840 resultados para Estação de tratamento de esgoto. UASB. Lodos ativados. Biodiscos. Matéria orgânica. Remoção biológica de nitrogênio
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The textile sector is one of the main contributors to the generation of industrial wastewaters due to the use of large volumes of water, which has a high organic load content. In these, it is observed to the presence of dyes, surfactants, starch, alcohols, acetic acid and other constituents, from the various processing steps of the textiles. Hence, the treatment of textile wastewater becomes fundamental before releasing it into water bodies, where they can cause disastrous physical-chemical changes for the environment. Surfactants are substances widely used in separation processes and their use for treating textile wastewaters was evaluated in this research by applying the cloud point extraction and the ionic flocculation. In the cloud point extraction was used as surfactant nonylphenol with 9.5 ethoxylation degree to remove reactive dye. The process evaluation was performed in terms of temperature, surfactant and dye concentrations. The dye removal reached 91%. The ionic flocculation occurs due to the presence of calcium, which reacts with anionic surfactant to form insoluble surfactants capable of attracting the organic matter by adsorption. In this work the ionic flocculation using base soap was applied to the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing dyes belonging to three classes: direct, reactive, and disperse. It was evaluated by the influence of the following parameters: surfactant and electrolyte concentrations, stirring speed, equilibrium time, temperature, and pH. The flocculation of the surfactant was carried out in two ways: forming the floc in the effluent itself and forming the floc before mixing it to the effluent. Removal of reactive and direct dye, when the floc is formed into textile effluent was 97% and 87%, respectively. In the case where the floc is formed prior to adding it to the effluent, the removal to direct and disperse dye reached 92% and 87%, respectively. These results show the efficience of the evaluated processes for dye removal from textile wastewaters.
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The monoaromatic compounds are toxic substances present in petroleum derivades and used broadly in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Those compounds are continuously released into the environment, contaminating the soil and water sources, leading to the possible unfeasibility of those hydrous resources due to their highly carcinogenic and mutagenic potentiality, since even in low concentrations, the BTEX may cause serious health issues. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and search for new methodologies that assist and enable the treatment of BTEX-contaminated matrix. The bioremediation consists on the utilization of microbial groups capable of degrading hydrocarbons, promoting mineralization, or in other words, the permanent destruction of residues, eliminating the risks of future contaminations. This work investigated the biodegradation kinetics of water-soluble monoaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene), based on the evaluation of its consummation by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, for concentrations varying from 40 to 200 mg/L. To do so, the performances of Monod kinetic model for microbial growth were evaluated and the material balance equations for a batch operation were discretized and numerically solved by the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The kinetic parameters obtained using the method of least squares as statistical criteria were coherent when compared to those obtained from the literature. They also showed that, the microorganism has greater affinity for ethylbenzene. That way, it was possible to observe that Monod model can predict the experimental data for the individual biodegradation of the BTEX substrates and it can be applied to the optimization of the biodegradation processes of toxic compounds for different types of bioreactors and for different operational conditions.
Resumo:
The monoaromatic compounds are toxic substances present in petroleum derivades and used broadly in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Those compounds are continuously released into the environment, contaminating the soil and water sources, leading to the possible unfeasibility of those hydrous resources due to their highly carcinogenic and mutagenic potentiality, since even in low concentrations, the BTEX may cause serious health issues. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and search for new methodologies that assist and enable the treatment of BTEX-contaminated matrix. The bioremediation consists on the utilization of microbial groups capable of degrading hydrocarbons, promoting mineralization, or in other words, the permanent destruction of residues, eliminating the risks of future contaminations. This work investigated the biodegradation kinetics of water-soluble monoaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene), based on the evaluation of its consummation by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, for concentrations varying from 40 to 200 mg/L. To do so, the performances of Monod kinetic model for microbial growth were evaluated and the material balance equations for a batch operation were discretized and numerically solved by the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The kinetic parameters obtained using the method of least squares as statistical criteria were coherent when compared to those obtained from the literature. They also showed that, the microorganism has greater affinity for ethylbenzene. That way, it was possible to observe that Monod model can predict the experimental data for the individual biodegradation of the BTEX substrates and it can be applied to the optimization of the biodegradation processes of toxic compounds for different types of bioreactors and for different operational conditions.
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Oil exploration is one of the most important industrial activities of modern society. Despite its derivatives present numerous applications in industrial processes, there are many undesirable by-products during this process, one of them is water separated from oil, called water production, it is constituted by pollutants difficult to degrade. In addition, the high volume of generated water makes its treatment a major problem for oil industries. Among the major contaminants of such effluents are phenol and its derivatives, substances of difficult natural degradation, which due their toxicity must be removed by a treatment process before its final disposal. In order to facilitate the removal of phenol in wastedwater from oil industry, it was developed an extraction system by ionic flocculation with surfactant. The ionic flocculation relies on the reaction of carboxylate surfactant and calcium ons, yielding in an insoluble surfactant that under stirring, aggregates forming floc capable of attracting the organic matter by adsorption. In this work was used base soap as ionic surfactant in the flocculation process and evaluated phenol removal efficiency in relation to the following parameters: surfactant concentration, phenol, calcium and electrolytes, stirring speed, contact time, temperature and pH. The flocculation of the surfactant occurred in the effluent (initial phenol concentration = 100 ppm) reaching 65% of phenol removal to concentrations of 1300 ppm and calcium of 1000 ppm, respectively, at T = 35 C, pH = 9.7, stirring rate = 100 rpm and contact time of 5 minutes. The permanence of the flocs in an aqueous medium promotes desorption of the phenol from the flake surface to the solution, reaching 90% of desorption at a time of 150 minutes, and the study of desorption kinetics showed that Lagergren model of pseudo-first order was adequate to describe the phenol desorption. These results shows that the process may configure a new alternative of treatment in regard the removal of phenol of aqueous effluent of oil industry.
Resumo:
Oil exploration is one of the most important industrial activities of modern society. Despite its derivatives present numerous applications in industrial processes, there are many undesirable by-products during this process, one of them is water separated from oil, called water production, it is constituted by pollutants difficult to degrade. In addition, the high volume of generated water makes its treatment a major problem for oil industries. Among the major contaminants of such effluents are phenol and its derivatives, substances of difficult natural degradation, which due their toxicity must be removed by a treatment process before its final disposal. In order to facilitate the removal of phenol in wastedwater from oil industry, it was developed an extraction system by ionic flocculation with surfactant. The ionic flocculation relies on the reaction of carboxylate surfactant and calcium ons, yielding in an insoluble surfactant that under stirring, aggregates forming floc capable of attracting the organic matter by adsorption. In this work was used base soap as ionic surfactant in the flocculation process and evaluated phenol removal efficiency in relation to the following parameters: surfactant concentration, phenol, calcium and electrolytes, stirring speed, contact time, temperature and pH. The flocculation of the surfactant occurred in the effluent (initial phenol concentration = 100 ppm) reaching 65% of phenol removal to concentrations of 1300 ppm and calcium of 1000 ppm, respectively, at T = 35 C, pH = 9.7, stirring rate = 100 rpm and contact time of 5 minutes. The permanence of the flocs in an aqueous medium promotes desorption of the phenol from the flake surface to the solution, reaching 90% of desorption at a time of 150 minutes, and the study of desorption kinetics showed that Lagergren model of pseudo-first order was adequate to describe the phenol desorption. These results shows that the process may configure a new alternative of treatment in regard the removal of phenol of aqueous effluent of oil industry.
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Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are techniques involving the formation of hydroxyl radical (HO) with high organic matter oxidation rate. These processes application in industry have been increasing due to their capacity of degrading recalcitrant substances that cannot be completely removed by traditional processes of effluent treatment. In the present work, phenol degrading by photo-Fenton process based on addition of H2O2, Fe2+ and luminous radiation was studied. An experimental design was developed to analyze the effect of phenol, H2O2 and Fe2+ concentration on the fraction of total organic carbon (TOC) degraded. The experiments were performed in a batch photochemical parabolic reactor with 1.5 L of capacity. Samples of the reactional medium were collected at different reaction times and analyzed in a TOC measurement instrument from Shimadzu (TOC-VWP). The results showed a negative effect of phenol concentration and a positive effect of the two other variables in the TOC degraded fraction. A statistical analysis of the experimental design showed that the hydrogen peroxide concentration was the most influent variable in the TOC degraded fraction at 45 minutes and generated a model with R = 0.82, which predicted the experimental data with low precision. The Visual Basic for Application (VBA) tool was used to generate a neural networks model and a photochemical database. The aforementioned model presented R = 0.96 and precisely predicted the response data used for testing. The results found indicate the possible application of the developed tool for industry, mainly for its simplicity, low cost and easy access to the program.
Resumo:
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are techniques involving the formation of hydroxyl radical (HO) with high organic matter oxidation rate. These processes application in industry have been increasing due to their capacity of degrading recalcitrant substances that cannot be completely removed by traditional processes of effluent treatment. In the present work, phenol degrading by photo-Fenton process based on addition of H2O2, Fe2+ and luminous radiation was studied. An experimental design was developed to analyze the effect of phenol, H2O2 and Fe2+ concentration on the fraction of total organic carbon (TOC) degraded. The experiments were performed in a batch photochemical parabolic reactor with 1.5 L of capacity. Samples of the reactional medium were collected at different reaction times and analyzed in a TOC measurement instrument from Shimadzu (TOC-VWP). The results showed a negative effect of phenol concentration and a positive effect of the two other variables in the TOC degraded fraction. A statistical analysis of the experimental design showed that the hydrogen peroxide concentration was the most influent variable in the TOC degraded fraction at 45 minutes and generated a model with R = 0.82, which predicted the experimental data with low precision. The Visual Basic for Application (VBA) tool was used to generate a neural networks model and a photochemical database. The aforementioned model presented R = 0.96 and precisely predicted the response data used for testing. The results found indicate the possible application of the developed tool for industry, mainly for its simplicity, low cost and easy access to the program.
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Organo-mineral fertilizers have been used to both meet plants nutritional needs and reduce producers reliance on mineral fertilizers. This practice improves both the use of nutrients by plants and the soil structure due to the organic matter in these fertilizers. This study aimed to determine the effect of organic matter sources in the composition of organomineral fertilizers and compare it to the effect of traditional mineral fertilizers when it comes to the initial development of sorghum. Research was carried out in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Uberlandia, in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sorghum seeds of grain-bearing simple hybrid 1G100 were used in the seeding process. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design in a 4 x 3 + 2 factorial arrangement. Factors included four levels (50, 75, 100 and 125% of 450 kg ha-1, which is the recommended dose for sorghum crops), three organic matter sources in the composition of the organomineral fertilizers (sewage sludge, filter cake, and peat), a control (100% mineral fertilizer), and an untreated check (no fertilizers). Each experimental plot consisted of four plants divided into two pots. Oxisol was used in all pots. Analyses were performed at 30 and 60 days after seeding (DAS) and targeted: plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and leaf area. After this period, plants were removed from the soil, and had their aerial parts isolated to be dried in an air-forced oven before measurement of their dry mass. Means of the organomineral fertilizers outperformed those of both control and untreated check plots in almost all variables at 30 DAS. The only exception was variable stem diameter, in which organomineral fertilizers outperformed untreated check plots only. Sorghum fertilized with organomineral fertilizers also showed positive results in the variables analyzed at 60 DAS: even with dose reduction, their means were similar to those found in control plots. Organomineral fertilizers had higher means in some variables, such as diameter and dry mass of the aerial part, than both control and untreated check plots. In the conditions set in this study and considering the variables herein reported, organomineral fertilizers can substitute mineral fertilizers in the initial development of sorghum, even with some dose reductions.
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Nesta tese procurou-se demonstrar a valorao do efluente do processamento de pescado por incorporao dos nutrientes em Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli a diferentes temperaturas. Para tanto o trabalho composto de cinco artigos que objetivaram avaliar sob o ponto de vista do tratamento do efluente pela cianobactria Aphanothece e a separao e avaliao da biomassa gerada. O primeiro artigo intitula-se Influncia da temperatura na remoção de nutrientes do efluente da indstria de pescado por Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli, e teve por objetivo avaliar a influncia da temperatura (10, 20 e 30C) em um sistema de tratamento pela cianobactria Aphanothece na remoção de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio e fsforo do efluente oriundo do processamento de pescado. A anlise dos resultados mostrou que a temperatura influenciou significativamente na remoção de DQO, NTK, N-NH4 + e P-PO4 -3 . Para os experimentos a 20 e 30C todos os limites estabelecidos para os parmetros avaliados foram atingidos. O segundo artigo intitulado Efeito de coagulantes no efluente da indstria da pesca visando separao de biomassa quando tratado por cianobactria avaliou o efeito da concentrao e pH de dois tipos de coagulantes, cloreto frrico (FeCl3) e sulfato de alumnio (Al2(SO4)3), na separao da biomassa da cianobactria Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli cultivada em efluente da indstria da pesca, assim como a remoção de matéria orgânica e nutrientes do efluente. Os resultados indicaram que o coagulante FeCl3 foi mais eficaz na remoção de todos os parmetros testados. No que concerne separao da biomassa, com um nmero de seis lavagens foi removido cerca de 97,6% da concentrao de FeCl3 adicionado inicialmente. O terceiro artigo com o ttulo Caracterizao da biomassa de Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli gerada no efluente da indstria da pesca em diferentes temperaturas de cultivo avaliou a composio qumica da biomassa da cianobactria Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli quando desenvolvida em meio de cultivo padro BG11 e no efluente do processamento de pescado. O quarto artigo teve como ttulo Influncia do meio de cultivo e temperatura em compostos nitrogenados na cianobactria Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli objetivou avaliar o teor de compostos nitrogenados presentes na biomassa da cianobactria Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli quando cultivada em meio padro e no efluente da indstria da pesca nas diferentes fases de crescimento. Para o estudo da composio qumica e nitrogenados no efluente foram realizados experimentos nas temperaturas de 10, 20 e 30C. As concentraes de protena, cinzas e pigmentos aumentaram com o aumento da temperatura. Por outro lado, foi observada uma reduo do teor de lipdios e carboidratos com o aumento da temperatura. O on amnio juntamente com os cidos nuclicos representa uma importante frao do nitrogênio no protico presente na biomassa da cianobactria Aphanothece. Ficou demonstrada a influncia do meio de cultivo na concentrao de nitrogênio, bem como a determinao de protena pelo mtodo de Kjeldahl superestima a concentrao protica em cianobactrias. O quinto artigo intitulado Produo de protena unicelular a partir do efluente do processamento do pescado: modelagem preditiva e simulao avaliou a produo de protena unicelular atravs do cultivo da cianobactria Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli no efluente da indstria da pesca. Os dados cinticos de crescimento celular foram ajustados a quatro modelos matemticos (Logstico, Gompertz, Gompertz Modificado e Baranyi). Os resultados demonstraram que o modelo Logstico foi considerado o mais adequado para descrever a formao de biomassa. A anlise preditiva mostrou a possibilidade da obteno de 1,66, 18,96 e 57,36 kg.m-3.d-1 de biomassa por volume do reator em 1000 h de processo contnuo, para as temperaturas de 10, 20 e 30C, respectivamente.
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Dissertao submetida Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Cincias para a obteno do Grau de Mestre em Microbiologia Aplicada.
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Os Planos de Segurana da gua surgem com a necessidade de aumentar a segurana da gua de abastecimento, superando a monitorizao de conformidade de fim de linha, permitindo aumentar a confiana do consumidor na qualidade da gua que lhe fornecida. Esta nova abordagem recorre a uma metodologia de gesto baseada na identificao e no controlo de riscos em pontos crticos de um sistema de abastecimento, em complemento do controlo realizado atravs da monitorizao da conformidade da gua entregue aos consumidores. O Plano de Segurana da gua (PSA) encontra-se implementado no Sistema Regional do Carvoeiro (SRC) desde o ano de 2009. O SRC um sistema de abastecimento de gua em alta, sendo constitudo por conjunto de infraestruturas de captao, tratamento, transporte e armazenamento de gua desde a sua origem, localizada no rio Vouga, em Carvoeiro, at aos municpios integrados na Associao de Municpios do Carvoeiro-Vouga. Atendendo obra de expanso do SRC, tornou-se imperativo efetuar uma reviso ao PSA, sendo este o objetivo primordial do trabalho de estgio desenvolvido na empresa guas do Vouga S.A, concessionria responsvel pela gesto do SRC. Para a prossecuo deste objetivo, o trabalho desenvolvido envolveu os seguintes passos metodolgicos: identificao das operaes aplicadas no SRC; identificao de perigos e eventos perigosos em todos os rgos constituintes do sistema; avaliao de riscos; identificao de pontos crticos de controlo; identificao de pontos de monitorizao e medidas preventivas; elaborao do plano de monitorizao, incluindo, procedimentos de controlo operacional em condies normais de funcionamento e em caso de desvio; validao deste plano. Deste trabalho resultou a identificao de 166 eventos perigosos, 17 tipologias de perigos, 3 pontos de controlo crtico e 17 pontos de monitorizao. Os pontos de controlo crtico foram identificados nos processos de tratamento da ETA do Carvoeiro. O primeiro foi localizado na etapa de filtrao com areia, antracite e zelitos correspondendo aos perigos com metais (Fe e Mn), outros compostos qumicos perigosos, partculas, turvao, matéria orgânica e alumnio. O segundo ponto foi identificado na etapa de filtrao com filtros de carvo ativado granular relativo ao aparecimento de sabor e cianotoxinas. O terceiro ponto de controlo crtico foi encontrado na etapa de desinfeo referente aos microrganismos patognicos. Os pontos de monitorizao foram localizados ao longo do sistema em situaes onde no se dispem de nenhuma medida de controlo para eliminar o perigo e antes e aps os pontos de controlo crtico. O plano de monitorizao foi desenvolvido para estes pontos, embora os limites e procedimentos definidos devam ser alvo de reviso aps a concluso da obra de expanso do sistema. A validao da reviso do plano foi iniciada, mas cingiu-se apenas na avaliao preliminar de riscos, prvia ao incio de operao da ETA do Carvoeiro. Para alm da reviso deste plano, foram realizadas outras tarefas, nomeadamente uma anlise qualidade da gua fornecida e distribuda pelo sistema, a elaborao do plano PCQA para o ano de 2016, a configurao da plataforma de gesto operacional NAVIATM e a reviso do Manual de Gesto da guas do Vouga relativo ao processo de qualidade na captao, tratamento e distribuio e ao processo de qualidade na gesto do PSA.
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O setor avcola, como setor em constante crescimento est associado produo de elevadas quantidades de resduos slidos orgnicos. A crescente taxa de produo de resduos avcolas leva necessidade de lhes dar um destino adequado podendo a valorizao orgânica, nomeadamente a compostagem, ser uma opo. O presente estudo pretende dar um contributo para o projeto de uma unidade de compostagem numa empresa portuguesa do setor, com valorizao dos resduos produzidos pela mesma, avaliando o potencial de aplicao desta operao de tratamento de resduos e a qualidade do produto final. Como primeiro passo foi realizada uma caracterizao dos resduos a utilizar de forma a perceber a sua possvel influncia no processo de degradao. Os ensaios de compostagem foram realizados escala laboratorial, numa gama de temperatura de 50 a 55C, utilizando como substrato base uma mistura dos resduos avcolas, de acordo com os seus quantitativos de produo. Vrios potenciais agentes estruturantes foram tambm testados, como adio ao substrato. A monitorizao do processo foi feita com base em anlises das fases gasosa (gases de exausto), slida (substrato em decomposio) e lquida (lixiviado). A avaliao do processo foi ainda complementada com a caracterizao dos produtos finais obtidos, os quais foram ainda sujeitos a testes de fitotoxicidade. Foram observados graus de converso de matéria orgânica relativamente altos (40-50%), comprovando a aplicabilidade desta operao de tratamento de resduos. Embora a diferena entre ensaios tenha sido pouco notria, a utilizao de uma combinao de cama de avirio e mato destroado e compostado aparenta ser ligeiramente mais eficiente, enquanto a utilizao de casca de eucalipto produziu os piores resultados. Perdas de humidade e de azoto foram as duas situaes mais crticas observadas para os vrios ensaios, tendo influncia tanto sobre o processo como sobre o produto final. Os compostos obtidos revelam baixa qualidade, exibindo valores elevados de pH e condutividade eltrica e elevadas concentraes de metais pesados, tais como cobre e zinco. Supe-se que as caractersticas adversas verificadas estejam associadas aplicao de quantidades demasiado elevadas de cinza nos substratos, levando necessidade de reduo deste material; estudos adicionais seriam necessrios a fim de avaliar as possibilidades de ajuste das quantidades a utilizar, dos diferentes materiais, com o intuito de produzir um produto final com qualidade, respeitando os requisitos legais.
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The expansion of shrimp farming has caused a series of environmental impacts, often as a result of lack of planning and adequate management. Organic aquaculture has emerged as an alternative to conventional shrimp farming, and differently, aims at the economical, ecological and farming potential of other organisms, such as fishes, oysters and seaweeds. The present study aimed at evaluating the biological diversity and abundance of the ichthyofauna associated to Litopenaeus vannamei organic culture at PRIMAR farm (Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). The sampling period consisted of four culture cycles (1, 2, 3, and 4) accomplished in four grow-out ponds (V1, V7, V2, and V4) in 2005. The first two culture cycles were carried out during the rainy season, and the last two cycles, during the dry season. Environmental (temperature, salinity, transparency, and rainfall), biodiversity (diversity and uniformity and abundance indexes) of the ichthyofauna, and shrimp productivity data were collected throughout these four culture cycles. The results obtained for the environmental variables showed that both salinity and transparency oscillated in a significant way (p < 0.001) between culture cycles. In relation to the abundance of the ichthyofauna, fifty four species associated to the organic culture of Litopenaeus vannamei were collected and identified at PRIMAR. For the biodiversity criterion, larger species richness (S = 46) and uniformity (E = 0.59 0.16) were observed during cycles 3 and 4 than in cycles 1 and 2 (S = 41 and E = 0.15 0.12). A positive and significant correlation was obtained for the transparency with diversity and uniformity of fish species between cycles 1 and 2 (wet season) and cycles 3 and 4 (dry season) (p < 0.017 - Shannon Index; p < 0.008 - Pielou Index, respectively). A correlation could not be established between shrimp productivity and fish biomass. However, fish biomass decreased from cycles 1 and 2 to cycles 3 and 4, concomitant with an increase in shrimp productivity, most probably due to a higher (from 58.0% to 71.0%) shrimp survival. Regarding the culture potential of the ichthyofauna, three species (Mugil curema, Mugil liza and Chaetodipterus faber) were identified as potential farming alternatives, either singly or in consortium with Litopenaeus vannamei. A fourth species (Centropomus undecimalis) was indicated as an alternative for single culture or in consortium with other fish species. In conclusion, the large diversity of estuarine fishes associated to Litopenaeus vannamei farming observed at PRIMAR clearly indicated the ecological feasibility for organic aquaculture in northeastern Brazil
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A avaliao do aporte de matéria orgânica no ambiente aqutico por atividades antrpicas pode ser realizada atravs da identificao e quantificao de marcadores moleculares. Diversos estudos apontam aplicao dos marcadores moleculares com esta finalidade, no entanto, poucos avaliam a variao das concentraes desses compostos ao longo do tempo, registrada nas camadas sedimentares. O presente trabalho realiza um estudo a partir de trs classes de marcadores moleculares presentes em perfis sedimentares da regio do Complexo Estuarino de Paranagu (CEP) no Paran (PR), que nos ltimos anos vm sofrendo com o crescente desenvolvimento de atividades antrpicas. Como objetivo, tem-se identificar as principais fontes de matéria orgânica e estudar o histrico destes aportes em colunas sedimentares do CEP, relacionando as taxas de sedimentao com a deposio de origem natural e antrpica. A legislao vigente para o monitoramento ambiental, no que diz respeito contaminao por esgoto fecal, sugere a avaliao por indicadores microbiolgicos, porm, indicadores qumicos como os esterides fecais so uma alternativa bastante promissora, pois estes so persistentes, sendo menos sensveis a variaes ambientais. Outros dois marcadores moleculares de aportes antrpicos ao ambiente que foram determinados neste estudo so os alquilbenzenos lineares (LABs), presente em detergentes, que indicam aportes antrpicos oriundos de esgoto domstico e a determinao de cafena, tendo em vista que os esterides fecais podem ser originrios de fezes de animais de sangue quente, podendo indicar outras fontes. Para o presente trabalho foram coletados 12 testemunhos de at 1 m de profundidade em maio de 2006, totalizando 12 pontos de coleta e um montante de 121 amostras. As anlises foram realizadas por cromatografia em fase gasosa com deteco por espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Os esterides encontrados em maior concentrao foram o - sitosterol (71,4 g g-1), estigmasterol (8,7 g g-1), colestanol (3,6 g g-1) e o estigmastanol (2,8 g g-1), todos oriundos de fonte natural, indicando que a maior contribuio para o CEP por aporte biognico. O coprostanol, que um esterol fecal, foi encontrado entre as concentraes de 0,001 e 4,10 g g-1, outros dois esterides de origem fecal tambm foram detectados, coprostanona e epicoprostanol, onde as maiores concentraes foram 3,6 e 0,2 g g-1, respectivamente, sendo encontrados em regies prximas a centros urbanos, indicando origem antrpica. As maiores concentraes para o LABs tambm foram encontradas em regies prximas s cidades de Antonina e Paranagu, sendo a maior encontrada no testemunho #3 Gerers (208 ng g-1). Para o ltimo marcador molecular analisado, a cafena, foi encontrada a maior concentrao de 18,41 ng g-1, sendo este ponto localizado longe dos centros urbanos, porm este contaminante bastante solvel em gua podendo ser transportado na coluna dgua e percorrer grandes distncias. Atravs dos compostos analisados, pode-se perceber que a interveno antropognica foi mais marcante nos testemunhos coletados no eixo leste-oeste do CEP, ficando registrado nas camadas sedimentares.
Resumo:
O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar a dinmica do fsforo em cultivo heterotrfico e produo de compostos celulares por Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli visando avaliar a perspectiva de implementao de uma biorrefinaria microalgal. Desta forma, foi avaliado o comportamento do micro-organismo em estudo no cultivo heterotrfico, utilizando como meio de cultivo o efluente de laticnios. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em 3 etapas. Em um primeiro momento foi avaliada a influncia da temperatura (20 e 30C) e os valores mximos e mnimos de nutrientes, em especial do fsforo dissolvido reativo (PDR), disponveis no efluente de laticnio, na remoção de nutrientes. Os resultados demonstraram que a concentrao inicial de fsforo dissolvido e a temperatura exerceram influncia no crescimento celular e na eficincia de remoção de nutrientes. Em termos de otimizao de processo os cultivos conduzidos a 20C e maiores concentraes de PDR (5,5 mg.L-1 ) no efluente de laticnio, foram os mais eficientes na converso de poluentes em biomassa e remoção de nutrientes. A segunda etapa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de avaliar a dinmica de distribuio de fsforo na fase lquida e slida do reator heterotrfico, quando o efluente de laticnio foi tratado pela Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli, a 20C e nas mximas concentraes de fsforo dissolvido encontradas no efluente. Foi demonstrado que as formas fosforadas na fase lquida do reator se caracterizam pela predominncia da frao dissolvida em comparao particulada e por apresentar como frao predominante a de fsforo orgnico. No que se refere fase slida, ficou demonstrado que a Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli, quando cultivada heterotroficamente apresenta 3,8 vezes mais fsforo que o requerido para o crescimento celular. Ficando demonstrado ainda que a remoção biológica de fsforo por Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli pode resultar em substanciais aportes financeiros para as estaes de tratamento de efluentes. Uma terceira etapa foi desenvolvida, a qual teve como objetivo avaliar a estimativa de produo de compostos celulares por Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli, a partir do efluente de laticnio, bem como o efeito da reduo de temperatura de cultivo no teor de lipdios , no momento em que obtida a mxima concentrao deste componente celular, nas condies otimizadas.Foi obtido na fase logartmica de crescimento, concentraes de 41,8 % de proteinas, carboidratos 28,5 %, lipdios 10,4 % e minerais 10,8 %. O maior teor de lipdio registrado a 20C correspondeu a biomassa analisada na fase logartmica.Com a reduo da temperatura para 5C por um perodo de 30 h possvel obter concentraes de lipdios 2,4 vezes superior ao registrado na fase logartmica a 20 C. No entanto, no foram indicadas diferenas significativas (p0,05) em funo da temperatura entre as concentraes de lipdios obtidas para a biomassa a 10C em 40 h. O perfil de cidos graxos da biomassa gerada a 20C, apresentou como cidos graxos majoritrios, os cidos graxos: palmtico, olico, -linolnico, palmitoleico e esterico, resultando um aumento na concentrao de cidos graxos saturados as espensa dos insaturados, quando a temperatura reduzida. Em paralelo,um reator heterotrfico descontinuo foi definido, ficando demonstrado que a extrapolao da operao em batelada para contnua requer um biorreator heterotrfico com volume til de trabalho de 240,51 m 3 , permitindo tratar 950 m3 dirios de efluente, gerando 11,8 kg.d-1 de biomassa til para produo de compostos celulares por Aphanothece microscopica Ngeli, visando simultnea remoção de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio total e fsforo total, gerando insumos que podem suportar a implementao de uma biorrefinaria microalgal.
