Where Stories Collide : Montage and the Short Story Cycle

This thesis uses Sergei Eisenstein’s filmic theories of montage to examine the modernist American short story cycle, a genre of independent short stories that work together to create a larger and interrelated whole. Similar to the shot-by-shot editing process of montage, the story cycle builds its intertextual meaning story-by-story from an aggregate of abrupt narrative transitions and juxtapositions. Eisenstein famously felt that montage, the editing together of film fragments, was not a process of linkage, but of collision –each radically different shot in a film should crash into the next shot, until audience members were intellectually provoked into synthesizing these collisions through dialectical processes. I offer montage as an interpretive strategy for negotiating the narrative collisions in story cycles such as Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio, William Faulkner’s Go Down, Moses, and Eudora Welty’s The Golden Apples. For Go Down, Moses, I argue that Eisenstein’s politically rendered “montage of attractions” provides a template for investigating the shock tactics behind Faulkner’s chronologically and racially entangled stories of whites and African Americans. For The Golden Apples, I consider the opposites and doubles in Welty’s fiction with Eisenstein’s similar belief in the “opposing passions” of the world. Not only, then, do I suggest that the modernist story cycle bears a cinematic influence, but I also offer Eisenstein’s theories of montage and collision as a heuristic for formal, thematic, and even political patterns in a genre infamous for its resistance to definition and classification.

Wild Violets

Wild Violets is an extended work of nonfiction that explores various themes related to loss, illness, and the nature of family. It’s very much a story of matriarchal connections. The narrative primarily traces the complicated but gratifying relationships between myself and the other women in my family—my maternal grandmother, my mother, and my two younger sisters.

Harry Potter and the Theory of Things

This thesis investigates the boundaries between body and object in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, seven children’s literature novels published between 1997 and 2007. Lord Voldemort, Rowling’s villain, creates Horcruxes—objects that contain fragments of his soul—in order to ensure his immortality. As vessels for human soul, these objects rupture the boundaries between body and object and become “things.” Using contemporary thing theorists including John Plotz and materialists Jean Baudrillard and Walter Benjamin, I look at Voldemort’s Horcruxes as transgressive, liminal, unclassifiable entities in the first chapter. If objects can occupy the juncture between body and object, then bodies can as well. Dementors and Inferi, dark creatures that Rowling introduces throughout the series, live devoid of soul. Voldemort, too, becomes a thing as he splits his soul and creates Horcruxes. These soulless bodies are uncanny entities, provoking fear, revulsion, nausea, and the loss of language. In the second chapter, I use Sigmund Freud’s theorization of the uncanny as well as literary critic Kelly Hurley to investigate how Dementors, Inferi, and Voldemort exist as body-turned-object things at the juncture between life and death. As Voldemort increasingly invests his immaterial soul into material objects, he physically and spiritually degenerates, transforming from the young, handsome Tom Marvolo Riddle into the snake-like villain that murdered Harry’s parents and countless others. During his quest to find and destroy Voldemort’s Horcruxes, Harry encounters a different type of object, the Deathly Hallows. Although similarly accessing boundaries between body/object, life/death, and materiality/immateriality, the three Deathly Hallows do not transgress these boundaries. Through the Deathly Hallows, Rowling provides an alternative to thingification: objects that enable boundaries to fluctuate, but not breakdown. In the third chapter, I return to thing theorists, Baudrillard, and Benjamin to study how the Deathly Hallows resist thingification by not transgressing the boundaries between body and object.

Aids-Bilder – Zur Bedeutung des Kaposi Sarkoms im Aids-Diskurs

Bei der Untersuchung der Frage, wie die polymorphe Krankheit Aids in der Literatur und im Film dargestellt wird, zeigt sich, dass die Hautläsionen des Kaposi Sarkoms ein stets wiederkehrendes Bild sind. Der Krankheitskomplex Aids wird unter dem Bild des Kaposi Sarkoms subsumiert. Ausgangspunkt der Analyse ist die Frage, wie die bildlichen Strategien der Darstellung von Aids bzw. des Kaposi Sarkoms in kulturelle Kontexte eingebettet werden. In meinem Beitrag stelle ich insbesondere drei Thesen vor: 1. Bilder vermitteln Wissen: In den frühen Aids-Darstellungen werden die Läsionen mit Referenz auf den medizinischen Diskurs ausführlich erklärt. Später erscheinen sie nur noch als kurzes Bild oder knapper Hinweis. Das Kaposi Sarkom wird zum bildhaften Wissenskürzel. Diese ‚Verkürzelung‘ wird allerdings in neueren Darstellungen wieder infrage gestellt. 2. Bilder erzeugen Sinn: Das Bild des Kaposi Sarkoms erscheint zugleich im Kontext unterschiedlicher Sinngebungsverfahren. Diese schliessen an Diskurse ausserhalb der Medizin an und geben den Läsionen weitere, über die Medizin hinausgehende Bedeutungen. So markieren sie z.B. als ‚Kainsmale‘ sittliche Verfehlung oder machen als ‚Wundmale Christi‘ das Leiden zugänglich. 3. Bilder schaffen Akzeptanz: Die Darstellungen verfolgen nicht selten das Ziel, die Kranken oder die Krankheit akzeptabel zu machen. Je nach Zielpublikum bedienen sie sich dafür unterschiedlicher Strategien. Da das Kaposi Sarkom in einigen Todesszenen verschwindet, geht es zugleich um die Frage, welche Bilder in welchen Kontexten zumutbar sind und wo die Grenzen des Akzeptablen liegen. Die Untersuchung greift auf Luhmanns Theorie der Ausdifferenzierung sozialer Systeme und Foucaults Diskurstheorie zurück: Text- bzw. bild-text-generierende Systeme (z.B. Literatur und Film) eignen sich Material aus anderen Systemen (z.B. Medizin) an und transformieren dieses gattungsspezifisch. Detailliert können diese Transformationen in den Einzeldarstellungen mit einem diskursanalytischem Ansatz untersucht werden. Texte und Bilder reagieren zudem auf Erwartungshorizonte und verändern diese, was sich mit Hilfe der Rezeptionstheorie beschreiben lässt.

Melodrama and Narrative Fiction: Towards a Typology

Recent research on melodrama has stressed its versatility and ubiquity by approaching it as a mode of expression rather than a theatrical genre. A variety of contexts in which melodrama is at work have been explored, but only little scholarly attention has been paid to the relationship between melodrama and novels, short stories and novellas. This article proposes a typology of melodrama in narrative prose fiction, examining four different categories: Melodrama and Sentimentalism, Depiction of Melodramatic Performances in Narrative Prose Fiction, Theatrical Antics and Aesthetics in Narrative Prose Fiction and Meta-Melodrama. Its aim is to clarify the ways in which melodrama, ever since its early days on the stages of late eighteenth-century Europe, has interacted with fictional prose narratives, thereby shaping the literary imagination in the Anglophone world.