Energiaa säästävä uusi viemäriveden pumppausteknologia

Pumppaaminen kuluttaa teollisuudessa huomattavan osan energiasta, joten siellä on myös merkittäviä säästömahdollisuuksia. Maailmanlaajuisesti pumppaus kuluttaa noin viidenneksen sähkömoottorien energiantarpeesta, ja tietyillä teollisuudentoimialoilla jopa yli 50%. Jätevedenpumppaus perustuu edelleenkin pääosin 50- ja 60- luvuilla kehitettyyn tekniikkaan, merkittäviä energiansäästöjä on mahdollista saavuttaa suhteellisen pienillä investoinneilla. Työn teoriaosassa käsitellään perusteet jätevedenkäsittelystä, ja viemäriputkiston rakenteesta. Pumppuja, sähkömoottoreita ja taajuusmuuttajia käsitellään laajemmin keskittyen niiden toimintaan ja toimintaa ohjaaviin teorioihin. Empiirisessä osassa tutkitaan uuden teknologian energiansäästöpotentiaalia erilaisilla mittauksilla, sekä mittausten pohjalta tehdyillä case-analyyseillä. Näitä analyysejä varten työn aikana kehiteltiin laskin, jolla voidaan arvioida energian kulutusta tunnetulle pumpulle, kun tiedetään haluttu toimintapiste. Työssä käsitelty uusi teknologia on mahdollisesti merkittävin uudistus viemäriveden pumppausteknologiaan taajuusmuuttajien käyttöönoton jälkeen. Teknologialla päästään eroon imukaivoista liki täysin, ja sitä kautta saadaan paremmin hallittua monia ongelmia kuten hajuhaittoja. Teknologian merkittävin hyöty on kuitenkin energiansäästö. Perinteisessä teknologiassa taajuusmuuttajat ovat olleet kannattavia, mikäli geodeettisen nostokorkeuden osuus on mahdollisimman pieni. Tyypillisessä uuden teknologian sovelluskohteissa geodeettinen nostokorkeus tulee yleensä olemaan pieni, joten uuden teknologian käyttöönoton kannattavuus on näissä kohteissa erityisen hyvä.

The effects of ICT on school: teachers’ and students’ perspectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on school from teachers’ and students’ perspectives. The focus was on three main subject matters: on ICT use and competence, on teacher and school community, and on learning environment and teaching practices. The study is closely connected to the national educational policy which has aimed strongly at supporting the implementation of ICT in pedagogical practices at all institutional levels. The phenomena were investigated using a mixed methods approach. The qualitative data from three cases studies and the quantitative data from three statistical studies were combined. In this study, mixed methods were used to investigate the complex phenomena from various stakeholders’ points of view, and to support validation by combining different perspectives in order to give a fuller and more complete picture of the phenomena. The data were used in a complementary manner. The results indicate that the technical resources for using ICT both at school and at homes are very good. In general, students are capable and motivated users of new technology; these skills and attitudes are mainly based on home resources and leisuretime use. Students have the skills to use new kinds of applications and new forms of technology, and their ICT skills are wide, although not necessarily adequate; the working habits might be ineffective and even wrong. Some students have a special kind of ICT-related adaptive expertise which develops in a beneficial interaction between school guidance and challenges, and individual interest and activity. Teachers’ skills are more heterogeneous. The large majority of teachers have sufficient skills for everyday and routine working practices, but many of them still have difficulties in finding a meaningful pedagogical use for technology. The intensive case study indicated that for the majority of teachers the intensive ICT projects offer a possibility for learning new skills and competences intertwined in the work, often also supported by external experts and a collaborative teacher community; a possibility that “ordinary” teachers usually do not have. Further, teachers’ good ICT competence help them to adopt new pedagogical practices and integrate ICT in a meaningful way. The genders differ in their use of and skills in ICT: males show better skills especially in purely technical issues also in schools and classrooms, whereas female students and younger female teachers use ICT in their ordinary practices quite naturally. With time, the technology has become less technical and its communication and creation affordances have become stronger, easier to use, more popular and motivating, all of which has increased female interest in the technology. There is a generation gap in ICT use and competence between teachers and students. This is apparent especially in the ICT-related pedagogical practices in the majority of schools. The new digital affordances not only replace some previous practices; the new functionalities change many of our existing conceptions, values, attitudes and practices. The very different conceptions that generations have about technology leads, in the worst case, to a digital gap in education; the technology used in school is boring and ineffective compared to the ICT use outside school, and it does not provide the competence needed for using advanced technology in learning. The results indicate that in schools which have special ICT projects (“ICT pilot schools”) for improving pedagogy, these have led to true changes in teaching practices. Many teachers adopted student-centred and collaborative, inquiry-oriented teaching practices as well as practices that supported students' authentic activities, independent work, knowledge building, and students' responsibility. This is, indeed, strongly dependent on the ICT-related pedagogical competence of the teacher. However, the daily practices of some teachers still reflected a rather traditional teacher-centred approach. As a matter of fact, very few teachers ever represented solely, e.g. the knowledge building approach; teachers used various approaches or mixed them, based on the situation, teaching and learning goals, and on their pedagogical and technical competence. In general, changes towards pedagogical improvements even in wellorganised developmental projects are slow. As a result, there are two kinds of ICT stories: successful “ICT pilot schools” with pedagogical innovations related to ICT and with school community level agreement about the visions and aims, and “ordinary schools”, which have no particular interest in or external support for using ICT for improvement, and in which ICT is used in a more routine way, and as a tool for individual teachers, not for the school community.

Mikrokontrolleriohjaus led-ryhmälle

Luonnonvarojen ehtyminen ja ympäristön saastuminen on luonut kysyntää uusille, energiaa säästäville ja ympäristöystävällisille teknologioille. Valaistuksessa tällainen teknologia on led-tekniikka. Led-tekniikalla on useita etuja verrattuna kilpaileviin tekniikoihin kuten pitkä elinikä, ympäristöystävällisyys ja mekaaninen kestävyys. Ledejä käytetään nykyään laajalti erilaisissa erikoissovelluksissa, erityisesti jos vaatimuksena on valon värillisyys. Näihin päiviin asti ledien hinta ja heikko valontuotto ovat rajoittaneet led-valaisimien yleistymistä hehkulamppujen ja muiden valaisintyyppien korvaajina. Tekniikan nopea kehittyminen on tehnyt led-tekniikasta varteenotettavan vaihtoehdon myös yleisvalaistukseen. Uusimpien valkoisten ledien valotehokkuus on 2 - 5 -kertainen hehkulamppuun verrattuna. Led-tekniikassa on vielä paljon käyttämätöntä potentiaalia, tulevaisuudessa päästäneen 10 - 15 -kertaiseen valotehokkuuteen hehkulamppuun verrattuna. Työssä suunnitellaan mikrokontrolleripohjainen ohjausjärjestelmä valkoista valoa tuottavalle led-valaisimelle, jonka värisävyä ja kirkkautta käyttäjä voi säätää. Valkoinen valo synnytetään sekoittamalla neljän erivärisen led-rivin valoa. Mikrokontrolleri ohjaa kutakin led-riviä väriensekoitusteoriaan perustuen. Mikrokontrolleriohjaus huomioi myös ledien optisten ominaisuuksien muutokset lämpötilan suhteen. Mikrokontrolleriohjauksen suorituskyky todetaan käytännön mittauksilla.

Inovação tecnológica e produção no setor químico

Innovation is the main tool for competitiveness and growth in the chemical sector and the main factors for innovation activities in industry as well as the innovation dynamics are discussed in this paper. Success indicators of innovation in Oxiteno are the following: 54% of the current production derives from RD&E projects, 11% of the gross margin in the internal market is due to new products, the company is a technology licensor, holding 17 patents and keeping a strong participation in the production and service sales in the high technology catalysts area, beyond its core petrochemicals and surfactants area.

Creació d'una botiga virtual i automatització dels albarans, factures i cobraments

L’augment de la utilització de les noves tecnologies a la nostra societat permet a les empreses arribar al client d’una forma més rapida i facilitant la informació de manera àgil i ordenada. Amb aquest objectiu s’ha creat una botiga virtual que serà la part visible als usuaris i clients de l’empresa PRINTONER S.L , dedicada al sector dels consumibles, especialment els reciclats. Per l’empresa un dels objectius principals és oferir al client la possibilitat de comprar els seus productes de manera còmode a través d’Internet, ja que accedint amb un nom d’usuari i una contrasenya podrà obtenir totes les referències de les que es disposa, podrà tramitar les comandes i controlar-ne l’estat fins el moment de l’entrega. A part de les seccions destinades a usuaris i clients s’ha creat una zona d’administració, on els responsables de l’empresa podran gestionar tots els productes, modificar i visualitzar les comandes. A més aprofitant que aquestes quedaran guardades a una base de dades juntament amb els productes venuts, s’integrarà el sistema de facturació de l’empresa, cosa que fins el moment es feia de manera manual i maldestre. També es programarà una part on els responsables podran insertar reparacions i vendes informàtiques que s’hagin de facturar o per fer-ne un us estadístic en un futur. Tot això ens portarà a implementar un sistema d’usuaris registrats amb diferents permisos i diferents nivells d’accés a l’aplicació, fins a un total de 5. S’ha intentat fer de l’aplicació, un sistema a mida i que compleixi tots els requisits que l’empresa ens ha demanat, amb la previsió que més endavant s’hi pugui implementar un sistema de gestió d’estocs i altres millores per oferir als seus clients un servei inigualable. Per tal de portar a terme tot aquest treball s’ha utilitzat una tecnologia de lliure distribució com és el llenguatge PHP i la base de dades MySQL, aquesta opció a part d’una filosofia es produeix per intentar minimitzar els costos de l’aplicatiu. La finalitat de l’empresa amb aquest projecte és oferir millor imatge i servei, efectivitat i rapidesa en tot el procés de vendes, així com reduir costos de facturació i també de publicitat, ja que es podrà potenciar molt més la pàgina web via internet.

Automatització d'un procés de fabricació de peces plàstiques

RESUM L'automatització s'utilitza des de fa molts anys, tot i que va començar a agafar la definició que coneixem actualment al voltant dels anys seixanta i setanta, moment en què es comencen a comercialitzar els primers PLC. A partir d'aquí, el seu creixement ha estat exponencial. En aquest sentit, la tecnologia ha anat avançant i ha augmentat els components que la forma, per això a hores d'ara encara no sabem fins on podrà arribar i què aconseguirà. Per a la indústria tot això ha significat l'automatització de processos que fins ara utilitzaven molt mà d'obra, reduint-la dràsticament. Una de les indústries que més s'ha beneficiat de tots aquests avenços ha estat la de l'automoció, concretament les seves grans línies de producció, automatitzades a uns nivells que fins fa poc temps eren impensables. Aquest projecte forma part d'aquesta indústria, no directament per a la construcció de l'automòbil, sinó indirectament, ja que l'empresa per a la qual s'ha fet l'automatització fabrica peces plàstiques per a automòbils. Concretament, unes peces amb uns injerts metàl•lics conductors que es munten a tots els vehicles i s'utilitzen per accionar els neteja vidres dels cotxes. Aquest fet implica que la fabricació i el disseny de la peça sigui curosament vigilat i controlat per al client final, amb uns controls de qualitat extremadament exigents. El funcionament del procés de fabricació es fa a partir d'unes peces de plàstic produïdes per una injectora que es fan passar per unes estacions automatitzades, cada una de les quals fa una acció concreta per aconseguir el muntatge final.

Análise dinâmico-mecânica: aplicações em filmes comestíveis

Edible films are thin materials based on biopolymers and food additives. The aim of this work is a review on the application of dynamic mechanical analysis in edible film technology. After a brief review of the linear visco-elasticity theory, a description of some practical aspects related to dynamic mechanical analysis, such as sample fixation and sample dehydration during analysis and types and modes of tests are presented. Thus, the use of temperature scanning analysis for glass transition and for plasticizer-biopolymer compatibility studies and frequency scanning tests, less common in edible film technology, are critically reviewed.

Advanced chemometric methods: Applicability on industrial data

Recent years have produced great advances in the instrumentation technology. The amount of available data has been increasing due to the simplicity, speed and accuracy of current spectroscopic instruments. Most of these data are, however, meaningless without a proper analysis. This has been one of the reasons for the overgrowing success of multivariate handling of such data. Industrial data is commonly not designed data; in other words, there is no exact experimental design, but rather the data have been collected as a routine procedure during an industrial process. This makes certain demands on the multivariate modeling, as the selection of samples and variables can have an enormous effect. Common approaches in the modeling of industrial data are PCA (principal component analysis) and PLS (projection to latent structures or partial least squares) but there are also other methods that should be considered. The more advanced methods include multi block modeling and nonlinear modeling. In this thesis it is shown that the results of data analysis vary according to the modeling approach used, thus making the selection of the modeling approach dependent on the purpose of the model. If the model is intended to provide accurate predictions, the approach should be different than in the case where the purpose of modeling is mostly to obtain information about the variables and the process. For industrial applicability it is essential that the methods are robust and sufficiently simple to apply. In this way the methods and the results can be compared and an approach selected that is suitable for the intended purpose. Differences in data analysis methods are compared with data from different fields of industry in this thesis. In the first two papers, the multi block method is considered for data originating from the oil and fertilizer industries. The results are compared to those from PLS and priority PLS. The third paper considers applicability of multivariate models to process control for a reactive crystallization process. In the fourth paper, nonlinear modeling is examined with a data set from the oil industry. The response has a nonlinear relation to the descriptor matrix, and the results are compared between linear modeling, polynomial PLS and nonlinear modeling using nonlinear score vectors.

Inovação & propriedade industrial & indústria química

ABSTRACT The main aim of this paper was to contribute to reflections in Brazil on the need to transfer knowledge held at universities and R&D institutions over to companies, i.e. to transfer scientific knowledge of chemistry to technology. It discusses how the competitiveness of countries is increasingly dependent on their technological capacity. The chemicals industry is a fundamental driver of social, environmental, economic and industrial indicators of sustainable development. In Brazil, the chemicals industry's deficit has grown over the last three decades. Patents are important sources of information because patent documents contain 75% of all technological information available. The National Institute of Industrial Property in Brazil has created a Technology Observatory with the purpose of identifying and analyzing technological information contained in patent documents within the ambit of partnerships with government entities or business associations, in order to support their technology-related decision-making processes. The paper gives examples of ethanol and biotechnology patent documents, including pharmaceuticals, of which there are very few in Brazil. However, a few of the patent applications identified are filed in Brazil, giving the country the opportunity to transform this scientific knowledge into technology by means of partnership agreements with companies. Finally, the paper presents information on the patent applications filed by the world's leading chemicals companies as measured by their revenues, and the respective numbers of patent applications in the last five years in organic chemistry and polymers, sectors in which Brazil is currently dependent on imports for over 50% of its needs. The patent assignees in these sectors in Brazil are also identified, and the paper concludes that Brazil needs to invest in the development of professionals, providing clearly-defined career paths in technology innovation teams at R&D institutions, and to foster more initiatives such as the creation of a new research and innovation entity, EMBRAPII, since investing in science and technology is a prerequisite for knowledge production, industrial property, economic development and, consequently, the competitiveness of the country.

Ammatillisen osaamisen tukeminen muuttuvissa toimintaympäristöissä : tutkimus ikääntyvien työntekijöiden näkökulmasta

The purpose of the study was to describe the experiences of received support of aging employees and their work related self-image in changing working environments. Firstly, theaim was to discover how the support from organisations and leaders was verified. Secondly, the aim was to get answers how employees experienced themselves as workers and as learners in the current work context. Thirdly, the aim was to compare different knowledge information stages and company cultures and how they have influenced the experiences of professional competence development among aging employees. In addition the education- and career backgrounds were investigated to gain more understanding of their role in experiencing support and relation to the occupational self-image. The theoretical frame of reference of this researchis multidisciplinary. The theoretical part focuses on the meaning of work for human being from a sociological, late-modern perspective. On the other hand it examines the ageing process from a physiological and also from a perspective of age discrimination and life control. The occupational selfimage and the strength of motivation has an effect on learning in working life which is crucial and firmpart individual trajectories. According to the theoretical review company culture, leadership and especially the managers' role as a creator of a learning atmosphere are increasingly critical for aging adults' learning when the role of informal work-based learning is increasing. The empirical data was collected with aquestionnaire and interviews, which were carried out in May to October 2001. The data consists of 263 respondents of which further eight persons were interviewed. All respondents were over the age of 45 and represented all levels of their organisations in an IT-technology firm and a chemical industry plant. The central findings in this research show that the aging adults have experienced that theemployers do care about the development of their occupational skills. On the other hand there are fewer concrete activities to reveal this support. There is anobvious disproportion between the expressed aims and the realisation of the activities. Signs of age discrimination are few. The style of management has becomemore supporting for self directed activities which are seen to support adults learning. Higher education and individual activity to seek possibilities to learnwere encouraging the development of occupational skills. Age itself was not a crucial aspect when comparing the experiences among younger (45-54 years) and older (55-64 years) groups. Job satisfaction and professional self esteem seemed tobe considerably strong. The individual characteristics were more important elements in developing occupational skills than the age. The degree of anxiety at work was low. In addition among the older group the strong feeling of coherence and the occupational self image were significant for supporting the professional competence. The motivation to learn was also stable. Among the seniors there was some slight evidence of declining motivation. In the IT-firm the support was experienced stronger for aging employees than in the chemical industry plant. Thosewho had experienced support in the chemical industry plant had higher educational background than the others. In IT-firm they also experienced more support from the manager than in the chemical industry plant. The results show that it is more likely that the differences are caused mostly by the stage of information intensity and the character of company culture which is determined by the activities. IT-business demands constantly accommodation to changes and the chemical industry plant which is representing more traditional business field, where the atmosphere of learning is determined by the traditions of company culture, the changes are carried out slowly.

Development of research networks : the case of social capital

The aim of this study is to explore how a new concept appears inscientific discussion and research, how it diffuses to other fields and out of the scientific communities, and how the networks are formed around the concept. Text and terminology take the interest of a reader in the digital environment. Texts create networks where the terminology used is dependent on the ideas, viewsand paradigms of the field. This study is based mainly on bibliographic data. Materials for bibliometric studies have been collected from different databases. The databases are also evaluated and their quality and coverage are discussed. The thesauri of those databases that have been selected for a more in depth study have also been evaluated. The material selected has been used to study how long and in which ways an innovative publication, which can be seen as a milestone in a specific field, influences the research. The concept that has been chosen as a topic for this research is Social Capital, because it has been a popular concept in different scientific fields as well as in everyday speech and the media. It seemed to be a `fashion concept´ that appeared in different situations at the Millennium. The growth and diffusion of social capital publications has been studied. The terms connected with social capital in different fields and different stages of the development have also been analyzed. The methods that have been used in this study are growth and diffusion analysis, content analysis, citation analysis, coword analysis and cocitation analysis. One method that can be used tounderstand and to interpret results of these bibliometric studies is to interview some key persons, who are known to have a gatekeeper position in the diffusion of the concept. Thematic interviews with some Finnish researchers and specialists that have influenced the diffusion of social capital into Finnish scientificand social discussions provide background information. iv The Milestone Publications on social capital have been chosen and studied. They give answers to the question "What is Social Capital?" By comparing citations to Milestone Publications with the growth of all social capital publications in a database, we can drawconclusions about the point at which social capital became generally approved `tacit knowledge´. The contribution of the present study lies foremost in understanding the development of network structures around a new concept that has diffused in scientific communities and also outside them. The network means both networks of researchers, networks of publications and networks of concepts that describe the research field. The emphasis has been on the digital environment and onthe socalled information society that we are now living in, but in this transitional stage, the printed publications are still important and widely used in social sciences and humanities. The network formation is affected by social relations and informal contacts that push new ideas. This study also gives new information about using different research methods, like bibliometric methods supported by interviews and content analyses. It is evident that interpretation of bibliometric maps presupposes qualitative information and understanding of the phenomena under study.

Hybridityökoneiden markkinapotentiaali

Työn tavoitteena on selvittää menetelmiä hybridityökoneiden markkinapotentiaalin määrittämiseen, työkonemarkkinoiden kokoa ja kasvupotentiaalia, hybridityökoneiden markkinapotentiaalia sekä uuden teknologian kaupallistamisen teorioita. Vuonna 2010 liikkuvien työkoneiden markkinat arvioitiin olevan noin 94–98 miljardia dollaria. Markkinat kasvavat keskimäärin noin 5 prosenttia vuodessa. Alan suurimmat markkinat löytyvät Kiinasta, Euroopasta ja Yhdysvalloista.Hybridityökoneiden markkinapotentiaalia Kiinassa nostaa markkinoiden suuri koko ja nopea kasvuvauhti. Yhdysvaltojen valtti on tukijärjestelmät jotka parantavat hybridiratkaisujen kilpailukykyä. Euroopan potentiaalia nostavat tiukat päästönormit sekä korkea polttoaineen hinta. Markkinapotentiaalin määrittämisen on olemassa useita matemaattisia menetelmiä. Niiden soveltamista hybridityökoneisiin rajoittaa eniten riittävän datan hankinnan haasteellisuus. Vertailemalla yrityksiä teknologian kaupallistamisen teorioissa esiteltyjen menestystä edistävien piirteiden suhteen on teknisen ratkaisun kehittäjän mahdollista valita paras mahdollinen yhteistyökumppani. Soveltamalla kaupallistamisprosessissa kurinalaista mallia, johon kuuluvat sekä teknologiaettä tuotekehitys ja niiden välillä teknologiansiirtovaihe, on teknisen ratkaisun soveltaminen hybriditeknologiaan ja työkoneisiin mahdollista toteuttaa onnistuneesti ja tuoda siten markkinoille kaupallisesti kilpailukykyinen tuote.

Automatic and manual spray bar sections control

The use of precision farming tools in pesticide application technology can improve the techniques effectiveness during the spraying. Thus, this study aimed to compare automatic and manual systems to interrupt the syrup flow in the spray bar sections when applied in overlapped areas. The sprayings were carried out in eight places in completely randomized design. It was compared the spray consumption and the sprayed area in relation to the total area. The results indicated that in sprays performed with the automatic system there was an average savings of 17.2% of the sprayed volume. The sprayed area using the bar section's automatic control was an average 6.1% lower than the sprayed area with manual control.

Eksotermiset kemialliset reaktiot ydinreaktoreissa

Neljännen sukupolven reaktoreissa käytetään uusia teknisiä ratkaisuja ja uudenlaisia materiaaleja, joten myös niiden turvallisuuskriteerien laatimiseen tarvitaan uusia näkökulmia. Tällä hetkellä kehitetäänkin teknologianeutraaleja turvallisuuskriteerejä, joista voitaisiin johtaa jokaiselle uudelle reaktorikonseptille reaktorin erityispiirteet huomioivat teknologiaspesifit turvallisuuskriteerit. Näin pystytään takaamaan turvallisuuden korkea taso kaikissa uusissa reaktoreissa. Eksotermiset eli lämpöä vapauttavat kemialliset reaktiot muodostavat merkittävän uhan ydinvoimalaitosten turvallisuudelle. Tutkimalla nykyisin käytössä olevia turvallisuuskriteerejä sekä kehitteillä olevia teknologianeutraaleja turvallisuuskriteerejä voitiin havaita, että eksotermiset kemialliset reaktiot on niissä huomioitu hyvin, mutta ei kovin systemaattisesti. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli pohtia, kuinka eksotermiset kemialliset reaktiot voitaisiin huomioida systemaattisemmin teknologianeutraaleissa turvallisuuskriteereissä. Johtopäätöksenä on, että epätoivottujen eksotermisten kemiallisten reaktioiden tapahtuminen tulisi ensisijaisesti pyrkiä estämään, mutta jos tällainen reaktio kuitenkin tapahtuu, tulisi sen seurauksia lieventää. Eksotermisten kemiallisten reaktioiden tapahtuminen pystytään estämään, jos eksotermisesti reagoivia aineita ei ole tai ne pystytään pitämään erillään toisistaan, tai jos lämpötilat saadaan pidettyä riittävän alhaisina. Tutkielman toisena tavoitteena oli tarkastella onnettomuusskenaarioita, jotka voisivat johtaa eksotermisiin kemiallisiin reaktioihin erityisesti neljännen sukupolven reaktoreissa. Tätä varten tutkitaan kirjallisuuden avulla joidenkin reaktorimateriaalien kemiallisia ominaisuuksia sekä muutamia neljännen sukupolven reaktoreja. Kirjallisuuden avulla tarkastellaan myös muutamaa sellaista ydinvoimalaitosonnettomuutta, joissa eksotermiset kemialliset reaktiot ovat olleet merkittävässä roolissa.

Essays on Business and Leadership Ethics

As this is a dissertation, an academic thesis, it is important to define the objectives of my research, even if ex post facto, explicitly: - To define, develop and study the concept of business and leadership ethics. - To empirically study the phenomena associated with business and leadership from an ethical perspective. - To create a new framework for the development of responsible business. - To create an “acid test” for my body of works, i.e. a test and an evaluation on how well my research and ideas hold up under academic philosophical reflection. The utilitarian reasoning had the most support when the actors justified their actions regarding economic benefit. (=instrumental good). Duty and benefit were often mixed up in people’s speech. Their meaning contents were blurred and the argumentation lines created by the actors were broken. This can be interpreted in a way that supports Frankena’s mixed deontological philosophy as a frame of reference. Deontologica reasoning was used e.g. in describing the personnel management processes of a company. Virtue ethics is a favourable starting point for studying management and leadership ethics. All the actors studied could name virtues for their operations, towards which to aspire to. They also named professional practices already in use that they considered to be virtuous. Finally, I wish to state that normative ethics is an important branch of philosophical ethics, if also very important in applied ethics especially. From the normative standpoint, the results of this dissertation want to lead nations, communities and individuals towards the virtues of democratic leadership and sustainable economic development.