The Influence of Attentional Focus on the Self-Efficacy-Performance Relationship in a Continuous Running Task

The self-efficacy-performance relationship in continuous sport tasks has been shown to be significantly reciprocal yet unequal with stronger influences in the performance-to-self-efficacy pathway rather than self-efficacy-to-performance pathway (e.g., LaForge-MacKenzie & Sullivan, 2014b). Bandura (2012) suggested that sociocognitive variables may influence this relationship. Attention as a sociocognitve factor may bias the processing of performance and self-efficacy information (Bandura, 1982, 1997; Bandura & Jourden, 1991). As confidence and attention are important aspects of peak running performance (Brewer, Van Raalte, Linder, & VanRaalte, 1991), the primary purpose of the present study was to examine the self-efficacy-performance relationship under three conditions of attentional focus. The secondary purpose was to examine self-efficacy and performance as separate constructs under the same conditions of attention. Participants ran continuously for one kilometer in one of three randomly assigned attentional focus conditions: internal-focus (n = 51), external-focus (n = 50), and control (n = 49). Self-efficacy was assessed using a one-item measure every 200 meters. Path analyses examining the primary objective revealed significant self-efficacy-to-performance pathways in all conditions: external-focus (p < .05, βs ranging from -.17 to -.32), internal-focus (p < .05, βs ranging from -.26 to -.36), and control (p < .05, βs ranging from -.29 to -.42). Significant reciprocal relationships were absent in all conditions. ANOVAs examining the secondary objectives found significantly faster performance in the control condition at the start (F (2, 147) = 3.86, p < .05) and end of the task (F (2, 147) = 3.56, p < .05). Self-efficacy was significantly higher in the internal-focus condition at the end of the task (Self-Efficacy 4 (F (2, 147) = 3.21, p < .05) and Self-Efficacy 5 (F (2, 147) = 4.74, p < .05). In contrast to previous within-trial research (e.g., LaForge-MacKenzie & Sullivan, 2014b) self-efficacy-to-performance effects were more significant and robust than performance-to-self-efficacy effects. These results provided support for Bandura’s (2012) suggestion that sociocognitive factors may have the ability to alter the causal structure of the self-efficacy-performance relationship, proposing complexities in the self-efficacy-performance relationship (Sitzmann &Yeo, 2013). Results were discussed from both theoretical and applied perspectives.

The Van-Guard (poem)

A poem "written at the front in memory of comrades fallen in action while fighting with the First Battalion of the 5th Field Artillery". The final verse of the poem reads, "But the van-guard on before you, who you follow as is meet, They're the lads you left behind you With the poppies and the wheat!"

Métis or Moniyâw: Explorative stories of decolonizing my Métis identity

This thesis explores my emergent processes of identifying as a Métis person through autoethnographic narratives. I provide an overview of Métis history, identification, and decolonization, especially written by and for Aboriginal peoples. Using a decolonizing framework of Indigenous métissage (Donald, 2012) – which brings together complex, and nuanced influences to build knowledge – and an autoethnographic methodology, I explore cultural knowledges through critical self-reflection. I collected autoethnographic data in the form of personal journals and family artifacts; additionally, I shared conversations with other Métis peoples, which I used to further inform my own processes of identification and decolonization. The study results are presented as narrative vignettes, offering conclusions about: a) cultural ambivalence; b) privilege; c) language and music reclamation; and d) building relationships with both people and land. This research builds upon literature by, about, and for the benefit of Aboriginal peoples and settlers and offers considerations relevant to decolonization and identification.

Various Clippings and Notes

Various clippings and notes which were found tucked within the pages of the Woodruff books including: Ezekiel Woodruff’s birth date written on an envelope, a recipe for a rose jar, a note regarding Donald Fraser, an unsigned Christmas card, a verse entitled “Woodland friends” a list of names and a program for the New York State Historical Association and Ontario Historical Society. There are also clippings which include articles about: nutritional value of bread, a movie 45 on Hitler, Col. Merritt, stamp collecting, preparing boys to fly, a flying hero, an exhibition of antiques and pioneer days [these items are not particularly relevant to the collection, but offer an insight into daily life and interests], 1936-1937, 1943

Louis J. Cahill Fonds, 1946-2010, n.d. (non-inclusive)

Louis started the Niagara News Bureau in 1936. It was later named the Niagara Editorial Bureau and the Ontario Editorial Bureau. Lou was very active within the community. He promoted the Welland Canals and was secretary for the Mackenzie Heritage Printery and Newspaper Museum. He was honoured with numerous awards and accolades including a medallion from the Pope for his service to the Roman Catholic Church and an honourary degree from Brock University.

Long Point Company explanatory memorandum for shareholders

Long Point Company explanatory memorandum for shareholders. This is a 2 page printed flyer put out by J.I. Mackenzie, secretary-treasurer, March 21, 1878.

Amendment to the Act of Incorporation, chapter 122 of the Long Point Company

Amendment to the Act of Incorporation, chapter 122 of the Long Point Company. This is put out by John I. Mackenzie, secretary, treasurer (2 printed pages), Feb. 18, 1885.

Minutes of a meeting of the members of the Long Point Company

Minutes of a meeting of the members of the Long Point Company (1 page, printed). This has the names J.I. Mackenzie, secretary and Horatio Hathaway, chairman on the bottom of the page, Oct. 28, 1880.

Long Point Company annual meeting

Long Point Company annual meeting (1 page, printed). John I. Mackenzie, secretary-treasurer is listed on the bottom of the page, June 7, 1881.

Meeting of the special committee on new arrangements

Meeting of the special committee on new arrangements (3 copies of 1 page, printed). This has John I. Mackenzie listed on the bottom of the page. Copies 2 and 3 are torn at the bottom. This affects the text slightly, Aug. 23, 1881.

Annual consultation meeting of the Long Point Company

Annual consultation meeting of the Long Point Company (1 page, printed). The names Jos. A. Woodruff, chairman and J.I. Mackenzie, secretary are at the bottom of the page, Oct. 27, 1881.

Extract from the minutes of the board of directors of the Long Point Company

Extract from the minutes of the board of directors of the Long Point Company (3 pages, printed). This includes private instructions for Alfred March, steward at Long Point. This has the names J.I. Mackenzie, secretary-treasurer and Joseph A. Woodruff, president on the bottom of the page, Feb. 25, 1882.

Annual meeting of the Long Point Company attached to a copy of the May 31, 1882 balance sheet

Annual meeting of the Long Point Company (1 page, printed) attached to a copy of the May 31, 1882 balance sheet (1 page, printed). The meeting has the name J.I. Mackenzie, assistant secretary-treasurer on the bottom and the balance sheet has the names J.I. Mackenzie, secretary treasurer and Geo. H. Gillespie, auditor on the bottom of the page, June 6, 1882.

Annual consultation meeting of the Long Point Company

Annual consultation meeting of the Long Point Company (1 page, printed). The name J.I. Mackenzie, secretary is at the bottom of the page, Oct. 26, 1882.

Annual meeting of the Long Point Company

Annual meeting of the Long Point Company (1 page, printed). The name J.I. Mackenzie, secretary is at the bottom of the page, June 5, 1883.