Effects of mechanical signaling on plant cell cytosolic calcium.

Mechanical signals are important influences on the development and morphology of higher plants. Using tobacco transformed with the Ca(2+)-sensitive luminescent protein aequorin, we recently reported the effects of mechanical signals of touch and wind on the luminescence and thus intracellular calcium of young seedlings. When mesophyll protoplasts are isolated from these transgenic tobacco plants and mechanically stimulated by swirling them in solution, cytoplasmic Ca2+ increases immediately and transiently up to 10 microM, and these transients are unaffected by an excess of EGTA in the medium. The size of the transient effect is related to the strength of swirling. Epidermal strips isolated from transgenic tobacco leaves and containing only viable guard cells and trichomes also respond to the strength of swirling in solution and can increase their cytoplasmic Ca2+ transiently up to 10 microM. Finally, the moss Physcomitrella patens containing recombinant aequorin exhibits transient increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ up to 5 microM when swirled in solution. This effect is strongly inhibited by ruthenium red. Our data indicate that the effect of mechanical stimulation can be found in a number of different cell types and in a lower plant as well as tobacco and suggest that mechanoperception and the resulting increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ may be widespread.

In situ isolation of mRNA from individual plant cells: creation of cell-specific cDNA libraries.

A method for isolating and cloning mRNA populations from individual cells in living, intact plant tissues is described. The contents of individual cells were aspirated into micropipette tips filled with RNA extraction buffer. The mRNA from these cells was purified by binding to oligo(dT)-linked magnetic beads and amplified on the beads using reverse transcription and PCR. The cell-specific nature of the isolated mRNA was verified by creating cDNA libraries from individual tomato leaf epidermal and guard cell mRNA preparations. In testing the reproducibility of the method, we discovered an inherent limitation of PCR amplification from small amounts of any complex template. This phenomenon, which we have termed the "Monte Carlo" effect, is created by small and random differences in amplification efficiency between individual templates in an amplifying cDNA population. The Monte Carlo effect is dependent upon template concentration: the lower the abundance of any template, the less likely its true abundance will be reflected in the amplified library. Quantitative assessment of the Monte Carlo effect revealed that only rare mRNAs (< or = 0.04% of polyadenylylated mRNA) exhibited significant variation in amplification at the single-cell level. The cDNA cloning approach we describe should be useful for a broad range of cell-specific biological applications.

Pontes protendidas de Eucalipto citriodora

O conceito de pontes de madeira em tabuleiro laminado protendido surgiu na década de 70, no Canadá, como forma de reabilitação para tabuleiros laminados pregados. Diversas pesquisas foram desenvolvidas para verificar o desempenho estrutural e a durabilidade do sistema, e estes estudos comprovaram a eficácia do método. Devido ao enorme déficit de pequenas e médias pontes em todo o seu território, o Brasil tem buscado cada vez mais materiais e tecnologias alternativas economicamente competitivas para sua construção. Partindo de pesquisas desenvolvidas em outros países, desde 1993 começaram a ser desenvolvidas pesquisas nacionais para verificar a viabilidade em se utilizar madeiras brasileiras para construção de pontes, e a resposta, mais uma vez, foi positiva. Este trabalho tem como objetivos o estudo teórico e experimental das pontes de eucalipto protendidas transversalmente, através do projeto e construção da primeira ponte protendida de madeira da América do Sul. Por meio de provas de carga, foi avaliado o desempenho da ponte e a influência dos guarda-rodas e defensas na rigidez do tabuleiro. Os resultados mostram que o sistema protendido de eucalipto é uma ótima alternativa para o Brasil.

Back in Blue: The Successful Reintegration of Combat Veteran Law Enforcement Officers.

In the past ten plus years, several million national guard and reserve component military personnel have been deployed in support of the global war on terrorism. Tens of thousands of those personnel also serve as full-time law enforcement officers in police and sheriff's offices around the country. Life as a law enforcement officer is tough enough, but when combined with the psychological baggage brought on by months of war, reintegrating into civilian life and the role of a law enforcement officer can be extremely difficult. This article discusses a reintegration program specifically for law enforcement agencies that is designed to promote long-term psychological and social health in combat veteran officers. The program's costs are offset by the many assets (leadership, tactical training, etc.) these men and women bring to the department. By committing to the long-term successful reintegration of these individuals, departments enhance their own forces and improve community safety.

Comparison of Couples' Normal Life Cycle Development and Intimacy Distance Regulation

When conceptualizing healthy couple relationships, it is tempting to use a simple framework as a panacea. Unfortunately, this desire for simplicity can lead to a narrow and naive perspective. Individuals interact and are influenced by a variety of factors (i.e., various social systems, multiple context memberships, complex interconnecting exchanges, etc.); consequently, it is necessary to guard against an overly narrow interpretation when examining healthy couple interactions. It is the purpose of this paper to develop one aspect of a complex perspective for healthy couple relationships by comparing couple life cycle development with couple intimacy-distance regulation.

Las relaciones públicas en el tratamiento que los medios de comunicación otorgan a los mensajes de la Guardia Civil de Alicante

El presente trabajo expone las diferencias más significativas en el tratamiento que los medios de comunicación otorgan a las noticias de la Guardia Civil de Alicante en dos períodos diferentes y con modelos conductuales de relaciones públicas muy distintos. En el primero de ellos, la oficina de comunicación de la Institución se dedicaba exclusivamente a remitir notas de prensa a los medios; en el segundo, la conducta comunicativa de la Benemérita se basa en modelos bidireccionales de las relaciones públicas. Los resultados presentados ponen de manifiesto la eficacia limitada del modelo unidireccional utilizado por la OPC con los MMCC, sin embargo, esa misma eficacia comunicativa se manifiesta en su máximo exponente al combinar ambos. La incorporación simultánea de los modelos agente de prensa y simétrico bidireccional (Grunig y Hunt, 2003,73) contribuyen al buen tratamiento otorgado por los medios a la Guardia Civil de Alicante.

Características cineantropométricas en jugadores de baloncesto adolescentes

Introducción: El baloncesto presenta una gran heterogeneidad antropométrica entre jugadores en relación a la posición de juego. El base suele ser el más bajo del equipo pero también el más rápido. El escolta suele ser similar al base, más bajo, rápido y ágil que el resto. El alero es de una altura intermedia entre los jugadores interiores y exteriores, combina la altura con la velocidad, y el pívot tiene un rol más físico, es el más alto y con mayor masa muscular. El objetivo del estudio es describir el perfil cineantropométrico del equipo cadete masculino del Valencia Basket Club. Material y Métodos: Se han evaluado 20 jugadores de baloncesto cadete masculino (15,35±0,59años). Un antropometrista nivel I tomó las medidas según la metodología de la Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Se calculó la composición corporal según el consenso de cineantropometría del Grupo Español de Cineantropometría (GREC), el somatotipo según Heath-Carter, e índices adiposo-musculares. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias en los valores de peso, talla, pliegues cutáneos y composición corporal, de las variables estudiadas de la muestra total y por posición de juego, siendo los valores menores los de la posición base y mayores en los pívots. Se estableció una tendencia creciente de estos parámetros en el siguiente orden: base, escolta, alero y pívot. Conclusiones: El somatotipo global del jugador de baloncesto cadete del Valencia Basket Club es ectomorfo balanceado. Conocer el perfil cineantropométrico puede beneficiar la elaboración de planes de entrenamiento y nutrición, así como reflejar la evolución y dirigirla hacia las características ligadas al rendimiento óptimo.

Letter from David Phips to Colonel Jonathan Snelling regarding escort of Governor Hutchinson to Harvard Commencement, 1773 July 12

David Phips wrote this letter to Colonel Jonathan Snelling from Cambridge on July 12, 1773, to inform him that Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson had requested the accompaniment of guards during his travels from Milton to Cambridge on July 21, 1773, to attend the Harvard College Commencement exercises. In the letter, Phips informs Snelling that he has issued warrants to the guards, instructing them to congregate at the Sign of the Grey Hound in Roxbury, Massachusetts at eight o'clock on the morning of the 21st. He explains that twelve other men will march, under the command of Sub-Brigadier Sumner, to the Governor's home in Milton to escort him to Roxbury, where the larger party will assemble. These heightened security measures were certainly prompted by political unrest, although this is not stated explicitly in the letter. Phips concludes by saying: "I shall order a dinner for us at Bradish's, where I hope to have the pleasure to dine with you."

Chester Castle, Chester, England, ca. 1745 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A plan of the castle of Chester : with additional new works errected by order of ... the Earl of Cholmondeley, whereunto is added a project of four bastions in order to defend the antient walls against a regular seige ... by ... Alexander de Lavaux. R. Parr sculp. It was published by Alexander de Lavaux ca. 1745. Scale [ca. 1:300]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows fortification features such as buildings, stables, guard houses, towers, quarters, stairs, gates, parade grounds, arsenals, wells, ground cover, and more. Includes also index.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Satgûr:jo:salûko : manuscript, 1890?

Local paper.

Tunisia. Supervising Tunisian Elections by civil society: How to improve it? Arab Citizenship Review No. 7. January 2015

Introduction. On October 26, 2014, Tunisia held its second democratic legislative elections. Participation among more than 5 million registered voters was at about 60%, a relatively good turnout for the country, compared to the 52% voters in 2011. Preliminary results for the 33 constituencies (27 within the country and 6 for expatriates) reveal that secular frontrunner Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won around 37% percent of votes while moderate Islamist party Ennahdha, winner of the 2011 elections and leader of Tunisia’s post-revolution government, received 27% of votes. Other parties with notable percentages are the Free Patriotic Union (French: UPL) with 4.4% and the leftist party, Popular Front, with 3.7%. Legislative were immediately followed by two round presidential elections the first one held on November 23, the second one after one month. Conversely to what was expected, people were more attracted by presidential elections even though president has notably less prerogatives than the parliament: representing the state, he is mainly responsible for determining the general state policies in the domains of defense, foreign relations and national security (article 76.) This paradox is ascribed to national imaginary more confident in a “Zaïm” (leader) rather than a collective institution such as a parliament. The turnout was at about 64% within the national 27 constituencies. Out of 70 candidates (including 5 female), 27 (with only one female) met the legal requirements to run for the presidency. The result confirms the legislative trend and Beji Caid Essebsi, leader of Nidaa, was proclaimed the third President of Tunisia. He gained 39.46% of the votes at the first round elections. Essebsi was followed by Moncef Marzouki who received an unexpected score (33.43%) at the first round, thanks to the support of Ennahdha audience and to an active and insistent campaign focused on the idea that revolution is threatened by old regime guard “come-back.” Rewarded for his long militant live, the extreme leftist Hamma Hammami in a new look gained 7,8% of the votes while the new comer Slim Riahi received 5,5% despite rumors circulating on his personal reputation. Notably, Kalthoum Kennou gained 0,55% (18.287 votes) but listed eleventh out of 27.

Can Schengen survive? CEPS Commentary, 14 December 2015

Against the background of Europe's refugee crisis, not to mention last month's terrorist attacks in Paris, Daniel Gros acknowledges in this Commentary that the core principle of a "Europe without borders" has come under serious attack. He exhorts member states to realise that they can be more secure without sacrificing liberty if they create a common institution to guard the external borders and reinforce the existing framework for internal security.

What is happening to the Schengen borders? CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe No. 86, December 2015

What is happening to the Schengen borders? Is Schengen in ‘crisis’? This paper examines the state of play in the Schengen system in light of the developments during 2015. It critically examines the assertion that Schengen is ‘in crisis’ and seeks to set the record straight on what has been happening to the intra-Schengen border-free and common external borders system. The paper argues that Schengen is here to stay and that reports about the reintroduction of internal border checks are exaggerated as they are in full compliance with the EU rule of law model laid down in the Schengen Borders Code and subject to scrutiny by the European Commission. It also examines the legal challenges inherent to police checks within the internal border areas as having an equivalent effect to border checks as well as the newly adopted proposal for a European Border and Coast Guard system. The analysis shows that the most far-reaching challenge to the current and future configurations of EU border policies relates to ensuring that they are in full compliance with fundamental human rights obligations to refugees, effective accountability and independent monitoring of the implementation of EU legal standards. This should be accompanied by a transparent and informed discussion on which ‘Schengen’ and which 'common European Border and Coast Guard Agency' we exactly want within current democratic rule of law and fundamental rights remits.

Sustainability and solidarity – basic ideas of new financial structures. Policy Brief #2012/07

Federal financial structures which include fiscal equalization between the states are and will remain to be indispensable. Such structures are required to equalize the significant regional economic differences which exist within the federal republic and to ensure sufficient funding for the responsibilities of the public sector across the nation. The current federal financial structures have a number of structural flaws which regard both the criteria for tax distribution, the design of the debt brake and the role of municipalities. The financial structures will have to be revised beginning in 2020. The objective is to consolidate in the long term the budgets of federation, state and municipal governments and to safe-guard a modern welfare state.

Procedural steps towards Brexit. CEPS Commentary, 13 July 2016

Introduction. With the dust barely settled on the Brexit referendum, a messy legal picture has emerged. Among the many challenges are what, when and how exactly the UK’s withdrawal from the EU should be negotiated. In truth, the way the divorce procedure has been regulated under Article 50 TEU leaves much to be desired. Gaps left by the EU legislator will have to be filled rather swiftly by political elites and lawyers. To the EU and its member states, only the rudimentary aspects of withdrawal are clear. In the UK, however, even the staunchest proponents of Vote Leave seem to have been caught off-guard, with no actionable plan for how to handle Brexit – only visions of alternatives to EU membership that are unlikely to be acceptable to the EU27. The fact that alternatives to membership had not been considered seriously prior to the referendum is perplexing, and underlines the impression that the entire exercise was a stroke of irresponsible political chutzpah.