Information Dissemination and Aggregation in Asset Markets with Simple Intelligent Traders

Various studies of asset markets have shown that traders are capable of learning and transmitting information through prices in many situations. In this paper we replace human traders with intelligent software agents in a series of simulated markets. Using these simple learning agents, we are able to replicate several features of the experiments with human subjects, regarding (1) dissemination of information from informed to uninformed traders, and (2) aggregation of information spread over different traders.

Educational inequalities in quantity, duration and type of tobacco consumption among lung cancer patients in Asturias : Epidemiological analices

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Adaptación cultural del cuestionario LINQ (Lung Information Needs Questionnaire) en pacientes con enfermedad respiratoria crónica en un programa de rehabilitación pulmonar en Cali, Colombia

Objetivo: Adaptar culturalmente el cuestionario LINQ (Lung Information Needs Questionnaire) en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar crónica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, después de la traducción del cuestionario por traductor certificado y de la adaptación cultural, se aplicó en ocho pacientes para identificar las dificultades y dudas relacionadas con el entendimiento de las preguntas, la terminología y para evaluar no solo la calidad de la traducción, sino también para verificar aspectos prácticos de su aplicación. Posteriormente, se realizó una segunda traducción al idioma inglés la cual fue enviada a los autores para asegurar el contenido original del cuestionario y conseguir el aval para su uso. Resultados: La muestra en la fase de adaptación cultural fue constituida por 6 hombres y 2 mujeres con una edad promedio de 61 años. La versión en españo ldel LINQ y la adaptación cultural fue comprensible y fácil de usar y no presentó discrepancias con la versión original durante el proceso de retratraducción. Conclusiones: La traducción al español y la adaptacion del LINQ fue adecuada pues los pacientes no manifestaron dificultades para entender y responder las preguntas. Esto podrá facilitar la realización de futuros estudios que evalúen el componente educativo en los programas de rehabiltación pulmonar.

The effects of different knowledge-dissemination interventions on the mastitis knowledge of Tanzanian smallholder dairy farmers

We developed three different knowledge-dissemination methods for educating Tanzanian smallholder farmers about mastitis in their dairy cattle. The effectiveness of these methods (and their combinations) was evaluated and quantified using a randomised controlled trial and multilevel statistical modelling. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has used such techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of different knowledge-dissemination interventions for adult learning in developing countries. Five different combinations of knowledge-dissemination method were compared: 'diagrammatic handout' ('HO'), 'village meeting' ('VM'), 'village meeting and video' ('VM + V), 'village meeting and diagrammatic handout' ('VM + HO') and 'village meeting, video and diagrammatic handout' ('VM + V + HO'). Smallholder dairy farmers were exposed to only one of these interventions, and the effectiveness of each was compared to a control ('C') group, who received no intervention. The mastitis knowledge of each farmer (n = 256) was evaluated by questionnaire both pre- and post-dissemination. Generalised linear mixed models were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the different interventions. The outcome variable considered was the probability of volunteering correct responses to mastitis questions post-dissemination, with 'village' and 'farmer' considered as random effects in the model. Results showed that all five interventions, 'HO' (odds ratio (OR) = 3.50, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 3.10, 3.96), 'VM + V + HO' (OR = 3.34, 95% CI = 2.94, 3.78), 'VM + HO, (OR=3.28, 95% CI=2.90, 3.71), WM+V (OR=3.22, 95% CI=2.84, 3.64) and 'VM' (OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 2.31, 2.95), were significantly (p < 0.0001) more effective at disseminating mastitis knowledge than no intervention. In addition, the 'VM' method was less effective at disseminating mastitis knowledge than other interventions. Combinations of methods showed no advantage over the diagrammatic handout alone. Other explanatory variables with significant positive associations on mastitis knowledge included education to secondary school level or higher, and having previously learned about mastitis by reading pamphlets or attendance at an animal-health course. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.