Soil water evaporation under densities of coverage with vegetable residue

This study was conducted at the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR) in Londrina, State of Paraná (PR), Brazil (latitude 23º18'S, longitude 51º09'W and average altitude of 585 m). The local climate, according to the classification of Köeppen, is Cfa type, i.e., humid subtropical climate, with rain in all seasons and can occur dry seasons during the winter. It was determined soil evaporation (E) under different coverage densities with residue from the wheat crop. The treatments were installed in weighting lysimeters of 2.66 m² and 1.3 m deep, which allows to determine E by the mass difference with measuring precision of 0.1mm at one hour intervals. Treatments consisted of 0; 2.5; 5 and 10 t ha-1 of wheat crop residues, placed evenly over each lysimeter. In the first cycle (September 22nd to October 20th, 2008), the reduction of E, as compared to a bare soil, was 4; 15 and 24%, while in the second cycle (December 1st to 30th, 2008), the reduction was of 15; 22 and 25%, respectively, for the treatments of 2.5; 5 and 10 t ha-1.

Estimation methods of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for Uberlândia -MG

One approach to verify the adequacy of estimation methods of reference evapotranspiration is the comparison with the Penman-Monteith method, recommended by the United Nations of Food and Agriculture Organization - FAO, as the standard method for estimating ET0. This study aimed to compare methods for estimating ET0, Makkink (MK), Hargreaves (HG) and Solar Radiation (RS), with Penman-Monteith (PM). For this purpose, we used daily data of global solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed for the year 2010, obtained through the automatic meteorological station, with latitude 18° 91' 66" S, longitude 48° 25' 05" W and altitude of 869m, at the National Institute of Meteorology situated in the Campus of Federal University of Uberlandia - MG, Brazil. Analysis of results for the period were carried out in daily basis, using regression analysis and considering the linear model y = ax, where the dependent variable was the method of Penman-Monteith and the independent, the estimation of ET0 by evaluated methods. Methodology was used to check the influence of standard deviation of daily ET0 in comparison of methods. The evaluation indicated that methods of Solar Radiation and Penman-Monteith cannot be compared, yet the method of Hargreaves indicates the most efficient adjustment to estimate ETo.

Temperatura do solo afetada pela irrigação e por diferentes coberturas

RESUMO A irrigação suplementar e a cobertura do solo ("mulching") são práticas de manejo comumente usadas na agricultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a temperatura do solo desnudo com e sem irrigação, e sob diferentes coberturas do solo. Um ensaio de campo foi conduzido em Santa Maria-RS (29o 43' S latitude, 53º 42' W longitude e 95 m de altitude), com seis diferentes áreas: solo desnudo sem e com irrigação, solo com "mulching" de plástico transparente (espessura 100 µm), "mulching" de plástico opaco preto (espessura 110 µm), "mulching" de plástico opaco branco (espessura 150 µm) e cobertura vegetal com palha na dose de 5 t ha-1. A temperatura do solo foi medida a 0,05 m de profundidade, diariamente, às 15h (18 UTC), no período de 10-10-2011 a 31-05-2012. Foram também realizadas medidas horárias de temperatura do solo em quatro dias sem nebulosidade, em outubro e novembro de 2011, e janeiro e março de 2012. A temperatura do solo diurna seguiu a sequência: plástico transparente (42,4 oC) > plástico opaco preto (37,8 oC) > solo desnudo sem irrigação (33,4 oC) > solo desnudo com irrigação (29,2oC) > palha (27,0 oC) > plástico opaco branco (24,6 oC). A região de Santa Maria-RS, tem potencial físico de aquecimento do solo com a técnica da solarização.

Taxonomy, species richness and biogeography of Finnish crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

Biodiversity is unequally spread throughout terrestrial ecosystems. The highest species richness of animals and plants is encountered around the Equator, and naturalists observe a decrease in the number of creatures with increasing latitude. Some animal groups, however, display an anomalous species richness pattern, but these are exceptions to the general rule. Crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea) are small to large sized, non-biting nematoceran insects, being mainly associated with moist environments. The species richness of crane flies is highest in the tropics, but these insects are species rich and abundant in all biogeographic realms, boreal and arctic biomes included. The phylogeny and systematics of crane flies are still at an early stage and somewhat controversial. New species are constantly discovered even from temperate Europe, faunistically the best known continent. Crane flies have been rather neglected group of insects in Finland. The history of Finnish crane fly taxonomy and faunistics started in 1907, the year when Carl Lundström published his two first articles on tipuloids. Within roughly 100 years there have been only a handful of entomologists studying the Finnish fauna, and the species richness and natural history of these flies have remained poorly understood and mapped. The aim of this thesis is to clarify the taxonomy of Finnish crane flies, present an updated and annotated list of species and seek patterns in regional species richness and assemblage composition. Tipula stackelbergi Alexander has been revised (I). This species was elevated to a species rank from a subspecific rank under T. pruinosa Wiedemann and T. stackelbergi was also deleted from the list of European crane flies. Two new synonyms were found: T. subpruinosa Mannheims is a junior synonym of T. freyana Lackschewitz and T. usuriensis Alexander is a junior synonym of T. pruinosa. A new species Tipula recondita Pilipenko & Salmela has been described (II). Both morphology and COI (mtDNA) sequences were used in the assessment of the status of the species. The new species is highly disjunct, known from Finland and Russian Far East. A list of Finnish crane flies was presented, including the presence of species in the Finnish biogeographical provinces (III). A total of twenty-four species were formally reported for the first time from Finland and twenty-two previously reported species were deleted from the list. A short historical review on the studies of Finnish crane flies has been provided. The current list of Finnish species consists of 338 crane flies (IV, Appendix I). Species richness of all species and saproxylic/fungivorous species is negatively correlated with latitude, but mire-dwelling species show a reversed species richness gradient (i.e. an increase in the number of species toward north). Provincial assemblages displayed a strong latitudinal gradient and faunistic distance increased with increasing geographical distance apart of the provinces. Nearly half (48 %) of the Finnish crane flies are Trans-Palaearctic, roughly one-third (34 %) are West Palaearctic and only 16 and 2 % are Holarctic and Fennoscandian, respectively. Due to the legacy of Pleistocene glaciations, endemic Fennoscandian species are problematic and it is thus concluded that there are probably no true endemic crane flies in this region. Finally, there are probably species living within Finnish borders that have hitherto remained unnoticed. Based on subjective assessment, the number of “true” (i.e. recorded + unknown species) species count of Finnish crane flies is at minimum 350.

Análise de detecção de cluster na caracterização espaço-temporal da tuberculose bovina no estado da Bahia

A tuberculose bovina (BTB) é uma enfermidade causada pela infecção pelo Mycobacterium bovis que acomete o homem e diversas espécies de mamíferos. A BTB tem grande importância por causar prejuízos econômicos nas regiões infectadas e por seu impacto na saúde pública. Foi realizado inquérito epidemiológico no Estado da Bahia, entre 2008 e 2010, com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência e conhecer a distribuição espaço temporal da enfermidade. O Estado foi estratificado em quatro regiões, cada uma com características epidemiológicas e demográficas homogêneas representativas de formas de produção pecuária. Um total de 18.810 cabeças com idade superior a 2 anos foi amostrado em 1350 propriedades. O teste cervical comparativo foi aplicado em cada animal selecionado, sendo considerados positivos os animais reagentes positivos ou duas vezes inconclusivos. Latitude e Longitude foram tomadas para cada propriedade amostrada com o auxilio do aparelho de Global Positioning System (GPS). O teste de Cuzick-and-Edwards e a análise de rastreio espacial (spatial scan statistic) foram utilizados para identificar qualquer agrupamento espacial de BTB. A prevalência de rebanho na Bahia, indicando a proporção de propriedades foco, foi de 1,6% (IC 95%: 1,0% - 2,69% por região). Nenhuma evidência significativa (P<0.05) de aglomeração espacial ou clustering foi detectada, possivelmente devido à baixa prevalência da doença. Estes resultados sugerem que a BTB tem baixa prevalência no estado da Bahia e que, nestas condições epidemiológicas, os focos encontrados não podem ser explicados por fatores espacialmente estruturados.

Análise temporal do crescimento vegetativo de Egeria najas a partir de fragmentos da planta

O estudo de caracteres botânicos de plantas infestantes pode ser de grande valia na tomada de decisões quanto aos métodos de controle a serem empregados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o crescimento vegetativo de plantas de Egeria najas a partir de fragmentos de 5 cm da planta. O experimento foi desenvolvido na fazenda Nova Estrela, situada a 20º30'19,7'' de latitude e 51º14'56,3'' de longitude, no município de Pereira Barreto, na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas diferentes posições dos fragmentos das plantas. No tratamento 1, os fragmentos foram retirados da extremidade final (ápice) das plantas (0 a 5 cm); no tratamento 2, eles foram retirados com 5 a 10 cm; no tratamento 3, dos 10 aos 15 cm; e no tratamento 4, dos 15 aos 20 cm. Os fragmentos foram amarrados com linhas de náilon, fixadas em um suporte de ferro, e devolvidos à água, onde permaneceram até o final do estudo. A avaliação de crescimento foi realizada aos 12 dias após os tratamentos. Observou-se que, independentemente da posição, todos os fragmentos tiveram pelo menos uma brotação, o que confirma a elevada atividade vegetativa de E. najas. Os fragmentos retirados do ápice foram significativamente mais ativos na retomada do crescimento, proporcionando maior número de brotos e maior comprimento.

Períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do arroz de terras altas: I - Cultivar IAC 202

O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar os períodos de interferência e de controle das plantas daninhas na cultura do arroz de terras altas. Os experimentos foram instalados nos anos agrícolas de 2003/04 e 2004/05 em área experimental da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Jaboticabal/SP, situado a 21º 15' 22" de latitude sul e 48º 18' 58" de longitude oeste. O cultivar utilizado foi o IAC 202, semeado, respectivamente, em 18 de novembro de 2003 e 24 de novembro de 2004. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos constituídos por períodos crescentes de controle ou de convivência das plantas daninhas com a cultura. Os períodos iniciais de controle ou de convivência após a emergência da cultura foram: 0-10, 0-20, 0-30, 0-40, 0-50, 0-60, 0-70 dias e 0-colheita. As principais plantas daninhas em 2003/04 foram Cyperus rotundus, Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria spp. Echinochloa crus-galli e Brachiaria decumbens. No ano agrícola de 2004/05, destacaram-se Digitaria spp., C. echinatus, Raphanus raphanistrum e Alternanthera tenella. Considerando 5% de tolerância na redução da produtividade do arroz nos anos agrícolas de 2003/04 e 2004/05, concluiu-se que os períodos anteriores à interferência (PAI) foram de 12 e 26 DAE, respectivamente; os períodos totais de prevenção à interferência (PTPI), de 40 e 42 DAE; e os períodos críticos de prevenção à interferência (PCPI), de 12 a 40 DAE e de 26 a 42 DAE, respectivamente.

A riqueza de espécies arbóreas na floresta atlântica de encosta no estado de São Paulo (Brasil)

Extensa literatura refere-se à floresta atlântica de encosta no estado de São Paulo como possuidora de elevada diversidade florística. Esta afirmação está baseada em dados e conclusões de estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos locais. A maioria destes trabalhos não define com clareza o que considera diversidade, de que grupos estão tratando, a escala de abordagem e, principalmente, quais as florestas usadas para comparação. Neste estudo, são comparados dados sobre riqueza de plantas arbóreas (³ 2,5 cm dap) na floresta atlântica de encosta em São Paulo com os de outras florestas neotropicais. Posteriormente, são discutidas as principais relações conhecidas entre a riqueza de plantas lenhosas nas florestas neotropicais e fatores históricos e ecológicos. Nem os dados sobre riqueza nem as características de latitude, altitude, precipitação e solo na região da encosta atlântica suportam a hipótese de riqueza elevada nesta floresta em São Paulo. Estudos realizados a partir de base de dados comparáveis são necessários para caracterizar a riqueza de espécies lenhosas em todos os tipos de floresta, bem como para sugerir hipóteses sobre os processos responsáveis pelos padrões observados em diferentes escalas.

Variabilidade intra-específica em cinco populações de Oncidium varicosum Lindl. (Orchidaceae -- Oncidiinae) em Minas Gerais

Com o objetivo de estudar a variabilidade genética intra-específica em Oncidium varicosum Lindl. (Orchidaceae - Oncidiinae), foram avaliadas cinco populações de Minas Gerais, coletadas em Alfenas (AL), Estiva (ES), Pedra do Coração (PC), Pedra Branca (PB) e Pouso Alegre (PA). Foram considerados 22 caracteres florais, medidos a partir de "vouchers" (fichas florais), empregando-se métodos estatísticos univariados e multivariados (análise discriminante canônica - CDA e análise de agrupamento a partir de distância de Mahalanobis). Houve diferença significativa (p < 0,05) entre populações, pelo teste F, para 13 caracteres. O primeiro eixo canônico separou a população PA de PB e de PC. Os indivíduos de PA são menores que os de PC, que são menores que os de PB. AL se sobrepôs a PA, ES e PC pelo primeiro eixo, mas se separou completamente de PA e quase que totalmente das demais populações de acordo com o segundo eixo canônico, por apresentar características como colunas compridas e espessas, sépalas laterais compridas e estreitas e ovários mais curtos. De acordo com a análise de agrupamento, novamente a população AL divergiu das demais. Observou-se que as populações ES, PC e PB são mais próximas entre si, seguidas da população de PA. O padrão de variabilidade genética observado não parece estar relacionado a diferenças de latitude. Entretanto, parece estar associado a diferenças de longitude, embora este único fator pode não ser suficiente para explicá-lo.

Fenologia de espécies do dossel e do sub-bosque de duas Florestas de Restinga na Ilha do Mel, sul do Brasil

Devido à ampla distribuição geográfica, a Floresta Atlântica e os ecossistemas associados estão sujeitos a condicionantes ambientais que variam de acordo com a latitude e que devem influenciar nos processos dinâmicos das comunidades. Para avaliar se a fenologia de florestas da região atlântica pode ser determinada por tais variações, plantas do dossel e do subbosque (total 55 espécies) de duas Florestas de Restinga (Floresta não inundável e Floresta inundável) foram acompanhadas por dois anos na Ilha do Mel, localizada em região meridional da distribuição da Floresta Atlântica e com pouca diferença climática entre o período superúmido (setembro a maio) e úmido (junho a agosto). Apesar das diferenças florísticas e estruturais, as duas florestas apresentaram padrões semelhantes, com pico de queda de folhas (outubro a dezembro), brotação (dezembro a janeiro), floração (dezembro a janeiro) e frutificação (março a abril) ocorrendo sucessivamente ao longo da estação superúmida, o que esteve correlacionado principalmente com as variações do comprimento do dia e da temperatura. Dossel e sub-bosque apresentaram padrões fenológicos distintos, sendo que no primeiro houve maior sincronia interespecífica. Os resultados mostraram que mesmo localizadas na situação marginal de distribuição do clima tropical, as Florestas de Restinga da Ilha do Mel apresentam semelhanças fenológicas com outros ecossistemas da região atlântica, o que deve refletir a similaridade florística entre estas áreas.

The effect of sun exposure on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in young healthy subjects living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The range of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration was determined in a young healthy population based on bone metabolism parameters and environmental and behavioral aspects. We studied 121 healthy young volunteers (49 men, 72 women) living in São Paulo (23º 34' south latitude) belonging to three occupational categories: indoor workers (N = 28), medical school students (N = 44), and resident physicians (N = 49). Fasting morning blood samples were collected once from each volunteer from August 2002 to February 2004, and 25OHD, total calcium, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus, creatinine, intact parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, and type I collagen carboxyterminal telopeptide were measured. Data are reported as means ± SD. Mean subject age was 24.7 ± 2.68 years and mean 25OHD level for the entire group was 78.7 ± 33.1 nM. 25OHD levels were lower (P < 0.05) among resident physicians (67.1 ± 27.0 nM) than among students (81.5 ± 35.8 nM) and workers (94.0 ± 32.6 nM), with the last two categories displaying no difference. Parathyroid hormone was higher (P < 0.05) and osteocalcin was lower (P < 0.05) among resident physicians compared to non-physicians. Solar exposure and frequency of beach outings showed a positive association with 25OHD (P < 0.001), and summer samples presented higher results than winter ones (97.8 ± 33.5 and 62.9 ± 23.5 nM, respectively). To define normal levels, parameters such as occupational activity, seasonality and habits related to solar exposure should be taken into account. Based on these data, we considered concentrations above 74.5 nM to be desired optimal 25OHD levels, which were obtained during the summer for 75% of the non-physicians.

Carte nouvelle de l'empire de la Russie, comprise en Europe, dirigée par m.r Philippe, censeur royal et professeur histoire; de l'Academie Royale de Sciences et belles-lettres d'Angers.

Vasemmassa alakulmassa: Moithey ing'. del'. - Oikeassa alakulmassa: J. E. J. Vallet sculp.

The search for circadian clock components in humans: new perspectives for association studies

Individual circadian clocks entrain differently to environmental cycles (zeitgebers, e.g., light and darkness), earlier or later within the day, leading to different chronotypes. In human populations, the distribution of chronotypes forms a bell-shaped curve, with the extreme early and late types _ larks and owls, respectively _ at its ends. Human chronotype, which can be assessed by the timing of an individual's sleep-wake cycle, is partly influenced by genetic factors - known from animal experimentation. Here, we review population genetic studies which have used a questionnaire probing individual daily timing preference for associations with polymorphisms in clock genes. We discuss their inherent limitations and suggest an alternative approach combining a short questionnaire (Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, MCTQ), which assesses chronotype in a quantitative manner, with a genome-wide analysis (GWA). The advantages of these methods in comparison to assessing time-of-day preferences and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping are discussed. In the future, global studies of chronotype using the MCTQ and GWA may also contribute to understanding the influence of seasons, latitude (e.g., different photoperiods), and climate on allele frequencies and chronotype distribution in different populations.

Influence of chronotype and social zeitgebers on sleep/wake patterns

Inter-individual differences in the phase of the endogenous circadian rhythms have been established. Individuals with early circadian phase are called morning types; those with late circadian phase are evening types. The Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) is the most frequently used to assess individual chronotype. The distribution of MEQ scores is likely to be biased by several fact, ors, such as gender, age, genetic background, latitude, and social habits. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of different social synchronizers on the sleep/wake cycle of persons with different chronotypes. Volunteers were selected from a total of 1232 UFPR undergraduate students who completed the MEQ. Thirty-two subjects completed the study, including 8 morning types, 8 evening types and 16 intermediate types. Sleep schedules were recorded by actigraphy for 1 week on two occasions: during the school term and during vacation. Sleep onset and offset times, sleep duration, and mid-sleep time for each chronotype group were compared by the Mann-Whitney U-test separately for school term and vacation. School term and vacation data were compared by the Wilcoxon matched-pair test. Morning types showed earlier sleep times and longer sleep duration compared with evening types (23:00 ± 44 and 508.9 ± 50.27 vs 01:08 ± 61.95 and 456.44 ± 59.08, for the weekdays during vacation). During vacation, the subjects showed later sleep times, except for the morning types, who did not exhibit differences for sleep onset times. The results support the idea that social schedules have an impact on the expression of circadian rhythmicity but this impact depends on the individual chronotype.

Grass-endophyte coevolution and ploidy levels in fescues

ABSTRACT Fescues consist of wild and cultivated grasses that have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. They are an excellent model species for evolutionary ecology studies that investigate symbiosis and polyploidization and their effects on plant performance. First, they are frequently infected with symbiotic endophytic fungi known to affect a plant’s ability to cope with biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Second, fescue species have been reported to have substantial intraspecific variation in their ploidy level and morphology. In my thesis, I examined large-scale generalizations for frequency of polyploidy and endophyte infections and their effects on plant morphology. As a model species, I selected red (Festuca rubra) and viviparous sheep’s (F. vivipara) fescues. They are closely related, but they differ in terms of distribution and endophyte infection frequency. I investigated the biogeographic pattern and population biology of 29 red and 12 viviparous sheep’s fescue populations across ≈300 latitudes in Europe (400-690 N). To examine plant ploidy levels, I implemented time- and cost-efficient plate-based high throughput flow cytometric analysis. This efficient procedure enabled me to analyze over 1000 red fescue individuals. I found three ploidy levels among them: overall 84 %, 9 % and 7 % of the red fescue plants were hexaploid, tetraploid and octoploid, respectively. However, all viviparous sheep’s fescue plants were tetraploid. Ploidy level of red fescue appeared to some extent follow gradients in latitude and primary production as suggested by previous studies, but these results could be explained better by taking the sampling design and local adaptation into account. Three Spanish populations were mostly tetraploids and one high elevation population in northernmost Finland (Halti) was octoploid, while most other populations (25 sites) were dominated by hexaploids. Endophyte infection frequencies of wild fescue populations varied from 0 to 81 % in red fescue populations and from 0 to 30 % in viviparous sheep’s fescue populations. No gradients with latitude or primary production of the sites were detected. As taxonomy of red fescues is somewhat unclear, I also studied morphology, ploidy variation and endophyte status of proposed subspecies of European red fescues. Contrary to previous literature, different ploidy levels occurred in the same subspecies. In addition to wild fescues, I also used two agronomically important cultivars of meadow and tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix and S. pratensis). As grass-legume mixtures have an agronomic advantage over monocultures in meadows, I carried out a mixture/competition experiment with fescues and red clover to find that species composition, nutrient availability and endophyte status together determined the total biomass yield that was higher in mixtures compared to monocultures. The results of this thesis demonstrate the importance of local biotic and abiotic factors such as grazing gradients and habitat types, rather than suggested general global geographical or environmental factors on grass polyploidization or its association with symbiotic endophytic fungi. I conclude that variation in endophyte infection frequencies and ploidy levels of wild fescues support the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution. Historical incidents, e.g., glaciation and present local factors, rather than ploidy or endophyte status, determine fescue morphology.