EFFECT of TYPES of NOZZLES on SPRAY DEPOSITION on TWO SOYBEAN VARIETIES IN STAGE V3

The effect of application with different nozzle types and volume rates on spray deposition in the V3 stage of two soybean cultivars was evaluated. The experiments were conducted in the Facultad de Ciencias Agronomicas of the UNESP-Botucatu/SP. The nozzles evaluated were an air induced flat fan nozzle (Al 11015 at 150 L ha(-1), Al 11002 at 200 and 250 L ha(-1)), a twin flat fan nozzle (TJ 60 11002 at 150, 200 and 250 L ha(-1)), and a cone nozzle (TX 6 at 150 L ha(-1), TX 8 at 150 L ha(-1) and TX 10 at 250 L ha(-1)). To evaluate spray deposition on the plants, a tracer (Brilliant Blue FD&C-1) was added. The experimental design was random blocks with four replications. Deposition on plants was determined by absorbancy reading in 630 nm wavelength. The data were adjusted to a calibration curve and transformed into deposited spray volume in mL. The relationship deposition per unit of dry matter was adjusted to a regression curve (Gompertz model). In cultivar CD 208, the highest deposit was for the larger volumes and for the treatment TX 8 200 L ha(-1). The most uniform treatments were all the nozzles with the volume 150 L ha(-1) and the TJ60 nozzle for 200 1, ha(-1). In cultivar CD 216, the greatest spray depositions were achieved with the treatments Al at 200 and 250 L ha(-1) and TJ 60 at 250 L ha(-1), and the most uniform treatments were the TX 6 and TJ60 nozzles for the volume150 L ha(-1).

Foliar fertilization with molybdenum in wheat

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of molybdenum on agronomic characteristics and yield of wheat in a no-till system. The experiment was carried out in a clayey Rhodic Hapludox, in Maripa, State of Parana, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five replications. Treatments consisted of four doses of molybdenum (0, 13.8, 27.6 and 55.2 g ha(-1) Mo), divided into two foliar applications, the first at tillering (18 days after plant emergence) and the second at the boot stage (65 days after emergence). The foliar application of Mo up to a dose of 35 g ha-1 increased the number of spikes per square meter and yield of wheat; however, it had no effect on the agronomic characteristics of the crop in a no-till system.

Effects of aluminum on plant growth and nutrient uptake in young physic nut plants

Aluminum (Al3+) toxicity is a major limiting factor to crop productivity in acid soils. The effects of aluminum on root and shoot growth of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) young plants and, the uptake and distribution of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and aluminum in the roots and shoots were investigated in the present study. Plants were grown in 2.5L pots in a greenhouse. After fourteen days of adaptation to nutrient solution, plants were exposed to Al concentrations of 0, 370, 740, 1,100 and 1,480 mu mol L-1, corresponding to an active Al3+ solution of 13.3, 35.3, 90.0, 153.3 and 220.7 mu mol L-1, respectively. The dry matter partitioning between roots, stems and leaves, and the concentrations of P, Ca, Mg and Al in plant tissue, were measured after 75 days exposure to Al. The increasing level of Al3+ activity in solution progressively decreased the growth of the shoot and root of physic nut plants, and at the two highest active Al3+ levels, plants showed morphological abnormalities typical of the toxicity caused by this metal. Higher Al3+ activity reduced P concentrations in leaves and Ca and Mg in leaves and roots of physic nut, demonstrating the effect of Al on the uptake, transport and use of these nutrients by plants. The Al accumulated preferentially in the roots of physic nut, whereas only a small amount was transported to shoots.

Adubação nitrogenada no feijoeiro após milho safrinha consorciado com Urochloa brizantha e Urochloa ruziziensis

Common bean plant demanding higher amounts of nitrogen (N), but are scarce information about common bean N demanding when grown after maize intercropped with palisade grass. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of N fertilization in common bean grown under no-tillage system, in succession to out-of-season maize intercropped with Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria bryzantha) or Urochloa ruziziensis (Syn. Brachiaria ruziziensis). The experiment was conducted during two agricultural years, on a dystroferric Haplorthox. A randomized blocks design, in a split plot scheme, with four replicates, was used. The plots were composed by two types of straws previous common bean crop (maize + U. brizantha and maize + U. ruziziensis) and subplots were composed by four N rates (0, 35, 70 and 140 kg ha(-1)), using ammonium nitrate as source. Nitrogen application improved N nutrition and increased the growth of common bean plants grown after out-of-season maize intercropped with U. brizantha or U. ruziziensis, but little influenced grain yield. Grain yield of common bean grown after out-of-season maize intercropped with U. brizantha or U. ruziziensis was similar.

Resposta da alface à adubação nitrogenada com diferentes compostos orgânicos em dois ciclos sucessivos

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a produção de alface em ambiente protegido, utilizando diferentes compostos orgânicos como fonte de nitrogênio, e seu efeito residual em dois ciclos sucessivos. O experimento foi conduzido entre os meses de fevereiro e maio de 2005, em casa-de-vegetação com ventilação e temperatura controlados, utilizando vasos de 3,5 L e solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Escuro. Foram utilizados compostos orgânicos produzidos a partir da mistura de resíduos do processamento de quatro plantas medicinais e esterco bovino. Os compostos C1, C2, C3 e C4 nas doses 30, 60, 90 e 120 t ha-1 constituíram os tratamentos dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e uma testemunha (adicional). Foram determinados: matéria fresca da parte aérea (MFPA); massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA). Os compostos aplicados supriram satisfatoriamente as necessidades de nitrogênio da cultura, no primeiro ciclo, dispensando o uso de fertilizante mineral. A composição dos materiais aplicados influenciou significativamente a produção de alface no primeiro ciclo, promovendo efeito residual no segundo ciclo, porém em menores proporções.

Aplicação superficial de escória, lama cal, lodos de esgoto e calcário na cultura da soja

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação superficial de lodos de esgoto, lama cal, escória de aciaria e calcário sobre o estado nutricional e a produtividade da soja, em sistema plantio direto. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 4x4+1, constituído por quatro tratamentos - resíduos de lodo de esgoto centrifugado (LC) e de biodigestor (LB), escória de aciaria (E) e lama cal (Lcal) - nas doses 0, 2, 4 e 8 Mg ha-1, mais o controle com 2 Mg ha-1 de calcário. As plantas de soja apresentaram maior concentração de nitrogênio, fósforo e cálcio, em 2003, 2004 e 2005, e de potássio, em 2003 e 2004, em razão dos tratamentos LC, LB, E, Lcal e calagem. A produtividade da soja foi favorecida pela aplicação dos tratamentos no sistema plantio direto, em 2003, 2004 e 2005. O fósforo, e o cálcio contribuíram para o aumento da produtividade da soja em 2003 e 2004.

Use of Cassava Wastewater Treated Anaerobically with Alkaline Agents as Fertilizer for Maize (Zea mays L.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito do lodo de esgoto e nitrogênio na nutrição e desenvolvimento inicial da mamoneira

Aiming to evaluate the application effect of different sewage sludge ( SS) doses, with and without nitrogen addition, in the castorbean initial development, one experiment was installed in an entirely randomized experimental design, in split-plot scheme 5 X 2, constituted of five sewage sludge doses (0, 4, 8, 16 e 32 Mg ha(-1)) and nitrogen addition or not (15 kg ha(-1)), with five replications. The experimental unit was constituted of plastic bags with capacity of 3,5 dm(3) of soil. Fifty days after emergency it was evaluated height of plants, dry matter of the aerial part, nutrient content in the aerial part, soil electrical conductivity and soil chemical analysis. The SS doses promoted increase in the height of plants and dry matter of castorbean. The concentration of N, K, Mg and S and also the micronutrients Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the aerial part of the plants also suffered a positive effect with SS doses, the same didn't occur for the P and Ca concentrations. N addition increased the concentration of N, S, Cu and Zn in the plants. The SS did not present significant effect over pH levels, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, organic matter and soil cation exchange capacity after the experiment conduction period.

Free radical scavenging profile and myeloperoxidase inhibition of extracts from antidiabetic plants: Bauhinia forficata and Cissus sicyoides

There is abundant evidence that reactive oxygen species are implicated in several physiological and pathological processes. To protect biological targets from oxidative damage. antioxidants must react with radicals and other reactive species faster than biological substrates do. The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from leaves of Bauhinia forficata Link (Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae) and Cissus sicyoides L. (Vitaceae) (two medicinal plants used popularly in the control of diabetes mellitus), using several different assay systems, namely, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) decolorization. superoxide anion radical (O-2 center dot-) scavenging and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In the ABTS assay for total antioxidant activity, B. forficata showed IC50 8.00 +/- 0.07 mu g/mL, while C. sicyoides showed IC50 13.0 +/- 0.2 mu g/mL. However, the extract of C. sicyoides had a stronger effect on O-2 center dot- (IC50 60.0 +/- 2.3 mu p/mL) than the extract of B. forficata (IC50 90.0 +/- 4.4 mu g/mL). B. forficata also had a stronger inhibitory effect on MPO activity, as measured by guaiacol oxidation, than C. sicyoides. These results indicate that aqueous extracts of leaves of B. forficata and C. sicyoides are a potential source of natural antioxidants and may be helpful in the prevention of diabetic complications associated with oxidative stress.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and immunostimulatory effect of extracts from Byrsonima crassa Nied. (Malpighiaceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Antiviral effect of Guazuma ulmifolia and Stryphnodendron adstringens on poliovirus and bovine herpesvirus

Crude extract (CE) and aqueous (AqF) and ethyl acetate (EtOAcF) fractions of Guazuma ulmifolia LAM., Sterculiaceae and the corresponding AqF, EtOAcF of Stryphnodendron adstringens (MART.) COVILLE, Leguminosae were tested for their antiviral activity against poliovirus 1 (P-1) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) in HEp2 cultured cells. The antiviral activity was monitored by plaque assay and immunolluorescence assay (IFA) under virucidal and therapeutic protocols. The therapeutic protocol demonstrated statistically significant positive results with both plants and for both virus strains. The highest percentages of viral inhibition were found for G. ulmifolia EtOAcF which inhibited BHV-1 and P-1 replication by 100% and 99%, respectively (p < 0.05, Student's t-test). For S. adstringens, AqF was the most efficient, inhibiting BHV-1 and P-1 by 97% and 93%, respectively (p < 0.05). In the virucidal protocol, G. ulmifolia CE inhibited the replication of BHV-1 and P-1 by 60% and 26%, respectively (p < 0.05), while, for S. adstringens, inhibition of 62% (p < 0.05) was demonstrated only with EtOAcF for P-1. IFA demonstrated that the greatest reduction in fluorescent cell number occurred with G. ulmifolia, under the therapeutic protocol for both virus strains. However, AqF and EtOAcF of S. adstringens were most efficient with the virucidal protocol for P-1 In conclusion, we demonstrated that G. ulmifolia and S. adstringens inhibited BHV-1 and P-1 replication, as well as, blocked the synthesis of viral antigens in infected cell cultures.

Cytotoxicity of chlorhexidine digluconate to murine macrophages and its effect on hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide induction

Chlorhexidine, even at low concentrations, is toxic for a variety of eukaryotic cells; however, its effects on host immune cells are not well known. We evaluated in vitro chlorhexidine-induced cytotoxicity and its effects on reactive oxygen/nitrogen intermediate induction by murine peritoneal macrophages. Thioglycollate-induced cells were obtained from Swiss mice by peritoneal lavage with 5 ml of 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline, washed twice and resuspended (10(6) cells/ml) in appropriate medium for each test. Cell preparations contained more than 95% macrophages. The cytotoxicity was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) by the horseradish peroxidase-dependent oxidation of phenol red and Griess reaction, respectively. The midpoint cytotoxicity values for 1- and 24-h exposures were 61.12 ± 2.46 and 21.22 ± 2.44 µg/ml, respectively. Chlorhexidine did not induce synthesis or liberation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen intermediates. When macrophages were treated with various sub-toxic doses for 1 h (1, 5, 10, and 20 µg/ml) and 24 h (0.5, 1, and 5 µg/ml) and stimulated with 200 nM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) solution, the H2O2 production was not altered; however, the NO production induced by 10 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution varied from 14.47 ± 1.46 to 22.35 ± 1.94 µmol/l and 13.50 ± 1.42 to 20.44 ± 1.40 µmol/l (N = 5). The results showed that chlorhexidine has no immunostimulating activity and sub-toxic concentrations did not affect the response of macrophages to the soluble stimulus PMA but can interfere with the receptor-dependent stimulus LPS.

Effect of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germination on the major globulin content and in vitro digestibility

A germinação das sementes de grão-de-bico foi acompanhada por um período de 6 dias, no qual pequenas variações nos teores de nitrogênio e globulina total foram registradas. A globulina majoritária (tipo 11 S) apresentou maiores variações após o quarto dia de germinação. A natureza e distribuição da fração globulina majoritária isolada na cromatografia em Sepharose CL-6B mostrou pequenas modificações ao final do período de germinação. A eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecilssulfato de sódio do pico eluído na cromatografia em Sepharose CL-6B demonstra modificações nas bandas de proteínas entre os pesos moleculares de 20 e 30 kDa e acima de 60 kDa, indicando degradação protéica durante o período. Atividade proteolítica foi detectada na fração albumina da semente que aumentou até o quarto dia, seguido de queda até o sexto dia de germinação, quando da utilização de globulina total isolada da semente e caseína como substratos. Farinha de grão-de-bico, frações albumina e globulina total isoladas não apresentaram aumento na digestibilidade in vitro; entretanto, a fração globulina majoritária isolada foi mais suscetível à hidrólise após germinação.

Effect of the Oxygen on the Mechanical Properties of Ti-Mo Systems Alloys

Titanium alloys normally contain oxygen, nitrogen, or carbon as impurities, and although this concentration is low, these impurities cause changes in the mechanical properties of Ti alloys. Oxygen is a strong alpha-phase stabilizer and its addition causes solid-solution strengthening, shape memory effect, and superelasticity. The most promising alloys are those with Nb, Zr, Ta, and Mo as alloying elements. In this paper, the preparation, processing, and characterization of Ti-Mo alloys (5 and 10 wt%) used as biomaterials are presented, along with the influence of oxygen on their mechanical properties. The addition of oxygen causes an increase in the elasticity modulus of the Ti-5Mo alloy due to an increase in the alpha' phase volume fraction, which possesses a higher modulus than the alpha '' phase. Ti-10Mo possesses a mixture between alpha '' and beta phases, oxygen enters these two structures and causes a dominating effect.

Nitrogen diffusion in the Nb-1.0wt%Zr measured by mechanical spectroscopy

The scientific and technological development in the area of new materials contributed to several applications of niobium and its alloys in nuclear power plants as well as in aerospace, aeronautics, automobile and naval industries. This paper presents the interstitial diffusion coefficients of nitrogen in solid solution in the Nb-1.0wt%Zr alloy using internal friction measurements obtained by mechanical spectroscopy, which uses a torsion pendulum operating at an oscillation frequency between 1.0 Hz and 10.0 Hz. The temperature range varies from 300K to 700K, at a heating rate of 1 K/min and vacuum better than 2 x 10(-6) Torr. The results showed an increase of the interstitial diffusion coefficient of nitrogen that was correlated with configurational considerations for the octahedral interstitials.