Estratégias para o aprimoramento do diagnóstico molecular na leishmaniose visceral

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença infecto-parasitária causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar estratégias para o aprimoramento do diagnóstico molecular na LV, que compreenderam a avaliação da eficiência de diferentes métodos de extração de DNA em amostras de urina; a análise do uso da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase quantitativa em tempo real (qPCR) como ferramenta para a detecção do DNA de Leishmania infantum na referida amostra; e a padronização de uma reação duplex qPCR para a detecção simultânea do DNA de L. infantum e do gene G3PD (controle endógeno). Depois da escolha do protocolo de extração de DNA mais apropriado, e após a otimização e a análise de reprodutibilidade, uma qPCR em urina foi padronizada. Em paralelo, após o desenho e a síntese de sondas TaqMan® compatíveis com os sistemas LINF 1B e G3PD1, após otimização e análise de reprodutibilidade, uma duplex qPCR em sangue também foi padronizada. Para avaliação dos protocolos desenvolvidos foram utilizadas técnicas de estatística descritiva. Para análise comparativa com técnicas clássicas de diagnóstico da LV utilizou-se Teste Qui Quadrado de independência ou Teste Exato de Fisher (p<0,05 e p<0,01, respectivamente). Como resultados, após otimização, o limite de detecção alcançado pela qPCR em urina utilizando o protocolo de extração selecionado (kit comercial) foi de 5 fg/microlitros de amostra 0,034 parasitos) A duplex qPCR em sangue alcançou um limite de detecção de 2x102 fg/microlitros de amostra 1,4 (ou ~ 1,4 parasito), após a otimização. A partir dos dados estatísticos obtidos, pôde-se analisar alta concordância percentual entre a qPCR e urina e o conjunto de critérios diagnósticos (sorologia rK39 + qPCR em sangue), bem como entre a duplex qPCR em sangue e a qPCR em sangue, para os Grupos 01 (pacientes com suspeita de LV) e 02 (pacientes HIV positivos co-infectados ou não). Como um conjunto de critérios, os dois novos ensaios obtiveram excelentes concordâncias com o conjunto de técnicas clássicas: 88,89 por cento e 94,74 por cento para os Grupos 01 e 02, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os testes. Pôde-se concluir que ambos os ensaios mostraram bom potencial para a incorporação, após validação, ao diagnóstico da LV; em conjunto ou individualmente (quando necessário), trazendo mais conforto, praticidade, confiabilidade e rapidez ao diagnóstico definitivo da patologia

Poverty and livelihood diversification in rural Liberia: exploring the linkages between artisanal diamond mining and smallholder rice production

This paper provides an account of the changing livelihood dynamics unfolding in diamond-rich territories of rural Liberia. In these areas, many farm families are using the rice harvested on their plots to attract and feed labourers recruited specifically to mine for diamonds. The monies accrued from the sales of all recovered stones are divided evenly between the family and hired hands, an arrangement which, for thousands of people, has proved to be an effective short-term buffer against poverty. A deepened knowledge of these dynamics could be an important step towards facilitating lasting development in Liberia’s highly-impoverished rural areas.

Poverty, HIV, and barriers to education: street children's experiences in Tanzania

This article discusses the links between poverty, HIV/AIDS, and barriers to education, based on the first-hand experiences of ‘street children’ in northern Tanzania. Within the context of national levels of poverty, ‘cost-sharing’ in health and education sectors, and the AIDS epidemic, poor families in Tanzania are under considerable pressure, and increasing numbers of girls and boys are consequently seeking a living independently on the streets of towns and cities. My research with street children shows that some children orphaned by AIDS are subject to rejection and exploitation by the extended family after the death of their parent(s). They are exposed to considerable risks of abuse, sexual violence and HIV within the street environment. Here, I discuss the links between poverty, HIV and barriers to education, which compound young people’s vulnerability, and offer some policy recommendations in response to the young people’s experiences.

The language of poverty: an exploration of the narratives of the poor

Within the development discourse, the narratives of the poor are a well utilized rhetorical tool to describe poverty and its causes. However, narratives can also reveal the beliefs and ‘world-view’ of the narrators. To explore this influence, the authors applied a discursive approach, to deconstruct the narratives of 101 slum dwellers in Kibera, Nairobi. The results revealed that poverty was largely attributed to external constraints, beyond an individual's control. Despite wanting a better life, participants held low expectations for the future. Hopes and dreams were placed on their children. While risk and uncertainty was a constant theme, large differences were found between genders as to the aspirations for the future. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

The shape of change: memetic analysis of poverty definitions from the 1970s to the 2000s

The authors illustrate how notions of poverty are constructed around specific ‘memes’, or replicating units of cultural information, around which concepts and ideas develop and change. Three ‘memes’ characterising definitions of poverty over the previous years were identified: ‘basic needs’, ‘multidimensional’ and ‘deprivation’. The analysis illustrated the semantic space in which each term was utilised and to the extent it changed and modified over time by different actors. The results revealed how ‘memes’ compete with one another across the discourse. Within this competition, older concepts are almost never fully abandoned, but rather repackaged and reutilised. Thus, new definitions of poverty are less innovative than portrayed in the wider literature.

Panzootics and the poor: devising a global livestock disease prioritisation framework for poverty alleviation

Panzootics such as highly pathogenic avian influenza and Rift Valley fever have originated from the South, largely among poor communities. On a global level, approximately two-thirds of those individuals living on less than US$2 per day keep livestock. Consequently, there is a need to better target animal health interventions for poverty reduction using an evidence-based approach. Therefore, the paper offers a three-step prioritisation framework using calculations derived from standard poverty measures: the poverty gap and the head count ratio. Data from 265 poor livestock-keeping households in Kenya informed the study. The results demonstrate that, across a spectrum of producers, the dependence upon particular species varies. Furthermore, the same livestock disease has differing impacts on the depth and severity of poverty. Consequently, animal health interventions need to