Surveillance and data retention in Poland

The object of analysis in the present text is the issue of operational control and data retention in Poland. The analysis of this issue follows from a critical stance taken by NGOs and state institutions on the scope of operational control wielded by the Polish police and special services – it concerns, in particular, the employment of “itemized phone bills and the so-called phone tapping.” Besides the quantitative analysis of operational control and the scope of data retention, the text features the conclusions of the Human Rights Defender referred to the Constitutional Tribunal in 2011. It must be noted that the main problems concerned with the employment of operational control and data retention are caused by: (1) a lack of specification of technical means which can be used by individual services; (2) a lack of specification of what kind of information and evidence is in question; (3) an open catalogue of information and evidence which can be clandestinely acquired in an operational mode. Furthermore, with regard to the access granted to teleinformation data by the Telecommunications Act, attention should be drawn to a wide array of data submitted to particular services. Also, the text draws on the so-called open interviews conducted mainly with former police officers with a view to pointing to some non-formal reasons for “phone tapping” in Poland. This comes in the form of a summary.

Reconocimiento formal, discriminación real: los derechos de las mujeres en Ecuador en 2011

Analiza la limitada vigencia de los derechos de las mujeres, expresada en un precario desarrollo normativo; ausencia de institucionalidad de género; ínfimo presupuesto cuantificado con indicadores de inversión en equidad de género; naturalización de la violencia contra las mujeres a través de la prensa, ausencia de políticas frente al feminicidio; violencia estatal ejercida contra las comunidades que resisten los proyectos mineros y/o de generación de energía que tiene a las mujeres como sus principales víctimas; emisión de políticas públicas desconocedoras de las condiciones estructurales de la violencia, racismo, discriminación y desigualdad.

Los derechos de los niños: una práctica y una vivencia desde la escuela formal

En 1989 las Naciones Unidas aprobaron, luego de un proceso de muchos años, la Convención sobre los Derechos de los Niños, instrumento legal que obliga y vincula a todos los países firmantes, en el firme propósito de defender lo que en el documento se llamó el “interés superior del niño”, haciendo justicia a estos seres humanos a quienes durante siglos y siglos se les había negado su status de sujetos con entidad propia, libres, independientes y con derechos. El presente trabajo repasa en un primer momento, los diferentes hitos históricos por los que ha atravesado el mundo de los niños, desde aquellos en que el infanticidio era una práctica normal en ciertas sociedades, hasta el estado actual a nivel mundial y local respecto de la promoción y defensa de sus derechos. En un segundo momento se intenta demostrar que la violencia y maltrato contra los niños se siguen dando a pesar de contar, hoy más que nunca, con una legislación vigente que defiende sus derechos, sobre todo, el que se ejerce contra ellos en las escuelas y sus contextos, ya que según estudios de las Naciones Unidas, es el segundo lugar en donde mayormente se irrespetan sus derechos. Para ello, la investigación aterrizó su estudio en dos escuelas urbano-marginales de la ciudad de Guayaquil – Ecuador, una pública - gratuita y otra privada - de paga, utilizando para ello encuestas, entrevistas y observación directa, determinando factores asociados al maltrato infantil escolar y sus posibles consecuencias. Finalmente, se analizan diferentes caminos y propuestas pedagógicas para que, desde la organización escolar, se pueda llegar a tener escuelas sanas donde sea posible una verdadera convivencia humana, libres de violencia y constructoras de paz, justicia y equidad, sobre todo, lugares seguros para los niños en donde sus derechos sean respetados, haciendo realidad en la escuela el Sumak Kawsay o “buen vivir”, en un marco de cultura participativa en clave de justicia social y de paz.

Involving users in expert system development

The ultimate criterion of success for interactive expert systems is that they will be used, and used to effect, by individuals other than the system developers. A key ingredient of success in most systems is involving users in the specification and development of systems as they are being built. However, until recently, system designers have paid little attention to ascertaining user needs and to developing systems with corresponding functionality and appropriate interfaces to match those requirements. Although the situation is beginning to change, many developers do not know how to go about involving users, or else tackle the problem in an inadequate way. This paper discusses the need for user involvement and considers why many developers are still not involving users in an optimal way. It looks at the different ways in which users can be involved in the development process and describes how to select appropriate techniques and methods for studying users. Finally, it discusses some of the problems inherent in involving users in expert system development, and recommends an approach which incorporates both ethnographic analysis and formal user testing.

Formal total synthesis of (±)-conduramine E utilising the Bryce-Smith-Gilbert photoamination reaction

Utilising a Bryce-Smith-Gilbert photoamination of benzene as a key step, a synthesis of ()-conduramine E was carried out. A highly regioselective dihydroxylation of a cyclic diene was effected utilising Sharpless AD-mix-b.

Attitudes of landscape professionals towards naturalistic versus formal urban landscapes in the UK

The last 30 years have seen a tide of interest sweeping across Europe in the development of nature in cities, and an increasing amount of landscape development in urban areas has involved the use of 'naturalistic' styles. This is an increasing attempt to find ways for urbanism and nature to co-exist. However, there have been considerable discussions among professionals regarding the advantages and disadvantages of 'naturalistic' styles in urban areas. This research examines professional attitudes to 'naturalistic' landscape styles in Britain, in contrast to more traditional, formal landscape styles, and aims to find out whether the interest in natural landscapes is really a fashion among landscape professionals. A self-administered postal survey was carried out using both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques and analysis. The survey included 500 professionals from parks and recreation departments of local authorities, private landscape practices and conservation trusts, and resulted in a satisfactory response rate of 53 %. The results of this study suggested that professionals recognise most of the values attached to naturalistic landscapes in urban areas. However, possible benefits that natural areas may have for urban people are not attached to naturalistic landscapes alone. The study also revealed that the naturalistic style is highly popular among conservation trusts but is less so among professionals from local authorities and private landscape practices who seem to appreciate both styles and believe that these styles are not separable from each other and should co-exist in an urban environment. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stereodivergent approach to the asymmetric synthesis of bacillariolides: A formal synthesis of ent-bacillariolide II

Asymmetric synthesis of densely functionalized bicyclic frameworks for entry into bacillariolides I/III and ent-bacillariolide II is reported. The key features are ring-closing metathesis of a pair of diastereomerically related dienes obtained through a stereodivergent route from a R-(+)-glyceraldehyde derivative, transformation of a nonstereoselective cyclopentene ester enolate alkylation process to a completely stereoselective one through alkylation of a bulky ester enolate with a bulky electrophile, and a remote silyloxymethyl group directed epoxidation.

Enabling older people to stay at home: The costs of substituting and supplementing care with assistive technology

A wide-ranging multiprofessional research project explored issues relating to the introduction of assistive technology into the existing homes of older people in order to provide them with the opportunity to remain at home. The financial relationship between assistive technology and packages of formal care was also explored. The costs of residential care and those of a number of packages containing differing quantities of assistive technology, formal care and informal care were compared. The analyses provide a strong financial case for substituting and/or supplementing formal care with assistive technology, even for individuals with quite disabling conditions. Although needs and hence the cost of provision rise with an increasing level of disability, the savings in care costs accrue quickly. The consideration of a variety of users with different needs and informal care provision, and occupying a very wide range of housing, leads to the conclusion that in comparison with traditional care packages, at worst, incorporating significant amounts of assistive technology into care packages is cost neutral, but that with careful specification of assistive technology major savings are feasible.