Experimentos did��ticos em fen��menos de transporte e opera����es unit��rias para a Engenharia Ambiental

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��tomo de Oxigênio (O)

Ilustra����o componente do jogo ���Quimol��cula (http://www.loa.sead.ufscar.br/quimolecula.html)��� desenvolvido pela equipe do Laborat��rio de Objetos de Aprendizagem da Universidade Federal de S��o Carlos (LOA/UFSCar).

Estudo da concentra����o e do transporte de sedimentos em suspens��o em cursos de ��gua de montanha

O principal objectivo deste estudo foi o de verificar a aplicabilidade, ��s ribeiras da Ilha da Madeira, de t��cnicas indirectas de estima����o do caudal e da concentra����o de sedimentos em suspens��o e do seu emprego no c��lculo do transporte s��lido em suspens��o nessas pequenas bacias de montanha. Particular ��nfase �� dada ao uso de tra��adores qu��micos na determina����o indirecta do caudal em cursos de ��gua turbulentos com acentuados declives e �� estima����o da concentra����o de sedimentos em suspens��o a partir de dados de turbidez da ��gua, sendo tais t��cnicas aqui detalhadamente descritas. A campanha de medi����es da condutividade el��ctrica e da turbidez da ��gua realizada na Ribeira Seca do Faial, complementada pelos trabalhos realizados na Ribeira do Lajeado e na Ribeira de Santa Luzia, devido ��s suas grandes limita����es em termos temporais e espaciais, n��o permitiu chegar a conclus��es mais representativas sobre o transporte de sedimentos em suspens��o na bacia hidrogr��fica em estudo. Ainda assim, os trabalhos de campo e em laborat��rio realizados possibilitaram confirmar a aplicabilidade das t��cnicas indirectas adoptadas na estima����o de caudais e no estudo da concentra����o e do transporte de sedimentos em suspens��o nesses cursos de ��gua de montanha.

Caracteriza����o hidr��ulica, hidrol��gica e de transporte s��lido do evento de 20 de fevereiro de 2010 na Ribeira de Jo��o Gomes - Ilha da Madeira

O presente trabalho surge em resultado do evento de 20 de Fevereiro de 2010, com o objectivo de caracterizar a bacia hidrogr��fica da Ribeira de Jo��o Gomes, nas suas vertentes hidr��ulicas, hidrol��gicas e de transporte s��lido. Inicialmente este trabalho relata as condi����es clim��ticas, geol��gicas e hidrol��gicas da ilha da Madeira, inclusive nos recursos h��dricos e nas situa����es hidrol��gicas extremas. Em seguida �� apresentado uma breve cronologia dos eventos aluviais presentes na ilha da Madeira desde o in��cio do s��culo XVIII. Foram efectuados trabalhos de campo com o intuito de elaborar uma caracteriza����o morfol��gica, conhecer a geometria do corredor fluvial, proceder �� localiza����o das zonas inundadas, zonas com deposi����o de material s��lido e identificar as zonas com danos. Atrav��s da informa����o recolhida dos trabalhos de campo, foi poss��vel alcan��ar estimativas de valores de caudais l��quidos e velocidades de escoamento na zona canalizada a jusante da Ribeira de Jo��o Gomes. Posteriormente atrav��s do modelo digital do terreno foi elaborada a delimita����o da bacia hidrogr��fica e a determina����o da sua rede de drenagem, procedendo �� hierarquiza����o da rede de drenagem, determina����o dos declives da bacia e calcular as caracter��sticas geom��tricas e da rede de drenagem da bacia hidrogr��fica. S��o apresentadas algumas medidas estruturais utilizadas em bacia hidrogr��ficas de forma a proteger as zonas urbanas e minimizar os efeitos provocados por evento aluviais.

Caracteriza����o hidr��ulica, hidrol��gica e de transporte s��lido do evento de 20 de fevereiro de 2010 na Ribeira de S��o Jo��o ��� Ilha da Madeira

Ap��s o temporal que se abateu sobre a ilha da Madeira no dia 20 de Fevereiro de 2010 ficou a d��vida se a trag��dia podia ter sido evitada ou pelo menos minimizada. A intensa interven����o humana, principalmente na baixa da cidade do Funchal, alterou o normal curso das ribeiras. Esse facto levantou a quest��o se o homem estar�� a ser negligente ou irrespons��vel na maneira como constr��i nas suas proximidades. Posto isto, o Governo Regional da Madeira achou que algo mais poderia ser investigado em rela����o ao comportamento das ribeiras em situa����es extremas, tal como a sucedida. Com o intuito de responder a estas e outras quest��es, equipas da UMa (Universidade da Madeira), IST (Instituto Superior T��cnico) e LREC (Laborat��rio Regional de Engenharia Civil) iniciaram, em coopera����o, um estudo que foi denominado por Estudo de Avalia����o do Risco de Aluvi��es na Ilha da Madeira. Ao autor deste trabalho foi concedida a oportunidade de fazer parte deste importante estudo para a Ilha da Madeira e de poder realizar esta disserta����o no ��mbito do mesmo. Foram estudadas as tr��s mais importantes ribeiras do Funchal (Jo��o Gomes, Santa Luzia e S��o Jo��o) e as ribeiras da Ribeira Brava e Tabua. O presente trabalho, em particular, incidiu sobre a bacia hidrogr��fica e Ribeira de S��o Jo��o. Este trabalho inicia-se por uma base te��rica, onde �� feita uma caracteriza����o biof��sica �� Ilha da Madeira e mais detalhadamente �� bacia hidrogr��fica da Ribeira de S��o Jo��o. Segue-se uma pequena refer��ncia a eventos semelhantes e anteriores ao de 20 de Fevereiro. A parte pr��tica do trabalho consiste no tratamento e interpreta����o dos dados levantados nas visitas de campo. Estimaram-se os valores sucedidos no dia do evento para caudais m��ximos e velocidades de escoamento em sec����es transversais da ribeira previamente seleccionadas. Estimou-se tamb��m o volume para o material s��lido que foi depositado no leito e nas ruas ou estradas que se situam dentro da ��rea da bacia hidrogr��fica da Ribeira de S��o Jo��o. Foi feita tamb��m uma caracteriza����o granulom��trica desse mesmo material s��lido. Por fim elaboraram-se listas e mapas com as infra-estruturas danificadas. Finalmente foram propostas algumas medidas preventivas que poder��o minimizar as consequ��ncias de futuras aluvi��es.

Mobilidade urbana sustent��vel em projetos estruturantes: analise urban��stica e ambiental do corredor de transporte da Avenida Bernardo Vieira Natal/RN

The search for a sustainable urban mobility, has recast the public policy of transport and movement for all, in order to contribute to the welfare economic, social and environmental. Within this context, has as its main objective review here in the city of Natal in the state of Rio Grande Norte, the deployment of the new road infrastructure of the transport corridor of Bernardo Vieira Avenue and checking at least with regard to urban areas and environmental chosen here, as will indicators to assess sustainable urban mobility, that the theory has been well constructed, but in practice little way to apply the proposed guidelines for sustainability. To achieve this result, is initially a literature review with the principal investigators of the matter, since the concepts of indicators of sustainable urban mobility. And a second time, participating in to the case study, using the methodology of environmental awareness, through analysis photographs, notes and testimony in the study area ace to reach conclusions

Caminhos que estruturam cidades: redes t��cnicas de transporte sobre trilhos e a conforma����o intra-urbana de Natal

The railroad, from 1870 and on, becomes an usual complaining in the press s and politician elite s speeches, especially because of Natal s geographic isolation. The implantation of two railroads in the capital territory Estrada de Ferro de Natal a Nova Cruz, afterwards part of Great Western Railway Company network, and Estrada de Ferro Central do Rio Grande do Norte had serious implications in the urban environment. While railroad s structures were already consolidated, other transportation mechanisms were being implanted in the first decades of the 20th century, such as trams lines, which, by the way, was a transport modal that also used rails as a dislocation meaning. Considering these questions, we may ask: how come railroads and tramways demands, roads and buildings had influenced the internal organization of Natal? We work with the general hypothesis that the influence of technical networks, composed by tramways and railroads, over Natal s urban space happened in a diversified way, sometimes consolidating social aspects in certain areas, sometimes improving the occupation of others. The impact over the city s territory also happens in a diversified way between the buildings/railroad s complexes and the pathways. The different scale of the train in comparison to the trams velocity, size, noise level, flow, among others is also a cause to the different consequences in urban environment. The main objective of this work is to understand the role of circulation technical networks in the construction process of urban space in Natal, as a way to contribute to the urban historiography about the subject. The time frame adopted, between 1881 and 1937, marks the time path of railroads and tramways in Rio Grande do Norte: 1881 is the year of railroad s first section inauguration from Natal to S��o Jos�� do Mipibu as well of the railroad complex in the Republic Square in Natal; the year of 1937 marks the beginning of tramways declination process in the city. At this time railroads and tramways had to face more intensively the competition of motor vehicles. The theory reference adopted is based on concepts and analysis of authors, such as Fl��vio Villa��a and Roberto Lobato Corr��a references to the concepts of urban structure , localization and accessibility and Gabriel Dupuy to explain the concept of urban technical networks . These references reveal the conflict of different realities in the urban universe interests and values which is an important factor about the construction of urban space. The information sources used were from two distinctive natures: primary, journals of the time studied and official government reports, and secondary, based on other works about the subject. It was also used by this study iconographic source, especially images from the data base of the research group Hist��ria da Cidade, do Territ��rio e do Urbanismo .

Dos caminhos de ��gua aos caminhos de ferro: a constru����o da hegemonia de Natal atrav��s das vias de transporte (1820-1920)

At a time of changes on the territory during the 19th century, the political and socioeconomic elites of the province and later State of Rio Grande do Norte evolved a discourse in order to justify the permanence of Natal as a city holding a status of capital. In this work we analyze the means employed by the ruling classes to impose their wish to raise Natal to an outstanding position among the existing cities by intervening on the territory during a period of one hundred years (1820-1920). During that time, which was characterized by changing commercial flows and technological development, the elites interventions were essentially directed to the implementation of modes of transportation, especially the railway. We try to understand the reinforcement of Natal as a capital city not only in political and administrative terms, but mainly in a commercial and symbolic manner, through the discourse and interventions undertaken by the local administrative elites, who stimulated the creation of a set of relations on the territory that also imprinted visible marks in the capital s urban fabric. These interventions were based upon the establishment of an infrastructure for exporting the State s production, firstly through and despite the Potengi River, and later on by the construction of railways. Although the project of Natal s hegemony had been outlined before the establishment of the railway network, in both cases the ultimate objective was to reinforce and develop the capital city as a commercial urban center to the detriment of other cities

An��lise da estrutura e transporte do zoopl��ncton no estu��rio do Rio Caravelas (Bahia-Brasil) atrav��s do uso do zooscan

Spatial-temporal dynamics of zooplankton in the Caravelas river estuary (Bahia, Brazil). The survey was conducted in order to describe the zooplankton community of the estuary Caravelas (Bahia, Brazil), to quantify and relate the patterns of horizontal and vertical transport with the type of tide (neap and spring) and tidal phase (flood and ebb). Zooplankton samples were collected with the aid of a suction pump (300L), filtered in plankton nets (300μm) and fixed in saline formalin 4%. Samples were collected at a fixed point (A1), near the mouth of the estuary, with samples taken at neap tides and spring tides during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples were collected for 13 hours, at intervals of 1 hour in 3 depths: surface, middle and bottom. Simultaneous collection of biological, we measured the current velocity, temperature and salinity of the water through CTD. In the laboratory, samples were selected for analysis in estereomicroscope, with 25 groups identified, with Copepoda getting the highest number of species. The 168 samples obtained from temporal samples were subsampled and processed on equipment ZooScan, with the aid of software ZooProcess at the end were generated 458.997 vingnettes. 8 taxa were identified automatically, with 16 classified as a semi-automatic. The group Copepoda, despite the limited taxonomic refinement ZooScan, obtained 2 genera and 1 species identified automatically. Among the seasons dry and wet groups Brachyura (zoea), Chaetognatha, and the Calanoid copepods (others), Temora spp., Oithona spp. and Euterpina acutifrons were those who had higher frequency of occurrence, appearing in more than 70% of the samples. Copepoda group showed the largest percentage of relative abundance in both seasons. There was no seasonal variation of total zooplankton, with an average density of 7826��4219 org.m-3 in the dry season, and 7959��3675 org.m-3 in the rainy season, neither between the types and phases of the tides, but seasonal differences were significant recorded for the main zooplankton groups. Vertical stratification was seen for the major zooplankton groups (Brachyura, Chaetognatha, Calanoida (other), Oithona spp, Temora spp. e Euterpina acutifrons). The scale of this stratification varied with the type (square or tide) and tidal phase (flood or ebb). The instantaneous transport was more influenced by current velocity, with higher values observed in spring tides to the total zooplankton, however, there was a variation of this pattern depending on the zooplankton group. According to the data import and export of total zooplankton, the outflow of organisms of the estuary was higher than the input. The results suggest that the estuary of Caravelas may influence the dynamics of organic matter to the adjacent coast, with possible consequences in National Marine Park of Abrolhos

Demanda qu��mica de oxigênio, clorofila a e comunidade fitoplanct��nica como indicadores da qualidade da ��gua no Canal do Patax��/RN

The current study examined spatial-temporal modifications and water quality through chemical and biotic indicators during both dry (January, February and November 2006) and wet seasons (March to June 2006). This study was carried out in Armando Ribeiro Gon��alves Reservoir, RN, Canal do Patax�� and after the water station treatment (WST). The physical-chemical parameters were measured in situ and inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll a and Free Oxygen Demand (FOD) were analyzed in laboratory conditions. Quali quantitative analyses of phytoplankton were carried out utilizing Sedgwick-Rafter camera. Results indicate that DQO concentrations were low. FOD concentrations in the reservoir were comparatively higher in the dry season (5.21 mgL-1; 5.64 mgL-1 e 6.05 mgL-1) in relation to the wet season (4.52 mgL-1; 4.12 mgL-1 e 4.92 mgL-1), in surface, intermediate and bottom waters, respectively. FOD values were inferior to 1.0mgL-1in both Canal do Patax�� and after WST, which is considered adequate for public use reservoirs. Although FOD concentrations were low, Armando Ribeiro Gon��alves Reservoir, Canal do Patax�� and WST were classified as euthophizied, mesotrophic ad oligotrophic, respectively, considering the Index of Trophic State Criteria. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the study reservoir were higher in the surface (199.2 ��gL-1) during the wet season, whereas in Canal do Patax�� concentrations decreased from 1.56 ��gL-1 to 0.028 ��gL-1, and after WST values were low (0.059 ��gL-1). Dominance of cianobacterias, such as Planktotrhix agardhii (dry season) and Microcystis sp (wet season) was registered in all three areas. In the reservoir and Canal do Patax��, density of cianobacterias, such as P. agardhii and Microcistys sp., was superior to the values allowed by the Health ministry (HM). However, after WST, density values of cianobacteria were inferior to values established by the HM

Estudo da ades��o de pinos endod��nticos modificados superficialmente por plasma de oxigênio

The work presents the effect of plasma treatment when applied in fibers or carbon/glass posts in the adhesion fiber/resin and posts/cement. This has for objective the modification of the surface of the fibers, as well as the wettability of the posts, seeking the improvement of the adhesion and of the connection fiber/resin in the processing of polymeric composites reinforced with the same ones. 120 posts (Reforpost) were used and 30 meters of fibers of carbon and of glass (Fibrex), of the company Angelus. The samples were divided in three groups of 40 specimens: GROUP I - 20 posts of glass fiber and 20 of carbon without treatment to it shapes, GROUP II -20 posts of glass fiber and 20 of carbon treated to it shapes in the surface and GROUP III - 20 posts of glass fiber and 20 of carbon make with fibers in natura after plasma treatment. The plasma treatment was accomplished with oxygen and with temperature in the camera fixed at 200��C, for one hour of exhibition. The posts and the fibers were characterized before and after the treatment. The wettability was measure by pendent drop method, and interface fiber/resin and posts/cement were observed by optical and electronic microscopy. It was observed that both wettability and texture were increased with plasma treatment

Modelagem matem��tica para o transporte de part��culas sujeitas a m��ltiplos mecanismos de reten����o

Discrepancies between classical model predictions and experimental data for deep bed filtration have been reported by various authors. In order to understand these discrepancies, an analytic continuum model for deep bed filtration is proposed. In this model, a filter coefficient is attributed to each distinct retention mechanism (straining, diffusion, gravity interception, etc.). It was shown that these coefficients generally cannot be merged into an effective filter coefficient, as considered in the classical model. Furthermore, the derived analytic solutions for the proposed model were applied for fitting experimental data, and a very good agreement between experimental data and proposed model predictions were obtained. Comparison of the obtained results with empirical correlations allowed identifying the dominant retention mechanisms. In addition, it was shown that the larger the ratio of particle to pore sizes, the more intensive the straining mechanism and the larger the discrepancies between experimental data and classical model predictions. The classical model and proposed model were compared via statistical analysis. The obtained p values allow concluding that the proposed model should be preferred especially when straining plays an important role. In addition, deep bed filtration with finite retention capacity was studied. This work also involves the study of filtration of particles through porous media with a finite capacity of filtration. It was observed, in this case, that is necessary to consider changes in the boundary conditions through time evolution. It was obtained a solution for such a model using different functions of filtration coefficients. Besides that, it was shown how to build a solution for any filtration coefficient. It was seen that, even considering the same filtration coefficient, the classic model and the one here propposed, show different predictions for the concentration of particles retained in the porous media and for the suspended particles at the exit of the media

Hidroqu��mica do estu��rio do Rio Caravelas, Caravelas - BA

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior

Modelos matem��ticos para estimativa do consumo m��ximo de oxigênio pela ventilometria de esfor��o em indiv��duos saud��veis

The relation between metabolic demand and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise have been investigated in different areas of knowledge. In the health field, the determination of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is considered a method to classify the level of physical fitness or the risk of cardiocirculatory diseases. The accuracy to obtain data provides a better evaluation of functional responses and allows a reduction in the error margin at the moment of risk classification, as well as, at the moment of determination of aerobic exercise work load. In Brasil, the use of respirometry associated to ergometric test became an opition in the cardiorespiratory evaluation. This equipment allows predictions concerning the oxyredutase process, making it possible to identify physiological responses to physical effort as the respiratory threshold. This thesis focused in the development of mathematical models developed by multiple regression validated by the stepwise method, aiming to predict the VO2max based on respiratory responses to physical effort. The sample was composed of a ramdom sample of 181 healthy individuals, men and women, that were randomized to two groups: regression group and cross validation group (GV). The voluntiars were submitted to a incremental treadmill test; objetiving to determinate of the second respiratory threshold (LVII) and the Peak VO2max. Using the m��todo forward addition method 11 models of VO2max prediction in trendmill were developded. No significative differences were found between the VO2max meansured and the predicted by models when they were compared using ANOVA One-Way and the Post Hoc test of Turkey. We concluded that the developed mathematical models allow a prediction of the VO2max of healthy young individuals based on the LVII

Transporte de juvenis de curimbat�� Prochilodus lineatus em diferentes densidades

Transportation of curimbata Prochilodus lineatus juveniles in different densities. Tins study evaluated the effects of curimbata Prochilodus lineatus transportation in three densities (100, 150 and 250 g L-1) on survival, metabolic, ionic and hematological (red series) variables Curimbata juveniles were transported in plastic bag during six hours, and sampled before packing, immediately after die arrival, 24 and 96 hours after transportation During recovery, higher mortality was seen in fish transported in die highest density Water variables, such as conductivity and total ammonia, presented increased values as density increased (p < 005). whereas the opposite occurred with dissolved oxygen Glucose level observed in the arrival was high, significantly reducing after 96 hours Among ionic variables, chloride decreased in higher fish densities and according to sampling times Red series hematological variables, such as hematocrit, red blood cell and hemoglobin, Increased in arrival, but diminished 96 hours after transportation There were no significant differences in the interaction between density and time of sampling for mentioned variables 250 g L-1 density induced the highest mortality rate and the worst variables values measured 96 hours of recovery after the stressing event was enough to return to initial values for hematological variables, but was not sufficient to return to initial values for metabolic and ionic variables.