Ett' varttuisi Suomenmaa : Suomalaisten kasvattaminen kulutusyhteiskuntaan kotimaisissa lyhytelokuvissa 1920-1969

The birth of the Modern Consumer Society in Finnish short films 1920-1969 The main subject of this research is Finnish short films in 1920-1969. These short films were produced by film studios for private enterprises, banks, advisory organizations, communities and the state. The evolution of short films on consumer affairs was greatly influenced by a special tax reduction system that was introduced in 1933 and lasted until 1964. The tax reduction system increased the production volumes of educational short films significantly. This study covers 342 Finnish short films, more than any other study in the field before this. The aim of this research is to examine how short films introduced Finns to modern consumer society. The cinemagoers were an excellent target group for different advisory groups as well as advertisers. Short films were used by organizations and private enterprises from very early on. In the 1920's Finns were still living in rural areas and agriculture was the dominant industry. Consumer society was still in its infancy, and the prevalent attitude to industrially produced goods was that of suspicion. From the cultural and ideological point of view the evolution of trust was one of the first steps towards the birth of the consumer society. Short films were an excellent means for helping to transform public attitudes. During the war period short films were an important means of propaganda. Short films were produced in abundance and shown for big audiences. They guided people how to survive shortages caused by the war. Even though the idea of rationalization was presented in short films somewhat in the 1920's and 1930's it became a national virtue during the war period. The idea of rationalization widened from the industry to households expecially in the late 1940's and the 1950's. New household apparati and the way in which daily chores were taken care of were presented not as luxury consumption but as a way of rationalization and saving money and effort. Banks and the advisory organizations guided the public to save their money for a specific target. Short films were use to help the public to acceps industrial goods and the notions of planning and saving. The ideological change from an agrarian society to consumer society was based on old acricultural ideas and self-sufficiency was evolved into rational and economizing consumerism. This made Finnish consumer society to value durable consumer goods and own homes. The public was also encouraged to consider their own decisions in the national context - especially after the second world war Finland laced capital, and personal savings were strongly presented as a way to help the whole nation. Modern hedonistic values were not dominant in Finland in the1950's and 1960's. Initial traces of modern hedonism can be seen in the films, but they were only marginal paths in the bigger.

Assessing vulnerability at the urban interface

House loss during unplanned bushfires is a complex phenomenon where design, configuration, material and siting, can significantly influence the loss. In collaboration with the Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre the CSIRO has developed a tool to assess the vulnerability of a specific house at the urban interface. The tool is based on a spatial profiling of urban assets including their design, material, surrounding objects and their relationship amongst one another. The analysis incorporates both probabilistic and deterministic parameters, and is based on the impact of radiant heat, flame and embers on the surrounding elements and the structure itself. It provides a breakdown of the attributes and design parameters that contribute to the vulnerability level. This paper describes the tool which allows the user to explore the vulnerability of a house to varying levels of bushfire attacks. The tool is aimed at government agencies interested in building design, town planning and community education for bushfire risk mitigation.

Towards a typology of hashtag publics: A large-scale comparative study of user engagement across trending topics

Twitter’s hashtag functionality is now used for a very wide variety of purposes, from covering crises and other breaking news events through gathering an instant community around shared media texts (such as sporting events and TV broadcasts) to signalling emotive states from amusement to despair. These divergent uses of the hashtag are increasingly recognised in the literature, with attention paid especially to the ability for hashtags to facilitate the creation of ad hoc or hashtag publics. A more comprehensive understanding of these different uses of hashtags has yet to be developed, however. Previous research has explored the potential for a systematic analysis of the quantitative metrics that could be generated from processing a series of hashtag datasets. Such research found, for example, that crisis-related hashtags exhibited a significantly larger incidence of retweets and tweets containing URLs than hashtags relating to televised events, and on this basis hypothesised that the information-seeking and -sharing behaviours of Twitter users in such different contexts were substantially divergent. This article updates such study and their methodology by examining the communicative metrics of a considerably larger and more diverse number of hashtag datasets, compiled over the past five years. This provides an opportunity both to confirm earlier findings, as well as to explore whether hashtag use practices may have shifted subsequently as Twitter’s userbase has developed further; it also enables the identification of further hashtag types beyond the “crisis” and “mainstream media event” types outlined to date. The article also explores the presence of such patterns beyond recognised hashtags, by incorporating an analysis of a number of keyword-based datasets. This large-scale, comparative approach contributes towards the establishment of a more comprehensive typology of hashtags and their publics, and the metrics it describes will also be able to be used to classify new hashtags emerging in the future. In turn, this may enable researchers to develop systems for automatically distinguishing newly trending topics into a number of event types, which may be useful for example for the automatic detection of acute crises and other breaking news events.

Tetrahydrofuran Clathrate Hydrate Formation

We report on the formation of tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate studied by x-ray Raman scattering measurements at the oxygen K edge. A comparison of x-ray Raman spectra measured from water-tetrahydrofuran mixtures and tetrahydrofuran hydrate at different temperatures supports stochastic hydrate formation models rather than models assuming hydrate precursors. This is confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations of x-ray Raman spectra. In addition, changes in the spectra of tetrahydrofuran hydrate with temperatures close to the hydrate's dissociation temperature were observed and may be connected to changes in hydrate's local structure due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between guest and water molecules.

A Genetic Study of Immunoglobulin E and Atopic Disease Based on Families Ascertained through Asthmatic Children

In order to investigate the modes of inheritance of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and atopic disease, serum IgE levels and data on allergic disease were obtained from 42 families ascertained through asthmatic children visiting an allergy clinic. Although the mean IgE levels were elevated (mean 637 U/ml), the prevalence of atopic disease in this population was surprisingly low. When the data were analyzed using complex segregation analysis, no major locus could be detected. Moreover, the polygenic heritability was unexpectedly small even though the correlation between serum IgE levels and the liability to atopic disease was around 0.4. Given this unusual set of findings, it is postulated that parasitic infections in this population have (in accordance with well-established results of parasitic disease) caused both elevated levels of serum IgE and a decreased prevalence of allergic disease with the possible masking of the various genetic components of serum IgE levels and atopic disease.

Producing interactivity : Does media convergence promote interactivity and audience participation?

This study investigates the process of producing interactivity in a converged media environment. The study asks whether more media convergence equals more interactivity. The research object is approached through semi-structured interviews of prominent decision makers within the Finnish media. The main focus of the study are the three big ones of the traditional media, radio, television and the printing press, and their ability to adapt to the changing environment. The study develops theoretical models for the analysis of interactive features and convergence. Case-studies are formed from the interview data and they are evaluated against the models. As a result the cases arc plotted and compared on a four-fold table. The cases are Radio Rock, NRJ, Biu Brother, Television Chat, Olivia and Sanoma News. It is found out that the theoretical models can accurately forecast the results of the case studies. The models are also able to distinguish different aspects of both interactivity and convergence so that a case, which at a first glance seems not to be very interactive is in the end found out to receive second highest scores on the analysis. The highest scores are received by Big Brother and Sanoma News. Through the theory and the analysis of the research data it is found out that the concepts of interactivity and convergence arc intimately intertwined and very hard in many cases to separate from each other. Hence the answer to the main question of this study is yes, convergence does promote interactivity and audience participation. The main theoretical background for the analysis of interactivity follows the work of Came Fleeter, Spiro Kiousis and Sally McMillan. Heeler's six-dimensional definition of interactivity is used as the basis for operationalizing interactivity. The actor-network theory is used as the main theoretical framework to analyze convergence. The definition and operationalization of the actor-network theory into a model of convergence follows the work of Michel Callon. Bruno Latour and especially John Law and Felix Stalder.

A comparative study of a direct discretization and an operator-splitting solver for population balance systems

A direct discretization approach and an operator-splitting scheme are applied for the numerical simulation of a population balance system which models the synthesis of urea with a uni-variate population. The problem is formulated in axisymmetric form and the setup is chosen such that a steady state is reached. Both solvers are assessed with respect to the accuracy of the results, where experimental data are used for comparison, and the efficiency of the simulations. Depending on the goal of simulations, to track the evolution of the process accurately or to reach the steady state fast, recommendations for the choice of the solver are given. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment

Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various communities involved in the research and regulation of bioenergy deployment in the context of climate change mitigation: Land-use and energy experts, land-use and integrated assessment modelers, human geographers, ecosystem researchers, climate scientists and two different strands of life-cycle assessment experts. We summarize technological options, outline the state-of-the-art knowledge on various climate effects, provide an update on estimates of technical resource potential and comprehensively identify sustainability effects. Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed, BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management. Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves and small-scale power generation for rural areas can help to promote energy access and sustainable development, along with reduced emissions. We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100EJ: high agreement; 100-300EJ: medium agreement; above 300EJ: low agreement. Stabilization scenarios indicate that bioenergy may supply from 10 to 245EJyr(-1) to global primary energy supply by 2050. Models indicate that, if technological and governance preconditions are met, large-scale deployment (>200EJ), together with BECCS, could help to keep global warming below 2 degrees degrees of preindustrial levels; but such high deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods. The integration of bioenergy systems into agriculture and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address concerns about environmental impacts. We conclude that the high variability in pathways, uncertainties in technological development and ambiguity in political decision render forecasts on deployment levels and climate effects very difficult. However, uncertainty about projections should not preclude pursuing beneficial bioenergy options.

Efecto de rotación de cultivos y control de malezas sobre la cenosis de malezas en los cultivos maíz (Zea mays L.), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) moench) y pepino (Cucumis sativus L.)

En este trabajo se estudia la influencia de diferentes métodos de control de malezas en diferentes rotaciones de cultivos, la dinámica de asociaciones de malezas y el crecimiento y desarrollo de loe cultivos. El ensayo se inició en la postrera 1987 en la Estación Experimental de cultivos no tradicionales "Campos Azules" en Masatepe, Masaya, considerando en este trabajo los resultados de la siembra de primera 1990. Se estudió las rotaciones sorgo-sorgo, sorgo-maíz, soya-maíz, soya-pepino y sorgo-pepino, y los métodos de control químico, control por período crítico y control por limpio periódica. Los resultados demuestran que los controles químicos y limpias periódicas efectuaron un control satisfactorio de las malezas, mientras el control por período crítico (con 1 pase de azadón) quedé insuficiente, debido a la predominancia de especies dicotiledóneas como Richardia scabra y Baltimora recta, de competitividad alargada y tardía. Las rotaciones influyeron sobre el nivel del enmalezamiento, siendo más bajo en sorgo-sorgo y sorgo-maíz que en las demás rotaciones con participación de cultivos dicotiledóneas (soya, pepino). En cuanto a rendimiento los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con sorgo-maíz y soya-pepino.

Efecto de arreglos topológicos (doble surco) sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del maiz (Zea mays L.) como cultivo principal, en asocio con leguminosas (Vigna unguiculata L. walp)

El presente estudio se estableció en terrenos del Centro Experimental La Compañía, ubicado en el municipio de Masatepe, departamento de Carazo, durante la época de primera comprendida entre los meses de junio a octubre de 1995. Con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de los diferentes arreglos de siembra, sobre el Crecimiento, Desarrollo y Rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.) como cultivo principal, en asocio con frijol (Viqna unguiculata L. Watp). Los tratamientos en estudio fueron: Tratamiento uno maíz como cultivo puro a 80 cm entre calle. Tratamiento dos maíz a 80 cm, más leguminosa de cobertura un surco de maíz y un surco de leguminosa (1:1). Tratamiento tres, maíz a doble surcos (20 cm entre surco) calle ancha a 140 cm con dos surcos de leguminosas de coberturas entre a 50 cm. Tratamiento cuatro, maíz doble surcos (40 cm entre surcos) calle ancha a 120 con dos surcos de leguminosas entre a 40 cm entre sí. Se utilizó un diseño de Bloque Completo al Azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el asocio de maíz-leguminosas, no afectan significativamente el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del maíz como cultivo principal. Además podemos afirmar que al comparar los rendimientos, del cultivo puro con los asocios, hay una mejor eficiencia en el aprovechamiento del uso potencial de los suelos.

Estudio del efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de ajonjolí (Sesamun indicum L.) variedad Cuyumaqui

El presente trabajo se planificó con la finalidad de determinar el efecto de siete diferentes densidades de siembra sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de ajonjolí (Sesamum indicum L.) variedad Cuyumaquí, bajo las condiciones ecológicas de la finca la Concepción, Nagarote León. El ensayo se estableció en la siembra de postrera de 1999, utilizándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones, encontrándose que de los componentes de crecimiento solo la altura de planta y diámetro del tallo presentaron diferencias significativas a los 45, 6075 días después de la siembra. De las variables evaluadas para el rendimiento y sus principales componentes, solamente se encontró diferencias significativas para la altura de inserción de la primera cápsula, plantas cosechadas, plantas acamadas y el rendimiento en kg/ha. Así mismo se observo, que de las siete diferentes densidades de siembra evaluadas la que expresó su máximo potencial de rendimiento fue la de 119 043 plantas/ha ( tratamiento D) y cuando la densidad de siembra se incrementa por encima de ésta, el rendimiento de grano disminuye.

Efecto de siete densidades de siembra sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de Ajonjolí (Sesamum indicum L.) variedad Cuyumaqui

El presente trabajo se estableció con la finalidad de determinar el efecto de siete densidades de siembra (96 150; 104 163; 113 632; 119 043; 128 200; 138 884 y 151 510 plantas 1 ha) sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de ajonjolí (Sesamum indicum L.) variedad Cuyumaqui, bajo las condiciones ecológicas de la finca la Concepción, Nagarote, León. El ensayo se estableció en postrera de 1999, utilizándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos ejercieron efectos significativos sobre las variables plantas cosechadas, plantas acamadas y rendimiento de grano. El máximo potencial de rendimiento se logró con el tratamiento D (119 043 plantas 1 ha) cuyo arreglo de siembra fue de 0.70 m entre surco y 0.12 m entre planta. Cuando se disminuyó la distancia entre surco por debajo de 0.70 m, sin variar la distancia entre planta (0.12 m), la densidad de plantas se incrementó por encima de las 119 043 plantas 1 ha, lo que produjo disminución significativa del rendimiento.

Comportamiento agro-industrial de la variedad Ja. 60-5 (Saccharum sp. hibrido) a diferentes dosis de NPK sobre un suelo rojo; en caña planta

Autor Félix Enrique Barbosa Gómez Se estudió el comportamiento agro-industrial de la variedad Ja. 60-5 con diferentes dosis de NPK. La siembra se realizó el 26 de abril de 1988 en terrenos de la Estación Experimental de Caña de Azúcar sobre el suelo rojo (serie Chilamatillo), realizándose la cosecha a los 12 meses de edad: El diseño utilizado fue de bloques al azar y los parámetros estudiados fueron: brotacion, población, altura peso promedio de tallos, rendimiento agrícola, rendimiento industrial, rendimiento agro-industrial y floración: los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y a la prueba de Newman Keus a un nivel de significación del 5% de lso cuales no se obtuvo diferencia significativa. Para el rendimiento agrícola aplicaciones crecientes de nitrógeno y fosfora aumentan el tonelaje de caña, no teniendo igual comportamiento al potasio. En el rendimiento azucarero el nitrógeno efecto para el fosfora y potasio: las mejores dosis en el ¡rendimiento rectilíneo fueron 158,129. 0kg/ha. de nitrógeno, fosfora y potasio respectivamente.

Influencia de diferentes tipos de sombra y métodos de control de malezas en la banda sobre la cenosis y el crecimiento del cafeto joven (Coffea arábica L.)

En este informe se estudió la influencia de tres tipos de árboles de sombra y seis mètodo9s de manejo de malezas en la banda sobre el crecimiento del cafeto joven y el comportamiento de la cenosis de malezas en el primer año de establecido el cafeto. Para tal efecto se realizó un ensayo bifactorial en el municipio de Masatepe, Masaya, utilizando cafetos (coffea Arábiga L.) de la variedad catuai con distancias de siembra de 0.80m por 3.36m entre plantas y entre surcos respectivamente en el cual se evaluaron los siguientes factores para los fines planteados, Factor a: (Sombra), con tres tratamientos; acetuno (cimaruba). Factor B. (control mecánico con machete cada uno, dos y tres meses; control químico con herbicidas en mayo y agosto y uso de gallinaza como cobertura. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, en esta localidad, el cafeto joven necesita de sombra moderada para su crecimiento, condición que se cumplió en cierta medida con los tratamientos de higuerilla, y papaya que además disminuyeron las poblaciones de malezas por efecto de la sombra. No hubo diferencia significativa en gran parte del periodo de estudio en los controles se malezas, sin embargo la gallinaza tuvo el mejor comportamiento en todas las variables superando significativamente al resto de tratamientos al iniciarse el periodo lluviosa.

El hombre en cuanto persona

Resumen: El artículo examina el concepto de persona, en sus fuentes aporéticas y en el pensamiento de Santo Tomás de Aquino para, finalmente, analizar algunas de sus propiedades en orden a fundamentar una teoría de la imputación. La primera parte comienza con la consideración de los orígenes semánticos, históricos y teológicos de los términos persona e hypóstasis. Trata luego el problema teórico que este concepto implica para el pensamiento moderno, teniendo en cuenta el empobrecimiento de su Metafísica, como consecuencia del nominalismo, el principio de inmanencia y una deficiente concepción de la experiencia. Por último, se toman en consideración algunas consecuencias que dicho empobrecimiento tienen en el pensamiento contemporáneo. La segunda parte está dedicada a exponer la doctrina tomista que de un modo teóricamente definitivo dio solución, con elementos ontológicos aristotélicos, a los problemas planteados en la época Patrística. Se analiza el concepto de sustancia individual (o suppositum), que en la definición de persona opera analógicamente como género próximo, y el de naturaleza espiritual individuada, que opera como diferencia específica. Finalmente, se aportan textos del Aquinate acerca de la definición y de las diferencias conceptuales y ontológicas entre naturaleza y persona. En la tercera parte se exponen algunas propiedades, dividiéndolas en cuatro grupos de tesis: 1°) la persona como sujeto de atribución y dueña de sus proyectos vitales; 2°) como sujeto ontológicamente abierto al mundo, a los semejantes y a Dios; 3°) como sujeto consciente, libre y autónomo; 4°) el carácter ético de la persona, como sujeto de imputación y responsabilidad.