Regulation of bone marrow stem cells through oscillatory shear stresses - A heart valve tissue engineering perspective

Heart valve disease occurs in adults as well as in pediatric population due to age-related changes, rheumatic fever, infection or congenital condition. Current treatment options are limited to mechanical heart valve (MHV) or bio-prosthetic heart valve (BHV) replacements. Lifelong anti-coagulant medication in case of MHV and calcification, durability in case of BHV are major setbacks for both treatments. Lack of somatic growth of these implants require multiple surgical interventions in case of pediatric patients. Advent of stem cell research and regenerative therapy propose an alternative and potential tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV) treatment approach to treat this life threatening condition. TEHV has the potential to promote tissue growth by replacing and regenerating a functional native valve. Hemodynamics play a crucial role in heart valve tissue formation and sustained performance. The focus of this study was to understand the role of physiological shear stress and flexure effects on de novo HV tissue formation as well as resulting gene and protein expression. A bioreactor system was used to generate physiological shear stress and cyclic flexure. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell derived tissue constructs were exposed to native valve-like physiological condition. Responses of these tissue constructs to the valve-relevant stress states along with gene and protein expression were investigated after 22 days of tissue culture. We conclude that the combination of steady flow and cyclic flexure helps support engineered tissue formation by the co-existence of both OSS and appreciable shear stress magnitudes, and potentially augment valvular gene and protein expression when both parameters are in the physiological range. ^

Production of bovine embryos and calves cloned by nuclear transfer using mesenchymal stem cells from amniotic fluid and adipose tissue.

2016

Terapia celular com células mesenquimais por via intracoronária: contributos do estudo invasivo da microcirculação coronária

RESUMO: Introdução - A utilização de células e das suas propriedades para o tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares, é uma promessa para o futuro e talvez a única forma de ultrapassar algumas das insuficiências das terapêuticas atuais. A via de entrega das células mais utilizada na investigação tem sido a intracoronária, ganhando a microcirculação especial relevância, por ser onde ocorre a primeira interação com o tecido nativo. As células estaminais mesenquimais (CEM) têm propriedades que as tornam particularmente aptas para a Terapia Celular, mas as suas dimensões, superiores ao diâmetro dos capilares, tem motivado controvérsia quanto à sua entrega intracoronária. A cardiologia de intervenção tem atualmente técnicas que permitem a avaliação em tempo real e in vivo do estado da microcirculação coronária. A determinação do índice da resistência da microcirculação (IRM) fornece informação sobre a circulação dos pequenos vasos, de forma independente da circulação coronária e do estado hemodinâmico, mas a aplicabilidade clínica deste conhecimento encontra-se ainda por definir. Objectivos Esclarecer o potencial do IRM no estudo dos efeitos do transplante de CEM por via intracoronária. População e Métodos . Estudo pré-clínico com modelo animal (suíno) desenvolvido em 3 fases. Na Primeira Fase foram utilizados 8 animais saudáveis para estudar e validar a técnica de determinação de estudo da microcirculação. Efetuou-se a determinação do IRM com duas doses diferentes de papaverina para a indução da resposta hiperémica máxima (5 e 10 mg) e após a disfunção da microcirculação com injeção intracoronária de microesferas de embozene com 40 μm de diâmetro. Na Segunda Fase foram utilizados 18 animais saudáveis, randomizados em grupo controlo e grupo recetor de 30 x 106 CEM por via intracoronária. Foram avaliados de forma cega o IRM, a pressão aórtica, o fluxo coronário epicárdico e a ocorrência de alterações electrocardiográficas. Na Terceira Fase foram utilizados 18 animais, com enfarte agudo do miocárdio provocado (EAM), randomizados em grupo controlo, grupo recetor de CEM expandidas de forma convencional e grupo recetor de CEM expandidas com metodologia inovadora e de menores dimensões. Foi realizada uma exploração da dose/efeito com infusão faseada de 10 x 106, 15 x 106 e 20 x 106 CEM, com determinação do IRM, da pressão aórtica, do fluxo coronário epicárdico e da ocorrência de alterações eletrocardiográficas. Quatro semanas após a entrega das células foi novamente avaliado o IRM e foi efetuado o estudo anatomopatológico dos animais na procura de evidência de neoangiogénese e de regeneração miocárdica, ou de um efeito positivo da resposta reparadora após o enfarte. Resultados Nas 3 fases todos os animais mantiveram estabilidade hemodinâmica e eletrocardiográfica, com exceção da elevação de ST de V1-V3 verificada após a injeção das microesferas. Na Primeira Fase as duas doses de papaverina induziram uma resposta hiperémica eficaz, sem tradução com significado na determinação do IRM (variação da pressão distal de - 11,4 ± 5 e de - 10,6± 5 mmHg com as doses de 5 e 10 mg respetivamente (p=0,5). Com a injeção das microesferas o IRM teve uma elevação média de 310 ± 190 %, para um valor médio de 41,3 ± 16 U (p = 0,001). Na Segunda Fase não houve diferenças significativas dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos, do fluxo epicárdico e da avaliação eletrocardiográfica entre os dois grupos. O IRM de base foi semelhante e após a infusão intracoronária observou-se uma elevação expressiva do IRM nos animais que receberam células em comparação com o grupo controlo (8,8 U ± 1 vs. 14,2 U ± 1,8, P=0,02) e quanto ao seu valor de base (aumento de 112%, p=0,008). Na terceira Fase não houve novamente diferenças significativas dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos, do fluxo epicárdico e da avaliação eletrocardiográfica entre os três grupos. Houve uma elevação do IRM nos animais que receberam células a partir da 2ª dose (72% nas células convencionai e 108% nas células inovadoras) e que se manteve com a 3ª dose (100% nas células convencionais e 88% nas inovadoras) com significado estatístico em comparação com o grupo controlo (p=0,034 com a 2ªdose e p=0,024 com a 3ª dose). Quatro semanas após a entrega das CEM observou-se a descida do IRM nos dois grupos que receberam células, para valores sobreponíveis aos do grupo controlo e aos valores pós-EAM. Na avaliação anatomopatológica e histológica dos corações explantados não houve diferenças entre os três grupos. Conclusões O IRM permite distinguir alterações da microcirculação coronária motivadas pela entrega intracoronária de CEM, na ausência de alterações de outros parâmetros clínicos da circulação coronária utilizados em tempo real. As alterações do IRM são progressivas e passíveis de avaliar o efeito/dose, embora não tenha sido possível determinar diferenças com os dois tipos de CEM. No nosso modelo a injeção intracoronária não se associou a evidência de efeito benéfico na reparação ou regeneração miocárdica após o EAM.---------------------------- ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT Introduction The use of cells for the treatment of cardiovascular disease is a promise for the future and perhaps the only option to overcome some of the shortcomings of current therapies. The strategy for the delivery of cells most often used in current research has been the intracoronary route and due to this microcirculation gains special relevance, mainly because it is the first interaction site of transplanted cells with the native tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have properties that make them suitable for Cell Therapy, but its dimensions, larger than the diameter of capillaries, have prompted controversy about the safety of intracoronary delivery. The interventional cardiology currently has techniques that allow for real-time and in vivo assessment of coronary microcirculation state. The determination of the index of microcirculatory resistance index (IMR) provides information about small vessels, independently of the coronary circulation and hemodynamic status, but the clinical applicability of this knowledge is yet to be defined. Objectives To clarify the potential use of IMR in the study of the effects of MSC through intracoronary transplantation. Population and Methods Preclinical study with swine model developed in three phases. In Phase One 8 healthy animals were used to study and validate the IMR assessment in our animal model. IMR was assessed with two different doses of papaverine for inducing the maximal hyperaemic response (5 and 10 mg) and microcirculation dysfunction was achieved after intracoronary injection with embozene microspheres with 40 μm in diameter. In Phase Two we randomized 18 healthy animals divided between the control group and the one receiving 30 x 106 MSC through an intracoronary infusion. There we blindly evaluated IMR, the aortic pressure, the epicardial coronary flow and the occurrence of ECG changes. In Phase Three we used 18 animals with a provoked acute myocardial infarction (AMI), randomized into a control group, a MSC expanded conventionally receiver group and a MSC expanded with an innovative methodology receiver group. There was a stepwise infusion with doses of 10 x 106, 15 x 106 and 20 x 106 MSC with determination of IMR, the aortic pressure, the epicardial coronary flow and occurrence of electrocardiographic abnormalities. Four weeks after cell delivery we again measured the IMR and proceeded with the pathological study of animals in the search for evidence of neoangiogenesis and myocardial regeneration, or a positive effect in the reparative response following the infarction. Results All animals remained hemodynamically stable and with no electrocardiographic abnormalities, except for the ST elevation in V1-V3 observed after injection of the microspheres. In Phase One the two doses of papaverine achieved an hyperemic and effective response without significant differences in IMR (variation of the distal pressure -11.4 ± 5 and -10.6 ± 5 mmHg with the doses of 5 and 10 mg respectively (p = 0.5). With the injection of the microspheres the IMR had an average increase of 310 ± 190% for an average value of 41.3 ± 16 U (p = 0.001). In the second phase there were no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters, epicardial flow and electrocardiographic assessment between the two groups. The baseline IMR was similar and after intracoronary infusion there was a significant increase in animals receiving cells compared with the control group (8.8 ± U 1 vs. 14.2 ± 1.8, p = 0.02) and with their baseline (112% increase, p = 0.008). In the third phase again there were no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters, the epicardial flow and electrocardiographic evaluation between the three groups. There was a significant increase in IMR in animals that received cells from the 2nd dose (72% in conventional cells and 108% in the innovative cells) that remained with the 3rd dose (100% in conventional cells and 88% in the innovative) with statistical significance compared with the control group (p = 0.034 with 2nd dose, p = 0.024 with 3rd dose). Four weeks after delivery of the MSC we observed the fall of the IMR in the two groups that received cells with values overlapping those of the control group. In pathological and histological evaluation of removed hearts there were no differences among the three groups. Conclusions The IMR allows for the differentiation of changes in coronary microcirculation motivated by intracoronary delivery of MSC in the absence of modification in other clinical parameters. IMR changes are progressive and enable the evaluation of the effect / dose, though it has not been possible to determine differences in the two types of MSC. In our model, intracoronary injection of MSC was not associated with evidence of repair or myocardial regeneration after AMI.

La rate: entre mystères et découvertes [The spleen: between mysteries and discoveries].

Mainly because it is possible to live without it, the spleen has always been considered a secondary and mysterious organ. However, recent observations have revealed new unsuspected functions for this organ whose patho-physiological importance should be reconsidered. Much less known than the hypersplenism, the hyposplenism corresponds historically to the loss or the insufficiency of the two principal functions of spleen: the filtration of faded or senescent elements from the blood and the fight against infections. In this article, after a short recall of the physiological functions of spleen, three innovations relating to hyposplenism will be explored: the vascular complications, the loss of the splenic pool of regenerating monocytes and the loss of the splenic pool of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cell.

Isolation of cardiovascular precursor cells from the human fetal heart.

Weakening of cardiac function in patients with heart failure results from a loss of cardiomyocytes in the damaged heart. Cell replacement therapies as a way to induce myocardial regeneration in humans could represent attractive alternatives to classical drug-based approaches. However, a suitable source of precursor cells, which could produce a functional myocardium after transplantation, remains to be identified. In the present study, we isolated cardiovascular precursor cells from ventricles of human fetal hearts at 12 weeks of gestation. These cells expressed Nkx2.5 but not late cardiac markers such as α-actinin and troponin I. In addition, proliferating cells expressed the mesenchymal stem cell markers CD73, CD90, and CD105. Evidence for functional cardiogenic differentiation in vitro was demonstrated by the upregulation of cardiac gene expression as well as the appearance of cells with organized sarcomeric structures. Importantly, differentiated cells presented spontaneous and triggered calcium signals. Differentiation into smooth muscle cells was also detected. In contrast, precursor cells did not produce endothelial cells. The engraftment and differentiation capacity of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled cardiac precursor cells were then tested in vivo after transfer into the heart of immunodeficient severe combined immunodeficient mice. Engrafted human cells were readily detected in the mouse myocardium. These cells retained their cardiac commitment and differentiated into α-actinin-positive cardiomyocytes. Expression of connexin-43 at the interface between GFP-labeled and endogenous cardiomyocytes indicated that precursor-derived cells connected to the mouse myocardium. Together, these results suggest that human ventricular nonmyocyte cells isolated from fetal hearts represent a suitable source of precursors for cell replacement therapies.

Thérapie par les cellules souches mésenchymateuses dans la guérison tendineuse chez le cheval

Les tendinites sont des lésions communes chez le cheval athlète, ayant un impact financier et sportif considérable. Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSMs) de moelle osseuse (MO) sont empiriquement utilisées en clinique pour améliorer la guérison des affections myoarthrosquelettiques. Cependant, il est nécessaire de standardiser les protocoles d’isolement des CSMs équines et d’analyser leurs effets sur la guérison tendineuse pour ajuster leur dose. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de comparer 3 méthodes d’isolement des CSMs équines et d’établir un modèle de guérison tendineuse minimal invasif pour analyser l’effet des CSMs sur cette guérison. Des CSMs de MO du sternum de juments étaient isolées par 3 protocoles couramment utilisés (adhérence au pétri (Classique) et 2 méthodes par gradient de densité (Percoll et Ficoll)). La viabilité des cellules après isolement, le rendement d’isolement, le nombre de CSMs obtenues après 14 jours de culture et leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles (renouvellement et différentiation) étaient comparés entre les 3 protocoles. Les résultats suggéraient que le Percoll était le meilleur protocole en termes de rendement et de capacité de renouvellement des cellules. La différence n’était pas significative pour leur viabilité et leur capacité de différentiation. Un modèle de guérison tendineuse, consistant en une ténectomie du tendon extenseur latéral du doigt fut ensuite développé. Cependant, la grande variabilité interindividuelle de qualité de guérison dans le groupe pilote implique une ré-évaluation du modèle. Des études futures, avec des CSMs isolées par le Percoll dans de nouveaux modèles de guérison tendineuse devraient permettre de déterminer la dose adéquate de CSMs.

Le fragment LG3 du perlécan : un nouveau régulateur de remodelage vasculaire en transplantation

L’apoptose endothéliale initie le processus menant au remodelage vasculaire et au développement de la néointima dans la vasculopathie du greffon. La formation de néointima résulte de l’accumulation de leucocytes, de matrice extracellulaire et de cellules positives pour l’actine musculaire lisse alpha (αSMA+) dans l’intima des artères, artérioles et capillaires du greffon. Les cellules αSMA+ dans la néointima sont des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV) dérivées du donneur ainsi que des cellules souches dérivées du receveur, dont des cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM). L’acquisition d’un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez ces cellules est déterminante pour le développement de la néointima. Le laboratoire de Dre Hébert a démontré que les cellules endothéliales (CE) apoptotiques libèrent des médiateurs induisant une résistance à l’apoptose chez les CMLV et les fibroblastes. Notamment, les CE apoptotiques relâchent la cathepsine L qui clive le perlécan et ainsi libère un fragment C-terminal correspondant au troisième motif laminine G du domaine V du perlécan (LG3). Le LG3 est anti-apoptotique pour les fibroblastes. Nous avons donc émis l’hypothèse que le LG3 est un des médiateurs clés libéré par les CE apoptotiques favorisant le développement de la néointima via l’induction d’un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez les cellules néointimales αSMA+. Nous avons démontré que les médiateurs libérés par les CE apoptotiques induisent un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez les CSM dépendant de l’activation de la voie ERK1/2. De plus, le LG3 active la voie ERK1/2 via son interaction avec les intégrines beta 1 et induit une réponse anti-apoptotique chez ces cellules. Cependant l’activation de ERK1/2 par le LG3 est plus faible en comparaison de son activation par le milieu conditionné par des CE apoptotiques. Nos résultats suggèrent que les CE apoptotiques libèrent aussi de l’EGF qui agit de façon paracrine sur les CSM en coopération avec le LG3 pour induire un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez les CSM. Nous avons poursuivi l’étude de l’effet du LG3 in vivo sur le remodelage vasculaire en transplantation. Nous avons pour cela développé un modèle murin de rejet vasculaire qui consiste en une transplantation aortique entre des souris alloincompatibles. Nous avons ensuite injecté du LG3 chez les souris receveuses en post-transplantation. Nous avons observé dans ce modèle que des niveaux augmentés de LG3 sérique augmentent la formation de néointima, favorisent l’accumulation de cellules néointimales αSMA+ et diminuent le nombre de cellules CD31+ au niveau du greffon aortique. Parallèlement nous avons vérifié que le LG3 induit aussi un phénotype anti-apoptotique chez les CMLV et nous avons démontré un nouvel effet du LG3, soit une activité pro-migratoire, qui dépend de l’activation de la voie ERK1/2 chez les CMLV. Nous avons complété cette étude par l’analyse des niveaux de LG3 sérique dans une cohorte de patients receveurs d’allogreffe rénale. Nous avons observé chez ces patients, une association entre des niveaux élevés de LG3 sérique et un rejet vasculaire. Le LG3 contribue à la formation de néointima par son activité pro-migratoire et pro-survie chez les cellules néointimales et aussi de par son activité angiostatique. Nos résultats suggèrent que le LG3 est un nouveau médiateur important dans le remodelage vasculaire en transplantation

Exploration du rôle du fragment LG3 sur les cellules souches mésenchymateuses dans le contexte du rejet vasculaire

La vasculopathie du greffon est une pathologie caractérisée par un rétrécissement progressif et oblitérant des vaisseaux sanguins menant à une ischémie et une perte de fonction du greffon. Le rétrécissement vasculaire est dû à une accumulation de matrice extracellulaire (MEC) et de cellules mononuclées positives pour l’actine musculaire lisse alpha (alphaSMA) dont les cellules souches mésenchymateuses, le tout formant une néointima oblitérante. Cette pathologie est la cause principale de la perte des greffons rénaux et cardiaques à long terme. Le rejet vasculaire aigu est un prédicteur de la vasculopathie du greffon. L’équipe du Dr Hébert a démontré que l’apoptose endothéliale, qui joue un rôle important dans le développement du rejet vasculaire, initie la libération de LG3, un fragment du protéoglycan perlécan. Les taux sanguins et urinaires de LG3 sont augmentés chez les receveurs d’allogreffe rénale avec rejet vasculaire et vasculopathie du greffon. Les résultats obtenus en laboratoire durant ma maîtrise ont permis de mieux caractériser l’impact du LG3 sur un type cellulaire important participant à la formation de néointima : les cellules souches mésenchymateuses. Mes travaux ont démontré que le LG3 induit à la fois la migration horizontale des MSC et la transmigration des MSC. Cette migration est dépendante de la voie de signalisation d’ERK1/2, précédemment identifiée comme voie centrale dans la formation de néointima. De plus, nos résultats démontrent que la kinase Src est activée en amont de l’activation de la voie MAPK. La migration horizontale et la transmigration induites par le LG3 sont aussi dépendantes des intégrines alpha2beta1, ainsi que l’activation de la voie MAPK. Dans un modèle de transplantation murin, nous avons également démontré que l’injection sérique de LG3 recombinant favorise l’accumulation de cellules positives pour alphaSMA dans la néointima. En outre, lorsque le receveur est déficient pour l’intégrine alpha2, mais que le greffon est sauvage, la formation de néointima induite par l’injection de LG3 est diminuée dans le greffon suggérant que les cellules du receveur jouent un rôle important dans la formation de la néointima. Enfin, nous avons démontré que l’injection de LG3 augmente aussi le nombre de cellules positives pour la forme phosphorylée d’ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) dans la néointima du greffon et que cette accumulation est dépendante de la présence des intégrines 2 1 chez les cellules du receveur.Lorsque le receveur est sauvage, il y a une augmentation du nombre de cellules positives pour p-ERK1/2. L’investigation de ces mécanismes dans le remodelage vasculaire expose de nouvelles opportunités pour inhiber la réponse cellulaire qui mène au remodelage inadapté lors d’un dommage vasculaire chronique et ainsi prolonger la survie du greffon.

Cannabinoids stimulate fibroblastic colony formation by bone marrow cells indirectly via CB2 receptors

Recently, the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 were shown to modulate bone formation and resorption in vivo, although little is known of the mechanisms underlying this. The effects of cannabinoids on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment in whole bone marrow were investigated using either the fibroblastic colony-forming unit (CFU-f) assay or high-density cultures of whole bone marrow. Levels of the CB1 and CB2 receptors were assessed by flow cytometry. Treatment of CFU-f cultures with the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) dose-dependently increased fibroblastic and differentiated colony formation along with colony size. The nonspecific agonists CP 55,940 and WIN 55,212 both increased colony numbers, as did the CB2 agonists BML190 and JWH015. The CB1-specific agonist ACEA had no effect, whereas the CB2 antagonist AM630 blocked the effect of the natural cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabivarin, confirming mediation via the CB2 receptor. Treatment of primary bone marrow cultures with 2-AG stimulated proliferation and collagen accumulation, whereas treatment of subcultures of MSC had no effect, suggesting that the target cell is not the MSC but an accessory cell present in bone marrow. Subcultures of MSCs were negative for CB1 and CB2 receptors as shown by flow cytometry, whereas whole bone marrow contained a small population of cells positive for both receptors. These data suggest that cannabinoids may stimulate the recruitment of MSCs from the bone marrow indirectly via an accessory cell and mediated via the CB2 receptor. This recruitment may be one mechanism responsible for the increased bone formation seen after cannabinoid treatment in vivo.

Bone marrow mononuclear cells attenuate fibrosis development after severe acute kidney injury

One of the early phases that lead to fibrosis progression is inflammation. Once this stage is resolved, fibrosis might be prevented. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) are emerging as a new therapy for several pathologies, including autoimmune diseases, because they enact immunosuppression. In this study we aimed to evaluate the role of BMMC administration in a model of kidney fibrosis induced by an acute injury. C57Bl6 mice were subjected to unilateral severe ischemia by clamping the left renal pedicle for 1 h. BMMCs were isolated from femurs and tibia, and after 6 h of reperfusion, 1 x 10(6) cells were administrated intraperitoneally. At 24 h after surgery, treated animals showed a significant decrease in creatinine and urea levels when compared with untreated animals. Different administration routes were tested. Moreover, interferon (IFN) receptor knockout BMMCs were used, as this receptor is necessary for BMMC activation. Labeled BMMCs were found in ischemic kidney on FACS analysis. This improved outcome was associated with modulation of inflammation in the kidney and systemic modulation, as determined by cytokine expression profiling. Despite non-amelioration of functional parameters, kidney mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6 at 6 weeks was lower in BMMC-treated animals, as were levels of collagen 1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and vimentin. Protective molecules, such as IL-10, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and bone morphogenetic 7 (BMP-7), were increased in treated animals after 6 weeks. Moreover, Masson and Picrosirius red staining analyses showed less fibrotic areas in the kidneys of treated animals. Thus, early modulation of inflammation by BMMCs after an ischemic injury leads to reduced fibrosis through modulation of early inflammation.

Diferenciação in vitro de células-tronco mesenquimais da medula óssea de cães em precursores osteogênicos

O objetivo principal da nossa pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial de diferenciação osteogênica de células-tronco mesenquimais (MSC) obtidas da medula óssea do cão. As MSC foram separadas pelo método Ficoll e cultivadas sob duas condições distintas: DMEM baixa glicose ou DMEM/F12, ambos contendo L-glutamina, 20% de SFB e antibióticos. Marcadores de MSC foram testados, confirmando células CD44+ e CD34- através da citometria de fluxo. Para a diferenciação osteogênica, as células foram submetidas a quatro diferentes condições: Grupo 1, as mesmas condições utilizadas para a cultura de células primárias com os meios DMEM baixa glicose suplementado; Grupo 2, as mesmas condições do Grupo 1, mais os indutores de diferenciação dexametasona, ácido ascórbico e b-glicerolfosfato; Grupo 3, células cultivadas com meios DMEM/F12 suplementado; e Grupo 4, nas mesmas condições que no Grupo 3, mais indutores de diferenciação de dexametasona, ácido ascórbico e b-glicerolfosfato. A diferenciação celular foi confirmada através da coloração com alizarin red e da imunomarcação com o anticorpo SP7/Osterix. Nós observamos através da coloração com alizarin red que o depósito de cálcio foi mais evidente nas células cultivadas em DMEM/F12. Além disso, usando a imunomarcação com o anticorpo SP/7Osterix obtivemos positividade em 1:6 células para o Meio DMEM/F12 comparada com 1:12 para o meio DMEM-baixa glicose. Com base nos nossos resultados concluímos que o meio DMEM/F12 é mais eficiente para a indução da diferenciação de células-tronco mesenquimais caninas em promotores osteogênicos. Este efeito provavelmente ocorre em decorrência da maior quantidade de glicose neste meio, bem como da presença de diversos aminoácidos.

Diferenciação hepatocítica de células-tronco mesenquimais da medula óssea humana

Some recent articles have reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be induced to express hepatocyte markers by transplanting them into animal models of liver damage, or by in vitro culture with growth factors and cytokines. In this study, the aim is to evaluate the behavior of MSCs subjected to induction of hepatocyte differentiation. The MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of 4 normal donors, characterized and subjected to both in vitro and in vivo induction of hepatocyte differentiation. The in vitro induced cells showed morphological changes, acquiring hepatocyte-like features. However, the immunophenotype of these cells was not modified. The induced cells exhibited no increase in albumin, cytokeratin 18 or cytokeratin 19 transcripts, when analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of albumin, cytokeratin 18 and alpha fetoprotein was also unchanged, according to immunofluorescence tests. In vivo, the MSC demonstrated a potential to migrate to damaged liver tissue in immunodeficient mice. Taken together, the results suggest that bone marrow MSCs are incapable of in vitro differentiation into hepatocytes by the approach used here, but are capable of homing to damaged hepatic tissue in vivo, suggesting a role for them in the repair of the liver. This contribution to tissue repair could be associated with a paracrine effect exerted by these cells.

Inoculação de células-tronco mesenquimais autólogas e alogênicas, provenientes da medula óssea, em tecido muscular de equinos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Isolamento, caracterização e diferenciação de células tronco embrionárias e mesenquimais de equinos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)