Effect of particle morphology on the mechanical and thermo-mechanical behavior of polymer composites

Fiber reinforced polymer composites have been used in many applications, such as in automobile, aerospace and naval industries, due basically to their high strength-to-weight and modulus-to-weight, among other properties. Even though particles are usually not able to lead to the level of reinforcement of fibers, particle reinforced polymer composites have been proposed for many new applications due to their low cost, easy fabrication and isotropic properties. In this work, polymer composites were prepared by incorporating glass particles of different morphologies on poly(aryl sulfones) matrices. Particles with aspect ratios equal to 1, 2.5 and 10 were used. The prepared composites were characterized using electron microscopy and thermal analysis. Mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated using a four-point bending test. The thermo-mechanical behavior of the obtained composites was also investigated. The results showed that the morphology of the particles alter significantly the mechanical properties of composites. Particles with larger values of aspect ratio led to large elastic modulus but low levels of strain at failure. This result was explained by modeling the thermo-mechanical behavior of the composites using a viscoelastic model. Parameters of the model, obtained from a Cole-Cole type of plot, demonstrated that interactions at the polymer-reinforcing agent interface were higher for composites with large aspect ratio particles. Higher levels of interactions at interfaces can lead to higher degrees of stress transfer and, consequently, to composites with large elastic modulus, as experimentally observed.

Vauhtikausi. Autoilun sukupuoli 1920-luvun Suomessa

The Age of Speed:Automobility’s Gender in the 1920s Finland The aim of this study is to analyze the connections between automobility and gender in Finland in the 1920s. In this study it is argued that the 1920s was the significant era in the Finnish history of automobility when many of the long-lasting gendered notions and cultural understandings were constructed. This study combines cultural history of technology with gender analysis. As the previous research on gender and technology has recognized, technology is a significant site of gender negotiations. Both from the cultural historical perspective and a gender perspective it is important to understand both technology and gender as cultural constructions. They were linked together and constructed each other. In other words: technology shapes gender and gender shapes technology. Historians of technology like Nina Lerman, Ruth Oldenziel and Arwen Mohun have argued that both gender and technology are about power: social, cultural, economic and political. In this study automobility means technology that can be analyzed in layers of identity, structures, institutions and representations. The source material consists of various types of historical sources, magazines and journals, advertisements, archival material together with films and literature. In the previous studies of the history of automobility gender has often been neglected. The term “gender” has also quite often been misunderstood. Some studies in the field have only focused on the early female drivers. However, far too little attention has been paid to the question, why automobility was considered as masculine sphere only. This study aims to give new insights to the previous interpretations of the history of automobility. As in various other countries also in Finland, the decade of the 1920s is characterized as a period of “modern times.” It was also the era of the automobiles. Although the number of cars in Finland was still low compared to the other European countries and the USA, in press, films and literature, images of automobiles and new women – and men – on the wheel became as an emblem of a new era. The thesis consists of three main chapters. The first main chapter focuses on the conflicts between drivers and non-drivers. The study shows how in the debate of the automobility “a driver” was constantly referred as a man and “a pedestrian” accordingly a woman, even though in the reality there were as much men and women walking on the streets and the roads. Thus, the public debate constructed and reconstructed the gendered traffic system where men were playing the key role. The second main chapter of the study analyses the automobile clubs and the cultural representations. The chapter answers the question how the concept of a driver was gendered. The Automobile clubs and the organizations of professional drivers were in a significant role in developing the early history of traffic in Finland. The Finnish Automobile Club (Suomen Automobiili Klubi, founded in 1919) was the oldest and the most powerful of all automobile organizations. The Finnish Automobile Club accepted women as members from the very beginning. The membership was strictly limited to the upper class and the very first female members were wives and daughters of the male members. However, Doctor of medicine and surgery 316 Karolina Eskelin (1867-1936) the founding member of the Club was an exception to that convention. The male members of the Finnish Automobile Club attended official international meetings and consulted Finnish authorities in traffic and road questions, whereas, female members joined car trips, picnics and social gatherings arranged by the club. Few young female members of the club drove in races and gross-country-tours. The cultural representations of drivers in the Finnish media in the 1920s both deconstructed and reconstructed the concept of gender. In Finnish press in general, motoring was seen as male dominated area. Men were represented as the experts of the automobility. The drivers’ uniforms and the automobile clubs underlined professionalism and expertise which, thus, got masculine meaning. Women were beautiful accessories in the car ads, but they were also becoming a new consumer group in the market. The representations of the female and the male drivers influenced and shaped actively the understandings of femininity and masculinity. In the third main chapter the analysis focuses on the automobile as an artifact.The automobile was considered as an artifact that primarily belonged to the masculine domain. However, the representations of the automobiles were ambivalent. The automobile was both masculine and feminine depending on the context. The representations of the automobile were also used to construct the discourse of heteronormativity.

Arduino-pohjainen OBD2-lukija SAE J1850 VPW protokollatuella

Kandidaatintyössä toteutetaan OBD2 (On-Board Diagnostics 2) -lukija ajoneuvon päästöjenhallintajärjestelmän diagnostiikkatiedoille yleiskäyttöisellä mikro-ohjaimella. Lukija tukee tiedonsiirtoprotokollana SAE J1850 VPW protokollaa. Mikro-ohjaimena on Atmel Corporationin AVR ATMega328. Työn tavoitteena on havainnoida vastaantulevia käytännön ongelmia ja haasteita mikro-ohjaimen käytöllä tiedonsiirtoprotokollan toteutukseen, ja verrata toteutettua järjestelmää kaupallisiin OBD2-lukijoihin. Työn johtopäätöksenä havaitaan mikro-ohjaimen suorituskyvyn rajoitteet ja sen tuomat toiminnan epävarmuustekijät. Työssä myös todetaan, että mikro-ohjain soveltuu tiedonsiirtoprotokollan toteutukseen kun rajoitteet otetaan huomioon. Kaupallisiin lukijoihin verrattuna yleiskäyttöiseen mikro-ohjaimeen perustuva toteutettu järjestelmä on kalliimpi ja toiminnoiltaan suppeampi. Mikro-ohjaimeen perustuva järjestelmä on kuitenkin muokattavissa ja laajennettavissa tarvittaessa, jolloin toteutukseen voidaan saada kaupallisista järjestelmistä mahdollisesti puuttuvia ominaisuuksia, kuten valmistajakohtaisia protokollia ja toimintoja, joita ei ole määritelty OBD2:ssa. Yhtenä esimerkkinä tällaisesta toiminnosta voi mainita ajoneuvoissa yleistyvän sähköisen käsijarrun säätöä ohjaavat komennot jarruhuoltoa varten.

Sleep disorders, sleepiness and traffic safety: a public health menace

Sleep disorders are not uncommon and have been widely reported throughout the world. They have a profound impact on industrialized 24-h societies. Consequences of these problems include impaired social and recreational activities, increased human errors, loss of productivity, and elevated risk of accidents. Conditions such as acute and chronic insomnia, sleep loss, excessive sleepiness, shift-work, jet lag, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea warrant public health attention, since residual sleepiness during the day may affect performance of daily activities such as driving a car. Benzodiazepine hypnotics and zopiclone promote sleep, both having residual effects the following day including sleepiness and reduced alertness. In contrast, the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem and zaleplon have no significant next-day residual effects when taken as recommended. Research on the effects of wakefulness-promoting drugs on driving ability is limited. Countermeasures for excessive daytime sleepiness have a limited effect. There is a need for a social awareness program to educate the public about the potential consequences of various sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea, shift-work-related sleep loss, and excessive daytime sleepiness in order to reduce the number of sleep-related traffic accidents.

Do early life factors influence body mass index in adolescents?

The association between early life factors and body mass index (BMI) in adulthood has been demonstrated in developed countries. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of early life factors (birth weight, gestational age, maternal smoking, and social class) on BMI in young adulthood with adjustment for adult socioeconomic position. A cohort study was carried out in 1978/79 with 6827 mother-child pairs from Ribeirão Preto city, located in the most developed economic area of the country. Biological, economic and social variables and newborn anthropometric measurements were obtained shortly after delivery. In 1996, 1189 males from this cohort, 34.3% of the original male population, were submitted to anthropometric measurements and were asked about their current schooling on the occasion of army recruitment. A multiple linear regression model was applied to determine variables associated with BMI. Mean BMI was 22.7 (95%CI = 22.5-23.0). After adjustment, BMI was 1.22 kg/m² higher among infants born with high birth weight (³4000 g), 1.21 kg/m² higher among individuals of low social class at birth and 0.69 kg/m² higher among individuals whose mothers smoked during pregnancy (P < 0.05). The association between social class at birth and BMI remained statistically significant (P < 0.05) even after adjustment for adult schooling. These findings suggest that early life social influences on BMI were more important and were not reversed by late socioeconomic position. Therefore, prevention of overweight and obesity should focus not only on changes in adult life styles but also on factors such as high birth weight.

Ambient particulate air pollution from vehicles promotes lipid peroxidation and inflammatory responses in rat lung

Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of particle-dependent lung injury. Ambient particle levels from vehicles have not been previously shown to cause oxidative stress to the lungs. The present study was conducted to a) determine whether short-term exposure to ambient levels of particulate air pollution from vehicles elicits inflammatory responses and lipid peroxidation in rat lungs, and b) determine if intermittent short-term exposures (every 4 days) induce some degree of tolerance. Three-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to ambient particulate matter (PM) from vehicles (N = 30) for 6 or 20 continuous hours, or for intermittent (5 h) periods during 20 h for 4 consecutive days or to filtered air (PM <10 µm; N = 30). Rats continuously breathing polluted air for 20 h (P-20) showed a significant increase in the total number of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage compared to control (C-20: 2.61 x 105 ± 0.51;P-20: 5.01 x 105 ± 0.81; P < 0.05) and in lipid peroxidation ([MDA] nmol/mg protein: C-20: 0.148 ± 0.01; P-20: 0.226 ± 0.02; P < 0.05). Shorter exposure (6 h) and intermittent 5-h exposures over a period of 4 days did not cause significant changes in leukocytes. Lipid damage resulting from 20-h exposure to particulate air pollution did not cause a significant increase in lung water content. These data suggest oxidative stress as one of the mechanisms responsible for the acute adverse respiratory effects of particles, and suggest that short-term inhalation of ambient particulate air pollution from street with high automobile traffic represents a biological hazard.

How Is Credit Risk Estimated? Discussion and Evidence based on Cross-Industry Sample Utilizing the KMV Model

The purpose of this thesis is to focus on credit risk estimation. Different credit risk estimation methods and characteristics of credit risk are discussed. The study is twofold, including an interview of a credit risk specialist and a quantitative section. Quantitative section applies the KMV model to estimate credit risk of 12 sample companies from three different industries: automobile, banking and financial sector and technology. Timeframe of the estimation is one year. On the basis of the KMV model and the interview, implications for analysis of credit risk are discussed. The KMV model yields consistent results with the existing credit ratings. However, banking and financial sector requires calibration of the model due to high leverage of the industry. Credit risk is considerably driven by leverage, value and volatility of assets. Credit risk models produce useful information on credit worthiness of a business. Yet, quantitative models often require qualitative support in the decision-making situation.

Towards a better energy efficiency through a systems approach in an industrial forklift

The purpose of this study is to improve the potential energy recovery to electric energy in an electrohydraulic forklift system. The initial achieved result for energy saving ratio after structural optimization is 40 %. Component optimization is applied to the tested drive which consists of a DTC controlled electric servo motor directly running a reversible hydraulic pump. According to the study the energy efficiency and the energy recovery from the electro-hydraulic forklift system can be increased by 11 % units. New ideas and directions of further research were obtained during the study.

L'Industrie vélocipédique : organe des fabricants, mécaniciens...

Variante(s) de titre : L'Industrie vélocipédique et automobile

Formulaire de chancellerie (incomplet du commencement), composé à peu près exclusivement de lettres de rois de France du XIVe et du XVe siècles (de Jean le Bon à Charles VII).

Contient : « Recompensacion de dommaine pour domaine à Eglisez ». Pièce incomplète du commencement. Chinon. Septembre ; « Eschange fait par le roy Charles » V « avec la contesse d'Artois, de Jailly, ou bailliage de Troies, à l'encontre de Saint Florentin en icellui bailliage » ; « Eschange de certaines terres et seigneuries faittes (sic) entre le roy... CHARLES » V ? « et l'evesque de Gap » ; « Transport de Vie[r]zon à monseigneur de Reims, en deducion de grant sonme que le roy... CHARLES » VII « li doit ». Poitiers, 7 août 1425 ; « Confirmacion et approbacion du roy... CHARLES » VII « du transport et don de Vie[r]zon, fait par l'arcevesque de Reims, et à l'euvre et accroissement du mariage de sa niepce avec le sire de Vauvert » ; Privilège de JEAN LE BON en faveur de l'abbaye de St-Denis. En latin ; « Carta quod consules Lemovicenses possint tenere feoda velut nobiles ». En latin ; « Ottroy aux Jacobins de Sens d'un cymentière » ; Série de pièces relatives au collège de Navarre ; « Lectre de foy et hommage faiz à monseigneur de Guienne,... LOUIS » DE FRANCE, fils de Charles VI, « à cause de la terre et viconté de Mortaigne » ; « Baillie de homme par le roy à l'evesque d'Aucerre, pour lui faire hommage à cause de la conté d'Aucerre » ; « Sommation du roy CHARLES VI à Guillaume de Bavière, comte d'Ostrevant, de lui faire la foy et hommage du comté d'Ostrevant. 1391 » ; « Super eodem au duc Aubert de Bavière, avec l'exécutoire... au bailli de Vermandois » ; Pièces relatives à la levée de la taille ; « Aide miz suz sel pour aider à la fortifficacion de Chinon » ; « Continuacion de creue sur sel pour Celles en Berry » ; « Prorrogacion d'ung aide à Chinon » ; « Povoir à messire Philibert de Bercy, cappitaine de La Guierche en Touraine, de mectre suz l'apetissement du vin vendu en groz et à détail ès villes eux retrayans oud. chastel, pour l'emparement d'iceluy » ; Collations de bénéfices ; Prébendes ; Présentations à une cure ; Dons de chapelles ; Maladreries et léproseries ; Bourse du collège de Champagne ; Bourses du collège de Navarre ; Nominations diverses ; Surrogations ; Licenccs d'élire ; Dons de fruits de bénéfices ; Curatelles ; Emprisonnements ; Élargissements ; Louveterie ; Loutrerie ; Compulsoires, exécutoires et contraintes ; Visites de forteresses ; « Lettre de faire visiter denrées et de faire payer amende à ceulx qui vendent mauvaisez denrées » ; « Recouvrements » ; « Recouvrement et reprinse de terres données ou Daulphiné, selon la révocacion sollempnelment faitte à l'assemblée des troix estas des royaulme et Daulphiné » ; « Certification de monseigneur... LOYS », duc « DE GUIENNE », 3e fils de Charles VI, « d'avoir délivré prisonnier à son joyeux advenement » en la « ville de Vernon » ; « Rex... KAROLUS » V « omnibus certificat et asserit » Johannam, « reginam Jherusalem » et « Sicilie, esse consanguineam suam, inhibendo ne quis contra ipsam aliquod attemptare presumat » ; « Approbations : Que aucun ne soit tenu pour infame, à qui ung chien a mengié l'oreille » ; « Déclarations... sur le debat de l'office du vicomte de Conches,... sur les offices de grenetier de Bourges » ; « Vidimus » ; « Consentements : de absolucione quorumdam qui inimicis regni victualia... ministraverint... quod celestini religiosi habeant mense quolibet unam bursam » ; « Tollerances » ; « Sermens » ; « Mutacions » ; Rétablissement de l'atelier monétaire du Puy en Velay ; Restauration d'hôpital à St-Quentin ; « Limitations et divisions » ; « Substitutions » : le sire de Mouy substitué au sire de Boquereaux dans l'office de bailli de Vermandois ; « Ratifications » : pièces relatives aux rapports avecle saint siège ; « Significations ou Significamus » ; « Recommendatoires » ; « Exortoire » ; « Lettres du roy CHARLES VI aux Anglois les priant de venger la mort de leur roy Richard, qui avoit été misérablement tué, 1406 » ; « Semblables lettres en françois aux precedens, qui sont en latin » ; « Rogat rex quandam villam », Aix la Chapelle, « ut de reliquiis corporis cujusdam sancti », S. Charlemagne, « sibi mittant » ; « Rex... KAROLUS,... rogat priorem et diffinitores capituli generalis Cartusiensis, ut orent Deum pro ipso » ; « Insinuatoire et notificatoire : Lictera super appellacionibus per barones, gentes ducatus Acquitanie, a principe Gallie et Acquitanie, filio regis Anglie, interpositis et emissis, racione gravaminum eisdem collatorum, directis principi Juliacensi et pluribus aliis regibus et principibus christianis, ad ostendendum justam causam regis » KAROLI « ad regnum Anglie guerram super hoc inferendam » ; « Instrumens... Johannes Le Boursier, miles... confessus fuit se debere... domino Georgio de Suliaco, militi... summam mille regalium auri ». 20 août 1432 ; « Nomina baillivorum et senescallorum regni... » ; Sur les lettres royaux ; « De litteris missivis seu clausis » ; Lettres sur faits de chasse ; Tarif de chancellerie ; « Cy commence le Livre de l'audience, où les notaires font le serment et mettent leurs seings manuels... » ; Autre suite de formules ; « Deffiances du duc de Guerles contre le roy de France » ; « Deffiances envoiées par le roy de France au duc de Juliers » ; « Instructions abrégées pour avoir cognoissance du stile de parlement et des manières de procéder en la cour de France » ; « Quelz sont les pers de France et quelle prérogative ilz ont » ; Collations de bénéfices et de prébendes ; Nouvelle suite de formules ; « Chapitre de diverses lettres diffuses » ; « Lettres de finances » ; « Lictera per quam rex concessit et voluit quod prior et fratres ordinis Celestinorum Parisius habeant et capiant per manum audienciarii regis, sub emolumento sigilli regis cancellarie, quod habent notarii et secretarii regis seu consueverunt habere racione officii notariatus, quolibet mense unam bursam sicut unus dictorum notariorum et secretariorum... ». Acte de CHARLES V, donné à Paris en décembre 1368 ; « Rotulus notariorum regiorum », pièce relative à une « fraternitas » des clercs et notaires royaux, suivie des noms de ceux « qui ad premissa voluerunt se consentire » ; Acte de CHARLES VI, daté de Paris, 20 avril 1402. Il donne pour demeure aux prevôts de Paris présent et avenir, son « petit chastellet » ; Actes relatifs aux gardes et sauvegardes

Recueil sur la Terre sainte.

Contient : 1 « L'advis directif pour faire le passaige d'oultre mer par le très chrestien roy de France en la Terre saincte de promission », par frère BURCHARD ou Brochard de Barby, dominicain, au mont Sion, traduit en français par JEAN MIELOT, chanoine de Saint-Pierre de Lille, pour Philippe le Bon, duc de Bourgogne ; Ce traité est précédé d'une introduction dont le commencement et la fin manquent ; En tête du traité on lit : « Cy commence le premier livre, qui contient VIII parties, dont la première est des quatre motifs pour faire le passage d'oultre mer. Du premier motif pour faire le passage d'oultre mer. Le premier motif donques est, mon souverain seigneur, que vous ne admenrissiez en rien envers les hommes l'onneur de voz predecesseurs... ». Derniers mots : «... duquel vous devez attendre le loyer non pas momentel et terriien, mais perpetuel et celestien. Amen ». A la suite est l'explicit transcrit en tête de cette notice ; 2 « Cy commence le livre de la description de la Terre saincte, fait à l'onneur et loenge de Dieu et compilé jadis, l'an mil IIIC XXXII, par frère BROCHART l'Alemant, de l'ordre des Prescheurs, et depuis l'an mil IIIIC LVI, par le commandement et ordonnance de trèshault, trèspuissant et mon très redoubté seigneur... Phelippe, ... duc de Bourgongne... a esté translaté en cler françois par JO. MIELOT, chanoine de Lille en Flandres, en comprenant la substance, selon son petit entendement, sans y adjouster riens du sien, en la fourme et stile qui apperent » cy dessous ; 3 « Cy commence le voyage de BERTRANDON DE LA BROQUIERE, que il fist en la terre d'oultremer, l'an mil IIIIC XXXII » ; 4 « Cy commence l'Advis de messire JEHAN TORZELO, chevalier, serviteur et chambellan, comme il dist, de l'empereur de Constantinople, lequel advis il fist à Flourence, le XVI jours de mars l'an de grace mil CCCCXXXIX, et puis fu envoyé à mon très redoubté seigneur, monseigneur le duc Phelippe, duc de Bourgongne et de Brabant, par messire André de Pelazogo, Florentin » ; 5 « S'ensieut l'advis et advertissement de ce qu'il samble à moy BERTRANDON DE LA BROQUIERE, seigneur de Viel Chasteau, conseillier et premier escuier trenchant » du « duc de Bourgongne ... touchant l'advis cy dessus escript... lequel advis » ledit duc « me bailla, aprez que je fus revenu de mon voyage par terre de Jherusalem jusques en France, pour le faire translater de langage florentin en françois, et puis ordonna qu'il fust attaché en la fin de mondit voyage, mis par escript cy dessus, par Me JEHAN MIELOT, chanoine de S. Pierre de Lille et le moindre des secretaires de mondit très redoubté seignieur »

Michael Hogue fonds

Michael H. [Henry] Hogue (1878-1963) was the son of Lemuel and Frances Hogue of Wainfleet Township, Welland County. In 1901 Michael Hogue was married to Margaret Case and they had five sons, William, Lemuel, Harry, Ross and Frank. In the 1911 Census of Canada he is residing in Welland and working as a blacksmith for Howard H. Lymburner. At Lymburner’s retirement, Hogue purchased the business and moved it from 15 Niagara Street, Welland to 12 Frazer Street, Welland. Mr. Hogue’s blacksmith activities included work with various industries in Welland including the expansion of blacksmithing work into the automobile industry. Mr. Hogue also worked for subcontractors Canadian Dredge & Dock and G.L. Campbell. These jobs included work related to the Welland Ship Canal in 1923. The business ceased operation in 1956.

Office of the City Clerk, St. Catharines Records, 1928-1974, n.d.

The site of present-day St. Catharines was settled by 3000 United Empire Loyalists at the end of the 18th century. From 1790, the settlement (then known as "The Twelve") grew as an agricultural community. St. Catharines was once referred to Shipman's Corners after Paul Shipman, owner of a tavern that was an important stagecoach transfer point. In 1815, leading businessman William Hamilton Merritt abandoned his wharf at Queenston and set up another at Shipman's Corners. He became involved in the construction and operation of several lumber and gristmills along Twelve Mile Creek. Shipman's Corners soon became the principal milling site of the eastern Niagara Peninsula. At about the same time, Merritt began to develop the salt springs that were discovered along the river which subsequently gave the village a reputation as a health resort. By this time St. Catharines was the official name of the village; the origin of the name remains obscure, but is thought to be named after Catharine Askin Robertson Hamilton, wife of the Hon. Robert Hamilton, a prominent businessman. Merritt devised a canal scheme from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario that would provide a more reliable water supply for the mills while at the same time function as a canal. He formed the Welland Canal Company, and construction took place from 1824 to 1829. The canal and the mills made St. Catharines the most important industrial centre in Niagara. By 1845, St. Catharines was incorporated as a town, with the town limits extending in 1854. Administrative and political functions were added to St. Catharines in 1862 when it became the county seat of Lincoln. In 1871, construction began on the third Welland Canal, which attracted additional population to the town. As a consequence of continual growth, the town limits were again extended. St. Catharines attained city status in 1876 with its larger population and area. Manufacturing became increasingly important in St. Catharines in the early 1900s with the abundance of hydro-electric power, and its location on important land and water routes. The large increase in population after the 1900s was mainly due to the continued industrialization and urbanization of the northern part of the city and the related expansion of business activity. The fourth Welland Canal was opened in 1932 as the third canal could no longer accommodate the larger ships. The post war years and the automobile brought great change to the urban form of St. Catharines. St. Catharines began to spread its boundaries in all directions with land being added five times during the 1950s. The Town of Merritton, Village of Port Dalhousie and Grantham Township were all incorporated as part of St. Catharines in 1961. In 1970 the Province of Ontario implemented a regional approach to deal with such issues as planning, pollution, transportation and services. As a result, Louth Township on the west side of the city was amalgamated, extending the city's boundary to Fifteen Mile Creek. With its current population of 131,989, St. Catharines has become the dominant centre of the Niagara region. Source: City of St. Catharines website http://www.stcatharines.ca/en/governin/HistoryOfTheCity.asp (January 27, 2011)

Dorothy Rungeling fonds, 1887-2013, n.d.

Dorothy Rungeling was born in 1911 and raised in Fenwick, Ontario, by her adopted mother, Ethelwyn Wetherald. After graduating high school, she attended Fort Erie business College. She worked briefly in Toronto and then Hamilton, but eventually took a job with Brown Brothers’ Nursery in Pelham to be closer to home. Dorothy pursued many interests, learning to play the violin, saxophone and clarinet. She met her husband Charles at a local dance where she was playing. In 1939, they opened an automobile and farm machinery business in Welland. In their spare time, they were active in skeet and trap shooting, for which Dorothy won many trophies. In the early 1940s, Dorothy developed a passion for horses, training and showing them in addition to teaching riding at the Welland Riding Club, as well as judging at horse shows. By the late 1940s her interest in horses was waning, but she soon after discovered and pursued a new interest: flying. She joined the Welland Flying Club, obtained a flying licence, and in 1949 purchased her first plane. She proceeded to obtain a Commercial Pilot Licence in 1951, an Instructor’s Licence in 1953, and a Senior Commercial Licence in 1954. She participated in many air races in the 1950s, including the All Women’s International Air Races, the Women’s Transcontinental Air Races, and the Canadian Governor-General’s Cup Air Race. Some of the most notable races were the 1954 International Air Race, where Dorothy met with President Batista of Cuba, and the Governor-General’s Cup Air Race, where she won 1st place in 1953 and 1956 (and was the only woman competing). In 1958, she was also the first Canadian woman to solo pilot a helicopter. That same year she obtained her Airline Transport Licence. She also wrote several articles on aviation, contributing to publications such as Canadian Aviation and Air Facts, a U.S. aviation magazine. In addition to these articles, Dorothy authored several books about her life, as well as a selection of poems and articles by Ethelwyn Wetherald. As planes became more expensive, Dorothy spent less time flying, instead pursuing an interest in sailing. She and her husband bought a sailboat and became members of the Niagara-on-the-Lake Sailing Club. In 2003, Dorothy was awarded the Order of Canada for her accomplishments. She also wrote a regular column for the Voice of Pelham in 2012-2013, called A Century in Pelham. Dorothy celebrated her 100th birthday in 2011, and remains an active member of the community.