Continuous combined microwave and hot air treatment of apples for fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni and B. jarvisi) disinfestation

Apples at 24 ± 2 °C were heated in a pilot scale hot air assisted (40 °C) continuous pentagonal microwave system, to evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment on insect mortality (variety Mutsu) and fruit quality (variety Granny Smith). An average temperature of 53.4 ± 1.3 °C at core, bottom and flesh of the apple was recorded at the end of the treatment. One hundred percent mortality of the most tolerant stage of Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni, Froggatt) and Jarvis's fruit fly (Bactrocera jarvisi, Tryon), were observed when the Mortality value (M52, equivalent time of isothermal treatment at 52 °C) at the slowest heating point applicable for each experiment was ≥ 50 min and ≥ 37 min, respectively. Results showed that microwave heat treatment is effective for insect disinfestation without any adverse impact on total soluble solids, flesh or peel firmness of the treated apples. The treated apples recorded a significantly higher pH and lower ion leakage than the untreated apples after 3 or 4 weeks. Therefore, the microwave heat treatment has the potential to be developed as an alternative chemical free quarantine treatment against economically significant insect pests. Industrial relevance Hot air assisted microwave heating of fruits and vegetables, is more cost effective compared to vapour heat treatment and ionising radiation for disinfestation of insects. Microwave treatment is environmentally friendly compared to fumigation and chemical treatments. Hot air assisted microwave disinfestation can be performed at farms or centralised pack houses since the capital cost would be comparatively lower than vapour heat or ionising radiation treatments.

Karta raspolozhenii︠a︡ zemelʻ Evropeĭskikh koloniĭ kollektivov i uchastkov kolfondov v raĭonokh Mikhaĭlovskom, Sofievskom i Shirokovskom, Krivorogskogo okruga

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Plan Kryvorizʹkoĭ okrugi, Shyrokivsʹkogo raĭonu, Sverdlovsʻkoĭ silʻrady na uchastok zemli zemelʹnoï gromady vys. U 1 (Voroshilosʻkyĭ)z dorizannym do nʻogo uchaskom zemli Kolfonda Y. 52oskolfonda Nº 35 otgranichennogo v pori︠a︡dke ustroĭstva kolonizat︠s︡ionnogo fonda

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Postharvest physiology and volatile production by flowers of Ptilotus nobilis

Ptilotus nobilis (Lindl.) F. Muell. has potential in the floriculture industries as a cut flower crop. Ethylene production and respiration rates, fresh weight changes and volatile scent production from cut inflorescences of P. nobilis cultivars Passion (dark pink flowers) and Purity (white-green flowers) were measured during vase life. Inflorescence weight loss was significant (P < 0.001) during vase life with wilting and colour loss being the primary reasons for loss of vase life. Inflorescences ready for the cut market stored and at 22 °C had vase lives of >12 d. Ethylene production by inflorescences was low to negligible. Treatment with silverthiosulphate (STS) and ethylene had no effects on vase life. Evidently, ethylene did not play a role in determining the postharvest longevity of cut P. nobilis flowers. Respiration rates of inflorescences were high at harvest (>700 mg CO2 kg−1 FW h−1) and declined gradually thereafter during vase life. Total volatile emissions followed a similar pattern. For Passion, respiration rates of immature florets were significantly greater (P = 0.02) than florets from other developmental stages while the calyx produced the most CO2. For Purity, respiration rates of florets of different maturities did not differ and the reproductive tissue produced the most CO2. Only fully opened mature florets with their stigma and anthers revealed, emitted significant quantities of volatiles (P < 0.001) and primarily from the calyx tissue for both cultivars. The individual volatiles differed somewhat for the two cultivars. However, both produced significant quantities of benzaldehyde, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene and benzyl alcohol. These compounds have previously been associated with desirable floral scent.

A field investigation of a modified intravaginal progesterone releasing device and oestradiol benzoate based ovulation synchronisation protocol designed for fixed-time artificial insemination of Brahman heifers

Pregnancy rates (PR) to fixed-time AI (FTAI) in Brahman heifers were compared after treatment with a traditional oestradiol-based protocol (OPO-8) or a modified protocol (OPO-6) where the duration of intravaginal progesterone releasing device (IPRD) was reduced from 8 to 6 days, and the interval from IPRD removal to oestradiol benzoate (ODB) was increased from 24 to 36 h. Rising 2 yo heifers on Farm A: (n = 238 and n = 215; two consecutive days AI); B (n = 271); and C (n = 393) were allocated to OPO-8 or OPO-6. An IPRD was inserted and 1 mg ODB i.m. on Day 0 for OPO-8 heifers and Day 2 for OPO-6 heifers. On Day 8, the IPRD was removed and 500 μg cloprostenol i.m. At 24 h, for OPO-8 heifers, and 36 h, for OPO-6 heifers, post IPRD removal all heifers received 1 mg ODB i.m. FTAI was conducted at 54 and 72 h post IPRD removal for OPO-8 and OPO-6 heifers. At Farm A, OPO-6 heifers, AI on the second day, the PR was 52.4 to FTAI (P = 0.024) compared to 36.8 for OPO-8 heifers. However, no differences were found between OPO-8 and OPO-6 protocols at Farm A (first day of AI) (39.9 vs. 35.7), or Farms B (26.2 vs. 35.4) and C (43.2 vs. 40.3). Presence of a corpus luteum at IPRD insertion affected PR to FTAI (43.9 vs. 28.8; P < 0.001). This study has shown that the modified ovulation synchronisation protocol OPO-6 may be a viable alternative to the OPO-8 protocol for FTAI in B. indicus heifers.

Karta Krivorozhskogo okryga

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Map of the Kryvyĭ Rih area

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Negative photo map of Jewish settlements in the Krivoy Rog district

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Schematicheskai︠a︡ karta chasti territorii Zaporozhskogo i Mariupolʻskogo okrugov s ukazaniem evreǐskikh zemelʻpolʻzovaniǐ i gosfondov v blizi nikh

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Schematicheskai︠a︡ karta chasti territorii Zaporozhskogo i Mariupolʻskogo okrugov s ukazaniem evreǐskikh zemelʻpolʻzovaniǐ i gosfondov v blizi nikh

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Planting schema of the Novai︠a︡ Zari︠a︡ settlement

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Schematicheskiǐ plan otvoda zemli kollektiva "Novyǐ Putʻ"

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Plan zemelʻnogo otvoda kollektiva "Novyǐ Putʻ" Krivorogskogo okruga Mikhaǐlovskogo raǐona

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Plan zemelʻnogo otvoda kolfonda "Novai︠a︡ Zhiznʻ" Krivorogskogo okruga Mikhaĭlovskogo raĭona ploshchadi︠u︡ 303 desi︠a︡tin

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Plan zemelʻnogo otvoda kollektiva "Tagancha" Krivorogskogo okruga Sofievskogo raĭona ploshchadi︠u︡ 498 desi︠a︡tin

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