psicobiológicas, y cuya práctica pedagógica signifique conseguir una educación total para el niño preescolar favoreciendo su desarrollo y dándole los medios para utilizar al máximo las aptitudes y capacidades de su persona.