Avaliação da carga parasitária de helmintos e protozoários em bezerros manejados em sistema orgânico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of helminths eggs and protozoan oocysts elimination in calves' feces kept in organic system production. The study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2009. Coproparasitological examinations were carried biweekly of 18 calves in pastures rotating system on Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Agrobiology. The egg counting average data had been submitted to the Kruskal Willis test and the larvae counting percentile values to the qui-square test. The average counting of eggs per gram of faces (EGF) varied of 250 the 800, characterizing low and moderate infection. Animals with inferior age the six months had presented superior results of EGF (P <.05) to the ones of between six and twelve months age. The biggest degrees of infection had been observed in the late spring and summer. In the fecal examinations was identified the following helminths: Haemonchus (73%), Trichostrongylus (24%) and Oesophagostomum (3%). The practical handling adopted in organic system production had been capable to keep the animals in moderate levels of infection, being indicated that it had helmintoses control in rotating system of pastures.

Efeito dos reguladores de crescimento vegetal nas características agronômicas do algodoeiro e no controle de insetos

The experiment was carried out in 1993/94, in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, to verify the efficiency of plant growth regulators on agronomic characteristics of cotton and as pest control technique. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replications and seven treatments: 1) control; 2) ethephon + cyclanilide (720 + 90 g/ha a.i.); 3) ethephon + cyclanilide (960 + 120 g/ha a.i.); 4) ethephon + cyclanilide (1200 + 150 g/ha a.i.); 5) ethephon (960 g/ha a.i.); 6) ethephon (1200 g/ha a.i.) and 7) cyclanilide 150 g/ha a.i.). Results suggest that plant growth regulators can reduce harvest time in 15 days, contributing significantly to decreased late-season squares and immature bolls that serve as feeding and oviposition sites to boll weevils and pink bollworm.

Matéria seca, cálcio e fósforo em rações para ovinos, contendo farelo de algodão, levedura e uréia

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desempenho produtivo de alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) arraçoados com farinha de soja

This experiment was carried out in the Research Laboratory on Nutrition of Aquatic Organisms, Aquaculture Center UNESP, FMVZ - Botucatu, SP, Brazil. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of raw full-fat soybean meal on feeding in fingerlings of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The suitable level of consumption of raw full-fat soybean meal (RSM) was determined by means of productive performance. The experimental design was a Multivariate Profile Analyses, with four treatments (four replicates each one). Each isoproteic (26% CP) and isoenergetic (3000 Kcal ME/ kg) diet received raw full-fat soybean meal at 6.0%, 12.0% and 18.0%. A treatment without soybean meal was used as control. Forty eight fingerlings with similar size (mean Wt ± SD: 6.47 ± 0.64 g; and mean Lt ± SD: 54.94 ± 7.79 mm) at the beginning of the experiments were used. No significant difference (p>0.05%) in weight gain among the four treatments was found. However, the treatments with 12.0 and 18.0% RSM showed a reduction in the coefficient of digestibility in these treatments. This shows a deleterious effect of the raw full-fat soybean meal at these considered levels (12.0% and 18.0% RSM).

Incorporação de mucuna-preta e de restos culturais de milho antes da cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vugaris L.) de inverno

The experiments were conducted during two years (1990/91 and 1992/93), to study the effects of the incorporation of bengal velvetbean and of residues on the development and yield of the winter bean crops. The trial was developed in experimental field at the Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, UNESP, located in Selvíria, MS, Brazil, in dark red latosol covered by savanna vegetation. It was concluded that: the incorporation of residues of corn or corn + bengal velvetbean or only bengal velvetbean had no effects on soil chemical characteristics, evaluated 80 days after the residues incorporation; in yield and bean crop development, no statistical differences were observed among treatments.

Efeito de aldicarb em populações de pulgão em artrópodes benéficos e na fisiologia do algodoeiro

In order to study the efficiency of aldicarb against aphids, beneficial arthropods, and on cotton physiology, a trial was made at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, in 1992/93. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with seven replications and three treatments: 1) aldicarb 750 g of a.i./ha; 2) aldicarb 1050 g of a.i./ha; and 3) control. The results showed that aldicarb was effective in the control of aphids. Aldicarb applied in the furrow significantly increased boll number per plant, yield, and precociousness. The beneficial arthropods were not affected.

Electrical conductivity of soybean soaked seeds. I. Effect of genotype

During the period from October/92 to September/94 experiments were carried out at the Seed Laboratory, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, using soybean seeds of different genotypes in order to evaluate the effect of genotype on the electrical conductivity (bulk conductivity) of soaked seeds. Seed moisture content (105 ± 3°C, 24 h), standard germination (four 50-seed samples, paper towel, 30°C), and vigor-accelerated aging (42°C, 48 h) were first determined. Undamaged soybean seeds were soaked in deionized water (four 50-seed samples, 75 ml, 25°C, 24 h) and electrical conductivity (μmhos.cm+1.g+1) was measured. Significant differences in conductivity were observed among genotypes having the same pattern of germination and vigor. The results have showed that electrical conductivity can be significantly influenced by genotype.

Efeito de diferentes espaçamentos e densidades de semeadura sobre o desenvolvimento do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estudos hídricos com substratos vegetais para cultivo de orquídeas epífitas

Different growing media were compared as to water adsorption and water loss, at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, through a three-year period. The objective was to recommend substrates other than tree fern fiber for cultivation of epiphytic orchids. Two treatments of each substrate were used in each sampling: materials stored in laboratory (without use) and materials exposed to conditions of orchid cultivation under laths (used). Generally, the substrates without use adsorbed less water than used substrates. When materials without use were compared, the tree fern fiber retained initially the greatest quantity of water and the blocks of pressed coconut bark, the smallest. However, these blocks gained a great capacity of water adsorption after being used. Charcoal added to the growing media did not cause significant alterations in the studied characteristics. In terms of water relations, the best growing media to substitute the tree fern fiber were composed by blocks of pressed coconut bark or by mixtures of this material with charcoal or Eucalyptus grandis bark. Bark of E grandis alone or in mixture with charcoal did not give good results.

Balanço de radiação em cultivos de feijão-vagem com e sem cobertura de polietileno

The radiation budget in agricultural crops is very important on the microclimate characterization, on the water losses determination and on dry matter accumulation of vegetation. This work describes the radiation budget determination in a green beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in Botucatu, SP, Brazil (22° 54′S; 48° 27′W; 850 m), under two different conditions: the normal field culture and in a polyethylene greenhouse. The densities of fluxes of radiation were used to construct diurnal curves of the components of global radiation (Rg), reflected radiation (Rr), net radiation (Rn).The arithmetic's relations allowed to obtain the components net short-waves (Rc) and net long-waves (Rl). The analysis of these components related to the leaf area index (LAI) in many phenological phases of the culture showed Rg distributed in 68%, 85%, 17% and 66%, 76%, 10% to Rn, Rc and Rl in the internal and external ambients in a polyethylene greenhouse, respectively.

Efeito de parâmetros analíticos sobre a precisão de métodos de extração de zinco do solo

Fifteen soil samples and four extradants (DTPA, Na 2EDTA, HCl and Mehlich 1) were used to study soil extraction methods for available zinc. Each extradant was studied in three soil:solution ratios (1:2, 1:4 and 1:10) and in three extraction periods in the ratio most frequently used. The zinc extracted by DTPA, Na 2EDTA and HCl was not affected by use of soil:solution ratios 1:2 and 1:4, but the amount extracted increased with the 1:10 ratio. In this relation, the variation coefficients increased. With Mehlich, no definite tendency was observed. The increase of extraction period for DTPA extractant, in 1:2 ratio, had little effect on the amount of zinc extracted and on the precision. As to Na 2EDTA extractant in 1:10 ratio, with the increase of extraction time, both increased. As to HCl and Mehlich, both in 1:4 ratio, the increase in extraction period had no effect on the amount of zinc extracted and no definite effect on the precision. Thus, the use of 1:2 ratio for DTPA and Na 2EDTA and 1:4 ratio for acid extractants is recommended. Concerning the period of extraction, 120 min should be used with DTPA and Na 2EDTA, 15 min with HCl and 5 min with Mehlich.

Sazonalidade, tarifa mais conveniente e fator de carga em indústria de processamento de cana

This paper represents the results of the work carried out in order to study the condition of seasonal consumer, the load factor and the more convenient tariff for a sugar mill located in the Vale do Paranapanema, SP, Brazil. Therefore, data of consume and registered demand were collected during the quadriennium 1990 to 1994. The studies showed that the factory did not maintain the condition of seasonal consumer of electric energy during the analysed period. Low values of the load factor observed in the period showed a non rational use of electric energy supplied by the concessionary. The results showed that only in one situation (load retired in top equal to 90%) the most convenient tariff is the horo-sazonal azul. In the other situations the most convenient tariff is the conventional one.

Substituição do farelo de soja pelo de guandu na alimentação de frangos de corte

The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritive value of pigeon pea meal (PPM) with methionine substituting soybean meal (SM) in diets for 1-28 day-old broiler chicks. The experimental design was that of random blocks, in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme with three substitution levels - 15,30 and 45% - and three methionine supplementation levels in relation to the requirements, that is: 100, 66 and 33%, with four repetitions. It was found that PPM treated for 20 minutes at 100°C substituted up to 30% of the SM, even without methionine supplementation, in relation to liveweight (p<0.01), to food conversion and to the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and to protein (p<0.05). At the 66% level of methionine supplementation, the same results as for these parameters were obtained at all of the levels of substitution of SM by PPM. The 30% or 45% substitution of SM protein by that of PPM affected (p<0.01) the efficiency of methionine utilization. The sulphur amino acid utilization efficiency was affected (p<0.01) beginning at 66% methionine supplementation in the diets.

Efeitos do potencial alelopático de três leguminosas forrageiras sobre três invasoras de pastagens

Bioassays were carried out to identify and characterize the allelopathic potential effects of forage legumes leucena (Leucaena leucocephala), mineirão (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão) and calopogônio (Calopogonium mucunoides) on germination and radicle elongation of the pasture weeds desmódio (Desmodium adscendens), guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia) and assa-peixe (Vernonia polyanthes). Aqueous seeds and shoot extracts were prepared in a concentration of 10% (w/v). The pH and osmotic potential were measured in each extract. The effects of the osmotic potential on the results were calculated considering the regression equations adjusted to the variations of osmotic potential in each parameter and the osmotic potential of the extracts. The results showed that the pH did not constitute in a source of variation of the results. The donor species indicated allelopathic potential that varied in function of donor and receiver species and part of the donor plant. The aqueous shoot extract of mineirão and calopogônio showed inhibition potential higher than the extract from seeds, while for leucena the effects more evident were obtained with the extract from seeds. Comparatively, the radicle elongation was a more sensitive indicator than germination to the effects of the extracts.The receiver species assa-peixe was the less sensitive to the effects of the extract.

Presença de microrganismos na silagem de grãos úmidos de milho ensilado com diferentes proporções de sabugo

This experiment was carried out in the Microbiology Laboratory of UNESP-Jaboticabal, to evaluate the different species of microorganisms in high-moisture corn grain silage. The treatments were five percentages of corn cob in the silage (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% DM) and four sampling periods after the opening of the silos (0, 2, 4 and 6 days), using a factorial arrangement in randomized block design with three replications. The growth of Lactobacillus was higher (P<0.01) in the silage prepared only with grains in relation to the other treatments. The presence of Clostridium differed (P<0.01) among the treatments, with values ranging from 1.30 and 3.32 log CFU/g of silage. It was concluded that the population of Lactobacillus was satisfactory to obtain a good fermentation of the silages, and the presence of corn cob facilitated the development of Clostridium and also of yeast and Enterobacteriaceae after the silos were opened.