El voto programático en Colombia. Garantías para su efectividad

La idea central de este texto es que la ineficacia del voto programático (un tipo de voto que vincula a algunos gobernantes en Colombia al cumplimiento de su programa de gobierno) debe ser duramente criticada desde una comprensión participativa y deliberativa de democracia y desde el punto de vista de la obligatoriedad del Derecho, y por lo tanto resuelta a partir del desarrollo de las garantías del voto programático ya previstas en la Constitución y en la ley, así como a partir de la creación de nuevas garantías. En la primera parte del texto, correspondiente al marco teórico de la investigación, se desarrolla el tema de los posibles vínculos entre quienes están sujetos al poder político y quienes lo ostentan en una democracia (básicamente, mandato representativo y mandato imperativo). En la segunda parte, luego de la descripción normativa del voto programático, se ofrece una revisión detallada de la revocatoria del mandato en Colombia, teniendo en cuenta los últimos avances legislativos e información sobre su puesta en práctica. Así mismo, el trabajo incorpora un estudio de la correspondencia que debe existir entre los planes de desarrollo de departamentos y municipios y los programas de gobierno impuestos por la vía del voto programático a los elegidos gobernadores y alcaldes, así como un análisis del tema del control sobre la Administración a partir de la idea de accountability. Finalmente, se ha incluido un capítulo que plantea la posibilidad de considerar el cumplimiento de las promesas políticas como un derecho subjetivo.

Estrategia Internacional para los Tratados de Libre Comercio en la Empresa Software House Ltda

Establecer un marco estandarizado de referencia que permita a la empresa Software House Ltda. Conocer los aspectos fundamentales para una caracterización de la empresa, teniendo en cuenta el análisis del sector, el análisis interno de la empresa, análisis de posibles países a exportar, el mejoramiento del servicio a exportar, el análisis de precios y el planteamiento del plan de mercado. Igualmente este proyecto soporta su desarrollo en la situación actual de la empresa para proponer planes de acción y de mejoramiento que le permitan el fortalecimiento interno de la misma focalizados a la preparación para la internacionalización de sus servicios.

Perfil Logístico de Colombia - Plan de Mejoramiento para Agroindustria la María

Colombia es un país cuyo perfil logístico, en comparación a los demás países alrededor del mundo, se encuentra rezagado y con muchas oportunidades de mejora como en la inversión en infraestructura, educación, mitigación de la corrupción y planes para el desarrollo de distintos sectores de la economía como el agroindustrial. El sector agroindustrial colombiano se ha caracterizado por tener muy poca participación en las exportaciones totales del país, y esto es debido a que el sector no se ha tecnificado lo suficiente, como para poder elaborar productos con valor agregado. Es por esta razón que se decide realizar el caso de estudio con una empresa pequeña agroindustrial de Cundinamarca, la cual tiene como enfoque la producción de verduras y hortalizas deshidratadas. Este trabajo de investigación da como resultado, a través del estudio y análisis del sector agrícola nacional en general, del departamento de Cundinamarca y de la operación interna de Agroindustria La María, distintos planes de mejoras los cuales se proponen implementar en la empresa para optimizar el proceso productivo e impulsar el desarrollo hacia un mejoramiento continuo.

Caracterización de la gestión del mantenimiento de equipo biomédico en servicios de urgencia de clínicas y hospitales de Medellín en el período 2008-2009

La gestión de mantenimiento es una herramienta de gran impacto que apoya al personal de Ingeniería en el desarrollo, control y dirección de programas de mantenimiento para el equipo médico. Objetivo: caracterizar la gestión de mantenimiento en servicios de urgencia de clínicas y hospitales del área metropolitana de Medellín en el período 2008-2009. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una encuesta a jefes y técnicos de mantenimiento en once entidades prestadoras de servicios de salud, clasificadas en tercer nivel y pertenecientes a la red de salud del municipio de Medellín. Resultados: entre las instituciones encuestadas se encontró que la causa de falla más común en los equipos del servicio de urgencia es el mal manejo de los equipos (75%) por partede los operarios y que 70% del mantenimiento es realizado por personal con experiencia en el área (tecnólogos en mantenimiento de equipo biomédico e ingenieros biomédicos). En las once instituciones públicas y privadas encuestadas se halló que solo se contaban con cronogramas de mantenimiento y/o con información desactualizada concerniente a las hojas de vida de los equipos, planes de mantenimiento o adquisición y baja de equipos. Conclusión: el estudio muestra la existencia de debilidades en ciertos puntos de la gestión, incluyendo mala organización, poca disponibilidad de repuestos originales y falta de capacitación en el personal que maneja los equipos.

Postgraduate Education for Physical Therapists at Cardiopulmonary Area in Colombia

This paper presents the supply of postdegree programs in the cardiopulmonary area in Colombia in orden to show its state and sufficiency. Plans of formation, objectives, curricular approach, methodology and profile of performance are analyzed in terms of costs, duration, supply, location and research capabilities. Our results show problems in regard to supply as well as unanimous criteria and strategic alliances. There are no Gremial associations that favor both discussion and analysis about epidemiologist aspects of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Colombia there is necessity of professionals in this area with experience. Knowledge and appropiated skills in management, administration, laws, agreements and public policies that cover the affected population. Also, it is exposed that the Universities whit this programs require support and pursuit for professionals positioning both in national and international context.Methodology A descriptive study was carried out with a data collection made in a period between April-December of 2006. Cards were done and they allowed to review different aspects such as costs, occupational profile, duration, modality, methodology, practical component and evaluation in the offering universities of programs of postdegree in the cardiopulmonary area for physiotherapists. Later an analysis was made on curriculum, profiles, objectives, contents, professional competitions the areas of research.

Resources for an Intersectorial Management of Public Policies: Mobility and Access

The objective of this paper is to integrate mobility as across component of the management of specific public actions. The case of study concerns the public health services in Argentina, and mother’s mobility conditions in the suburban of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area. In terms of methodology, the paper working on the concept of access trying to identify, measure and evaluate the relationship between mobility conditions and maternal health care. Access is weighted according to the realization of health services, and not according to the arrival at the places where they are offers. The result is innovative empirical evidence, useful as an indicator to make more relevant the role of mobility within the public agenda of transport and others specific sectors, asa basic social right behind the access that requires coordinated actions and cross-sectoral approaches.

The avatars of housing in Latin American urban and regional research (1990-2012)

The review of the terms used as keywords in three journals (published in Mexico and Chile) and the Brazilian meetings of regional and urban research are used to analyze the trends in housing research. Their dynamics are interpreted in the light of the general changes identified for urban and regional  research, synthesized by other authors as the emergence of new research topics and agents of urban change (civil society, participation, environment, gender) and the process of globalization (in its facets  of productive restructuration, job flexibility, social exclusion) as a general framework of analysis. It is found that the central themes of research in housing relate primarily to government action in  housing. New concerns, such as citizen participation, the environment or gender are linked to these actions as normative elements to the evaluation of programs or policies, but not as autonomous fields of study of the housing.In addition to this central concern, a significant growth of academic  production and  ome indication of the internationalization of research are mentioned

Key Stage Three History. The study guide.

Este texto guiado esta dividido en cuatro secciones y comprende la historia del mundo desde la Edad Media hasta la actualidad. Al final de cada una de las secciones hay un repaso resumido y se formulan preguntas para ayudar a los alumnos de secundaria de la etapa 3 (Key stage 3) del curriculo nacional inglés a preparar en casa el nuevo Programa de Estudio (Programme of Study).

Museum of the City of São Paulo: A new paradigm of City Museums in the Era of Megalopolises

The City is a tomography of the present, indicating to the future, strata of past times. Nowadays city growth averages one million people every week; while back in 1950 there were eighty six cities with more than one million inhabitants, today they are four hundred all over the world. However the most significant effect of the urban process is, doubtless, the explosion of megacities. It took one century for the urban population – around three point four billion inhabitants – to surpass the number of people in the country, but United Nations projections indicate that by 2025, urban population will reach 61% of the total. Creating a new city museum in São Paulo requires that, in a first analysis, one should consider as geographic area of study some fifteen hundred square kilometres corresponding to the patrimonial intervention area. That is the area of the Municipality, politically divided into ninety six districts where eleven million people live, while approximately twenty million people live in the metropolitan area

An experimental base to cognitive learning: its application in the education of young hearing-impaired children

This paper reviews a program of study for language development using a cognitive approach.

A word study unit on Latin and Greek prefixes, roots and derivations

This paper contains an outline of study for hearing impaired children to learn language through the study of Latin and Greek roots, derivatives and prefixes.

Word study: synonyms and antonyms

This paper contains an outline of study in langauge development of synonyms and antonyms for hearing impaired children

Bachman’s Sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis) response to variation in the extent of burns conducted during the nesting season

Bachman’s Sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis), an endemic North American passerine, requires frequent (≤ 3 yr) prescribed fires to maintain preferred habitat conditions. Prescribed fires that coincide with the sparrow’s nesting season are increasingly used to manage sparrow habitat, but concerns exist regarding the effects that nesting-season fires may pose to this understory-dwelling species. Previous studies suggested that threats posed by fires might be lessened by reducing the extent of prescribed fires, thereby providing unburned areas close to the areas where fires eliminate ground-cover vegetation. To assess this hypothesis, we monitored color-marked male Bachman’s Sparrows on 2 sites where the extent of nesting-season fires differed 5-fold (> 70 ha vs. < 15 ha). Monthly survival for males did not differ between the large- and small-extent treatments, and survival rates exceeded 90% for all months except one during the second year of our study when fires were applied later in the season. Male densities also did not differ between treatments, but treatment-by-year interactions pointed to effects relating to the specific time that fires were applied. The distances separating observations of marked males before and after burns were smaller on small-extent treatments in the first year of study but larger on the small-extent treatments in the second year of study. Burn extents also had no consistent effect on postburn reproductive status. The largest extent we examined could have been too small to affect sparrow populations, but responses may also reflect sustainable metapopulation dynamics in a setting where a large sparrow population is maintained at a regional scale (> 100,000 ha) using frequent prescribed fire (≤ 2-yr return intervals). Additional research is needed regarding the effects that nesting-season fires may have on small, isolated populations as well as sites where much larger burn extents (> 100 ha) or longer burn intervals (> 2 yr) are used.

Roles in construction projects: analysis and terminology

Standard form contracts are typically developed through a negotiated consensus, unless they are proffered by one specific interest group. Previously published plans of work and other descriptions of the processes in construction projects tend to focus on operational issues, or they tend to be prepared from the point of view of one or other of the dominant interest groups. Legal practice in the UK permits those who draft contracts to define their terms as they choose. There are no definitive rulings from the courts that give an indication as to the detailed responsibilities of project participants. The science of terminology offers useful guidance for discovering and describing terms and their meanings in their practical context, but has never been used for defining terms for responsibilities of participants in the construction project management process. Organizational analysis enables the management task to be deconstructed into its elemental parts in order that effective organizational structures can be developed. Organizational mapping offers a useful technique for reducing text-based descriptions of project management roles and responsibilities to a comparable basis. Research was carried out by means of a desk study, detailed analysis of nine plans of work and focus groups representing all aspects of the construction industry. No published plan of work offers definitive guidance. There is an enormous amount of variety in the way that terms are used for identifying responsibilities of project participants. A catalogue of concepts and terms (a “Terminology”) has been compiled and indexed to enable those who draft contracts to choose the most appropriate titles for project participants. The purpose of this terminology is to enable the selection and justification of appropriate terms in order to help define roles. The terminology brings an unprecedented clarity to the description of roles and responsibilities in construction projects and, as such, will be helpful for anyone seeking to assemble a team and specify roles for project participants.

Revisiting youden’s index as a useful measure of the misclassification error in meta-analysis of diagnostic studies

The paper considers meta-analysis of diagnostic studies that use a continuous score for classification of study participants into healthy or diseased groups. Classification is often done on the basis of a threshold or cut-off value, which might vary between studies. Consequently, conventional meta-analysis methodology focusing solely on separate analysis of sensitivity and specificity might be confounded by a potentially unknown variation of the cut-off value. To cope with this phenomena it is suggested to use, instead, an overall estimate of the misclassification error previously suggested and used as Youden’s index and; furthermore, it is argued that this index is less prone to between-study variation of cut-off values. A simple Mantel–Haenszel estimator as a summary measure of the overall misclassification error is suggested, which adjusts for a potential study effect. The measure of the misclassification error based on Youden’s index is advantageous in that it easily allows an extension to a likelihood approach, which is then able to cope with unobserved heterogeneity via a nonparametric mixture model. All methods are illustrated at hand of an example on a diagnostic meta-analysis on duplex doppler ultrasound, with angiography as the standard for stroke prevention.