La collecte de l'eau: directives pour de bonnes pratiques

La collecte de l’eau est réalisée avec succès depuis des millénaires dans les régions du monde entier – certaines interventions récentes ont également eu un impact local significatif. Pourtant, le potentiel de cette technique reste largement inconnu, non reconnu et non apprécié. Il est temps de transposer à plus grande échelle les « bonnes pratiques » de collecte de l’eau, celles qui ont survécu au temps ou qui ont émergé des nouvelles expériences, après des décennies de focalisation presque exclusive sur la maîtrise des flux d’eau douce dans les rivières et les lacs grâce à des investissements dans des infrastructures d’irrigation.La collecte de l’eau offre des opportunités sous-exploitées pour les systèmes principalement d’exploitation pluviale des zones arides dans le monde en développement. Celle-ci fonctionne mieux précisément dans les zones où la pauvreté rurale est la pire. Quand elle est bien réalisée, son impact est à la fois de réduire la faim et de lutter contre la pauvreté, tout en améliorant la résilience de l’environnement. Ces connaissances sur les technologies de collecte d’eau et sur les milieux dans lesquels elles ont tendance à donner de meilleurs résultats, représentent une véritable richesse cachée. Pour la première fois, ces connaissances sont traitées, rassemblées et rendues disponibles à travers un tel outil organisé, illustré et instructif reliant les technologies aux réseaux des connaissances, outil qui servira aux utilisateurs présumés de ces directives pratiques pour mieux comprendre et mettre en oeuvre leurs choix

Stakeholder analysis combined with social network analysis provides fine-grained insights into water infrastructure planning processes

Environmental policy and decision-making are characterized by complex interactions between different actors and sectors. As a rule, a stakeholder analysis is performed to understand those involved, but it has been criticized for lacking quality and consistency. This lack is remedied here by a formal social network analysis that investigates collaborative and multi-level governance settings in a rigorous way. We examine the added value of combining both elements. Our case study examines infrastructure planning in the Swiss water sector. Water supply and wastewater infrastructures are planned far into the future, usually on the basis of projections of past boundary conditions. They affect many actors, including the population, and are expensive. In view of increasing future dynamics and climate change, a more participatory and long-term planning approach is required. Our specific aims are to investigate fragmentation in water infrastructure planning, to understand how actors from different decision levels and sectors are represented, and which interests they follow. We conducted 27 semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders, but also cantonal and national actors. The network analysis confirmed our hypothesis of strong fragmentation: we found little collaboration between the water supply and wastewater sector (confirming horizontal fragmentation), and few ties between local, cantonal, and national actors (confirming vertical fragmentation). Infrastructure planning is clearly dominated by engineers and local authorities. Little importance is placed on longer-term strategic objectives and integrated catchment planning, but this was perceived as more important in a second analysis going beyond typical questions of stakeholder analysis. We conclude that linking a stakeholder analysis, comprising rarely asked questions, with a rigorous social network analysis is very fruitful and generates complementary results. This combination gave us deeper insight into the socio-political-engineering world of water infrastructure planning that is of vital importance to our well-being.

Assessing dynamics of forced livestock movements, livelihoods and future development options for pastoralists/agro-pastoralists in Ruvuma and Lindi Regions, in the Southern Tanzania

The study that aimed at understanding the dynamics of forced livestock movements and pastoral livelihood and development options was conducted in Lindi and Ruvuma regions, using both formal and informal approaches. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected Agro-pastoralists/Pastoralists and native farmers using a structured questionnaire. Four villages were involved; two in Lindi region (Matandu and Mkwajuni) and the other two in Ruvuma region (Gumbiro and Muhuwesi). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of SPSS to generate means and frequencies. The results indicate that a large number of animals moved into the study area following the eviction order of the government in Ihefu wetlands in 2006/2007. Lindi region was earmarked by the government to receive all the evicted pastoralists. However, by 2008 only 30% of the total cattle that were expected to move into the region had been received. Deaths of many animals on transit, selling of the animals to pay for transportation and other costs while on transit and many pastoralists settling in Coastal and Ruvuma regions before reaching their destinations were reported to be the reasons for the discrepancy observed. To mitigate anticipated conflicts between farmers and pastoralists, Participatory Land Use Management (PLUM) plans were developed in all the study villages in order to demarcate village land area into different uses, including grazing, cropping, settlement and forests. Land units for grazing were supposed to be provided with all necessary livestock infrastructures (dips, charcoal dams, livestock markets and stock routes). However, the land use plans were not able to prevent the anticipated conflicts because most of the livestock infrastructures were lacking, the land use boundaries were not clearly demarcated and there was limited enforcement of village by-laws, since most had not been enacted by the respective district councils. Similarly, the areas allocated for grazing were inadequate for the number of livestock available and thus the carrying capacity exceeded. Thus, land resource-based conflicts between farmers and pastoralists were emerging in the study areas for the reason that most of the important components in the PLUM plans were not in place. Nevertheless, the arrival of pastoralists in the study areas had positive effects on food security and growth of social interactions between pastoralists and farmers including marriages between them. Environmental degradations due to the arrival of livestock were also not evident. Thus, there is a need for the government to purposely set aside enough grazing land with all necessary infrastructures in place for the agro-pastoral/pastoral communities in the country.

Network Store: Exploring Slicing in Future 5G Networks

In this paper, we present a revolutionary vision of 5G networks, in which SDN programs wireless network functions, and where Mobile Network Operators (MNO), Enterprises, and Over-The-Top (OTT) third parties are provided with NFV-ready Network Store. The proposed Network Store serves as a digital distribution platform of programmable Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) that enable 5G application use-cases. Currently existing application stores, such as Apple's App Store for iOS applications, Google's Play Store for Android, or Ubuntu's Software Center, deliver applications to user specific software platforms. Our vision is to provide a digital marketplace, gathering 5G enabling Network Applications and Network Functions, written to run on top of commodity cloud infrastructures, connected to remote radio heads (RRH). The 5G Network Store will be the same to the cloud as the application store is currently to a software platform.

Service level agreements-driven management of distributed applications in cloud computing environments

Advancements in cloud computing have enabled the proliferation of distributed applications, which require management and control of multiple services. However, without an efficient mechanism for scaling services in response to changing workload conditions, such as number of connected users, application performance might suffer, leading to violations of Service Level Agreements (SLA) and possible inefficient use of hardware resources. Combining dynamic application requirements with the increased use of virtualised computing resources creates a challenging resource Management context for application and cloud-infrastructure owners. In such complex environments, business entities use SLAs as a means for specifying quantitative and qualitative requirements of services. There are several challenges in running distributed enterprise applications in cloud environments, ranging from the instantiation of service VMs in the correct order using an adequate quantity of computing resources, to adapting the number of running services in response to varying external loads, such as number of users. The application owner is interested in finding the optimum amount of computing and network resources to use for ensuring that the performance requirements of all her/his applications are met. She/he is also interested in appropriately scaling the distributed services so that application performance guarantees are maintained even under dynamic workload conditions. Similarly, the infrastructure Providers are interested in optimally provisioning the virtual resources onto the available physical infrastructure so that her/his operational costs are minimized, while maximizing the performance of tenants’ applications. Motivated by the complexities associated with the management and scaling of distributed applications, while satisfying multiple objectives (related to both consumers and providers of cloud resources), this thesis proposes a cloud resource management platform able to dynamically provision and coordinate the various lifecycle actions on both virtual and physical cloud resources using semantically enriched SLAs. The system focuses on dynamic sizing (scaling) of virtual infrastructures composed of virtual machines (VM) bounded application services. We describe several algorithms for adapting the number of VMs allocated to the distributed application in response to changing workload conditions, based on SLA-defined performance guarantees. We also present a framework for dynamic composition of scaling rules for distributed service, which used benchmark-generated application Monitoring traces. We show how these scaling rules can be combined and included into semantic SLAs for controlling allocation of services. We also provide a detailed description of the multi-objective infrastructure resource allocation problem and various approaches to satisfying this problem. We present a resource management system based on a genetic algorithm, which performs allocation of virtual resources, while considering the optimization of multiple criteria. We prove that our approach significantly outperforms reactive VM-scaling algorithms as well as heuristic-based VM-allocation approaches.

The Process-Outcome Mindfulness Effects in Trainees (PrOMET) study: protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial

Background Mindfulness has its origins in an Eastern Buddhist tradition that is over 2500 years old and can be defined as a specific form of attention that is non-judgmental, purposeful, and focused on the present moment. It has been well established in cognitive-behavior therapy in the last decades, while it has been investigated in manualized group settings such as mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. However, there is scarce research evidence on the effects of mindfulness as a treatment element in individual therapy. Consequently, the demand to investigate mindfulness under effectiveness conditions in trainee therapists has been highlighted. Methods/Design To fill in this research gap, we designed the PrOMET Study. In our study, we will investigate the effects of brief, audiotape-presented, session-introducing interventions with mindfulness elements conducted by trainee therapists and their patients at the beginning of individual therapy sessions in a prospective, randomized, controlled design under naturalistic conditions with a total of 30 trainee therapists and 150 patients with depression and anxiety disorders in a large outpatient training center. We hypothesize that the primary outcomes of the session-introducing intervention with mindfulness elements will be positive effects on therapeutic alliance (Working Alliance Inventory) and general clinical symptomatology (Brief Symptom Checklist) in contrast to the session-introducing progressive muscle relaxation and treatment-as-usual control conditions. Treatment duration is 25 therapy sessions. Therapeutic alliance will be assessed on a session-to-session basis. Clinical symptomatology will be assessed at baseline, session 5, 15 and 25. We will conduct multilevel modeling to address the nested data structure. The secondary outcome measures include depression, anxiety, interpersonal functioning, mindful awareness, and mindfulness during the sessions. Discussion The study results could provide important practical implications because they could inform ideas on how to improve the clinical training of psychotherapists that could be implemented very easily; this is because there is no need for complex infrastructures or additional time concerning these brief session-introducing interventions with mindfulness elements that are directly implemented in the treatment sessions.

Public Commons for Geospatial Data: A Conceptual Model

A wide variety of spatial data collection efforts are ongoing throughout local, state and federal agencies, private firms and non-profit organizations. Each effort is established for a different purpose but organizations and individuals often collect and maintain the same or similar information. The United States federal government has undertaken many initiatives such as the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, the National Map and Geospatial One-Stop to reduce duplicative spatial data collection and promote the coordinated use, sharing, and dissemination of spatial data nationwide. A key premise in most of these initiatives is that no national government will be able to gather and maintain more than a small percentage of the geographic data that users want and desire. Thus, national initiatives depend typically on the cooperation of those already gathering spatial data and those using GIs to meet specific needs to help construct and maintain these spatial data infrastructures and geo-libraries for their nations (Onsrud 2001). Some of the impediments to widespread spatial data sharing are well known from directly asking GIs data producers why they are not currently involved in creating datasets that are of common or compatible formats, documenting their datasets in a standardized metadata format or making their datasets more readily available to others through Data Clearinghouses or geo-libraries. The research described in this thesis addresses the impediments to wide-scale spatial data sharing faced by GIs data producers and explores a new conceptual data-sharing approach, the Public Commons for Geospatial Data, that supports user-friendly metadata creation, open access licenses, archival services and documentation of parent lineage of the contributors and value- adders of digital spatial data sets.

Policy implications of public health workforce development for disaster preparedness in the United States

Public health efforts were initiated in the United States with legislative actions for enhancing food safety and ensuring pure drinking water. Some additional policy initiatives during the early 20th century helped organize and coordinate relief efforts for victims of natural disasters. By 1950's the federal government expanded its role for providing better health and safety to the communities, and its disaster relief activities became more structured. A rise in terrorism related incidents during the late 1990's prompted new proactive policy directions. The traditional policy and program efforts for rescue, recovery, and relief measures changed focus to include disaster preparedness and countermeasures against terrorism.^ The study took a holistic approach by analyzing all major disaster related policies and programs, in regard to their structure, process, and outcome. Study determined that United States has a strong disaster preparedness agenda and appropriate programs are in place with adequate policy support, and the country is prepared to meet all possible security challenges that may arise in the future. The man-made disaster of September 11th gave a major thrust to improve security and enhance preparedness of the country. These new efforts required large additional funding from the federal government. Most existing preparedness programs at the local and national levels are run with federal funds which is insufficient in some cases. This discrepancy arises from the fact that federal funding for disaster preparedness programs at present are not allocated by the level of risks to individual states or according to the risks that can be assigned to critical infrastructures across the country. However, the increased role of the federal government in public health affairs of the states is unusual, and opposed to the spirit of our constitution where sovereignty is equally divided between the federal government and the states. There is also shortage of manpower in public health to engage in disaster preparedness activities, despite some remarkable progress following the September 11th disaster.^ Study found that there was a significant improvement in knowledge and limited number of studies showed improvement of skills, increase in confidence and improvement in message-mapping. Among healthcare and allied healthcare professionals, short-term training on disaster preparedness increased knowledge and improved personal protective equipment use with some limited improvement in confidence and skills. However, due to the heterogeneity of these studies, the results and interpretation of this systematic review may be interpreted with caution.^

Shigellosis in Hidalgo County, Texas 2005--2009: A descriptive study

Shigellosis is a communicable disease harbored primarily by humans. The low infective dose, no vaccine availability, and mild or asymptomatic nature of disease has prevented eradication of Shigella in the United States. In addition, the lack of water and sewage infrastructures which normally contribute to the spread of disease in developing countries, for the most part, is a non-issue in the U.S. making surveillance and risk factor identification important prevention and control measures utilized to reduce the incidence rates of Shigellosis.^ The purpose of this study was to describe the Shigellosis disease burden among the Hidalgo County, Texas population during the 2005-2009 study period and compare these findings with national data available. The potential identification and publication of a health disparity in the form of increased Shigellosis rates among Hidalgo County residents when compared to national rates, especially age-specific rates, are intended to generate public health attention and public health action that will address this issue.^ There were 1,007 confirmed Shigellosis cases reported in Hidalgo County, Texas. An overwhelming majority (79%) of the Shigellosis cases during this time frame occurred in children less than ten years of age. Over the age of 10 through the age of 39, females constituted the majority of cases. Age-specific rates for children four years of age and younger were compared to national rates. The rates for Hidalgo County were higher at 9.2 and 1.8 cases for every one case reported nationally in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The total crude rates of Shigellosis were also higher than the rates available from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) of CDC’s Emerging Infections Program from 2005-2009. As a result, compared to the FoodNet surveillance rates, Hidalgo County experienced above average rates of Shigellosis throughout the study period. The majority of cases were identified in young children under the age of ten.^ The information gathered in this analysis could be used to implement and monitor infection control measures such as hand washing education at facilities that tend to the groups identified at higher risk of infection. In addition, the higher burden of disease found in Hidalgo County requires further study to determine if there are factors associated with an increased risk of Shigellosis in this community and other border communities along the U.S.-Mexico border exist.^

Un sistema de información ambiental para Mendoza

Se presenta los antecedentes y contenidos del proyecto SIA, Sistema de Información Ambiental para Mendoza fue realizado por CIFOT para el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Urbanismo y Vivienda del Gobierno de la Provincia en 1993. Mediante convenio, se provee de información sistematizada y cartografía actualizada, debidamente georeferenciada y fácilmente disponible para tomar decisiones territoriales que mejoren la calidad de vida de los mendocinos. La década de 1990 es una etapa de reflexión sobre las acciones emprendidas, los efectos adversos y las correcciones necesarias para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible, como se comienza a imponer en América Latina luego de la declaración de Río. El gobernador de Mendoza en 1992, Dr. Arturo Lafalla, ve la necesidad de contar con información precisa, accesible en tiempo y forma, para disminuir la incertidumbre del que debe decidir. El tipo de información que se incluye está relacionada con los recursos del medio natural, la población, equipamiento e infraestructura, así como los Usos del suelo resultantes.

El CIFOT como apoyo a la gestión gubernamental : efectos socioeconómicos frente a la construcción de la presa Potrerillos.

El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la realidad de los pobladores y su entorno en el área que ahora ocupa el embalse de Potrerillos y su zona de influencia, con diferentes niveles de detalle, para minimizar los efectos negativos sobre la población y conseguir la información imprescindible para la planificación de la zona. Además de la villa de Potrerillos, Cacheuta y Alto Potrerillos se vieron afectadas en su situación social y económica por los cambios originados a partir de la creación del espejo de agua. El CIFOT firma convenio con el Ministerio de Ambiente y Obras Públicas del Gobierno de Mendoza para realizar un trabajo de relevamiento (Junio-Noviembre 1998) para conocer los factores físicos del lugar - aptitudes y susceptibilidades-, la realidad socioeconómica de los pobladores, actividades recreativo – turísticas, infraestructura y equipamiento, como también las relaciones entre localidades, datos que se tienen en cuenta al momento de buscar soluciones para relocalizar la población de la Villa Potrerillos.

La lógica de la inversión pública en infraestructura en la provincia de Buenos Aires : Entre las necesidades sociales y ¿la política?

El presente estudio se enfoca en la inversión en infraestructura en la provincia de Buenos Aires como un elemento central del cambio estructural pregonado para minimizar los diferenciales de productividad que constituyen la clave de los problemas del ciclo económico argentino. En el enfoque se asume la relación bidireccional entre territorio y escala nacional. Se diferencian para el análisis la infraestructura social, productiva y aquella que es consecuencia de la estructura económica dominante. Se incluye un estudio descriptivo del peso de cada tipo de infraestructura y de la lógica de localización de la inversión, y también se realiza una regresión econométrica mediante la cual se buscan variables explicativas significativas

Estructura organizativa del Sistema de Gestión Integral de Documentos de archivo (SiGeID 1.0)

El nuevo contexto impone a las organizaciones la necesidad vital de disponer de adecuadas infraestructuras de comunicación, que les permitan conseguir un conocimiento real y suficiente del entorno. El presente artículo pretende mostrar la estructura organizativa del Sistema de Gestión Integral de Documentos de archivo SiGeID (1.0), como una herramienta informática que ayuda a las organizaciones empresariales al perfeccionamiento de la gestión de documentos. Dividido en tres módulos: Gestión y Seguridad Documental, Gestión de Archivo y Administración y Configuración, se tienen en cuenta además sus requerimientos funcionales y no funcionales

La lógica de la inversión pública en infraestructura en la provincia de Buenos Aires : Entre las necesidades sociales y ¿la política?

El presente estudio se enfoca en la inversión en infraestructura en la provincia de Buenos Aires como un elemento central del cambio estructural pregonado para minimizar los diferenciales de productividad que constituyen la clave de los problemas del ciclo económico argentino. En el enfoque se asume la relación bidireccional entre territorio y escala nacional. Se diferencian para el análisis la infraestructura social, productiva y aquella que es consecuencia de la estructura económica dominante. Se incluye un estudio descriptivo del peso de cada tipo de infraestructura y de la lógica de localización de la inversión, y también se realiza una regresión econométrica mediante la cual se buscan variables explicativas significativas

Estructura organizativa del Sistema de Gestión Integral de Documentos de archivo (SiGeID 1.0)

El nuevo contexto impone a las organizaciones la necesidad vital de disponer de adecuadas infraestructuras de comunicación, que les permitan conseguir un conocimiento real y suficiente del entorno. El presente artículo pretende mostrar la estructura organizativa del Sistema de Gestión Integral de Documentos de archivo SiGeID (1.0), como una herramienta informática que ayuda a las organizaciones empresariales al perfeccionamiento de la gestión de documentos. Dividido en tres módulos: Gestión y Seguridad Documental, Gestión de Archivo y Administración y Configuración, se tienen en cuenta además sus requerimientos funcionales y no funcionales