Domestic Cats Constitute a Natural Reservoir of Human Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Types

Feces of 70 diarrhoeic and 230 non-diarrhoeic domestic cats from Sao Paulo, Brazil were investigated for enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) Escherichia coli types. While ETEC and EHEC strains were not found, 15 EPEC strains were isolated from 14 cats, of which 13 were non-diarrhoeic, and one diarrhoeic. None of 15 EPEC strains carried the bfpA gene or the EPEC adherence factor plasmid, indicating atypical EPEC types. The EPEC strains were heterogeneous with regard to intimin types, such as eae-theta (three strains), eae-kappa (n = 3), eae-alpha 1 (n = 2), eae-iota (n = 2), one eae-alpha 2, eae-beta 1 and eae-eta each, and two were not typeable. The majority of the EPEC isolates adhered to HEp-2 cells in a localized adherence-like pattern and were positive for fluorescence actin staining. The EPEC strains belonged to 12 different serotypes, including O111:H25 and O125:H6, which are known to be pathogens in humans. Multi locus sequence typing revealed a close genetic similarity between the O111:H25 and O125:H6 strains from cats, dogs and humans. Our results show that domestic cats are colonized by EPEC, including serotypes previously described as human pathogens. As these EPEC strains are also isolated from humans, a cycle of mutual infection by EPEC between cats and its households cannot be ruled out, though the transmission dynamics among the reservoirs are not yet understood clearly.

Distinctive Immunomodulatory and Inflammatory Properties of the Escherichia coli Type II Heat-Labile Enterotoxin LT-IIa and Its B Pentamer following Intradermal Administration

The type I and type II heat-labile enterotoxins (LT-I and LT-II) are strong mucosal adjuvants when they are coadministered with soluble antigens. Nonetheless, data on the parenteral adjuvant activities of LT-II are still limited. Particularly, no previous study has evaluated the adjuvant effects and induced inflammatory reactions of LT-II holotoxins or their B pentameric subunits after delivery via the intradermal (i.d.) route to mice. In the present report, the adjuvant and local skin inflammatory effects of LT-IIa and its B subunit pentamer (LT-IIaB(5)) were determined. When coadministered with ovalbumin (OVA), LT-IIa and, to a lesser extent, LT-IIaB(5) exhibited serum IgG adjuvant effects. In addition, LT-IIa but not LT-IIaB(5) induced T cell-specific anti-OVA responses, particularly in respect to induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses. LT-IIa and LT-IIaB(5) induced differential tissue permeability and local inflammatory reactions after i.d. injection. Of particular interest was the reduced or complete lack of local reactions, such as edema and tissue induration, in mice i.d. inoculated with LT-IIa and LT-IIaB(5), respectively, compared with mice immunized with LT-I. In conclusion, the present results show that LT-IIa and, to a lesser extent, LT-IIaB(5) exert adjuvant effects when they are delivered via the i.d. route. In addition, the low inflammatory effects of LT-IIa and LT-IIaB(5) in comparison to those of LT-I support the usefulness of LT-IIa and LT-IIaB(5) as parenterally delivered vaccine adjuvants.

A DNA Vaccine Encoding the Enterohemorragic Escherichia coli Shiga-Like Toxin 2 A(2) and B Subunits Confers Protective Immunity to Shiga Toxin Challenge in the Murine Model

Production of verocytotoxin or Shiga-like toxin (Stx), particularly Stx2, is the basis of hemolytic uremic syndrome, a frequently lethal outcome for subjects infected with Stx2-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains. The toxin is formed by a single A subunit, which promotes protein synthesis inhibition in eukaryotic cells, and five B subunits, which bind to globotriaosylceramide at the surface of host cells. Host enzymes cleave the A subunit into the A(1) peptide, endowed with N-glycosidase activity to the 28S rRNA, and the A(2) peptide, which confers stability to the B pentamer. We report the construction of a DNA vaccine (pStx2 Delta AB) that expresses a nontoxic Stx2 mutated form consisting of the last 32 amino acids of the A(2) sequence and the complete B subunit as two nonfused polypeptides. Immunization trials carried out with the DNA vaccine in BALB/c mice, alone or in combination with another DNA vaccine encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, resulted in systemic Stx-specific antibody responses targeting both A and B subunits of the native Stx2. Moreover, anti-Stx2 antibodies raised in mice immunized with pStx2 Delta AB showed toxin neutralization activity in vitro and, more importantly, conferred partial protection to Stx2 challenge in vivo. The present vector represents the second DNA vaccine so far reported to induce protective immunity to Stx2 and may contribute, either alone or in combination with other procedures, to the development of prophylactic or therapeutic interventions aiming to ameliorate EHEC infection-associated sequelae.

Transcriptional Processing of the pst Operon of Escherichia coli

The pst operon of Escherichia coli is composed of five genes that encode a high-affinity phosphate transport system. pst belongs to the PHO regulon, which is a group of genes and operons that are induced in response to phosphate limitation. The pst operon also has a regulatory role in the repression of PHO genes` transcription under phosphate excess conditions. Transcription of pst is initiated at the promoter located upstream to the first gene, pstS. Immediately after its synthesis, the primary transcript of pst is cleaved into shorter mRNA molecules in a ribonuclease E-dependent manner. Other ribonucleases, such as RNase III and MazF, do not play a role in pst mRNA processing. RNase E is thus at least partially responsible for processing the pst primary transcript.

Characterization of the alpha-haemolysin determinant from the human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O26 plasmid pEO5

The 157-kb conjugative plasmid pEO5 encoding alpha-haemolysin in strains of human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) O26 was investigated for its relationship with EHEC-haemolysin-encoding plasmids of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O26 and O157 strains. Plasmid pEO5 was found to be compatible with EHEC-virulence plasmids and did not hybridize in Southern blots with plasmid pO157 from the EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933, indicating that both plasmids were unrelated. A 9227-bp stretch of pEO5 DNA encompassing the entire alpha-hlyCABD operon was sequenced and compared for similarity to plasmid and chromosomally inherited alpha-hly determinants. The alpha-hly determinant of pEO5 (7252 bp) and its upstream region was most similar to corresponding sequences of the murine E. coli alpha-hly plasmid pHly152, in particular, the structural alpha-hlyCABD genes (99.2% identity) and the regulatory hlyR regions (98.8% identity). pEO5 and alpha-hly plasmids of EPEC O26 strains from humans and cattle were very similar for the regions encompassing the structural alpha-hlyCABD genes. The major difference found between the hly regions of pHly152 and pEO5 is caused by the insertion of an IS2 element upstream of the hlyC gene in pHly152. The presence of transposon-like structures at both ends of the alpha-hly sequence indicates that this pEO5 virulence factor was probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer.

Functional and immunological characterization of a natural polymorphic variant of a heat-labile toxin (LT-I) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

Heat-labile toxins (LT) encompass at least 16 natural polymorphic toxin variants expressed by wild-type enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains isolated from human beings, but only one specific form, produced by the reference ETEC H10407 strain (LT1), has been intensively studied either as a virulence-associated factor or as a mucosal/transcutaneous adjuvant. In the present study, we carried out a biological/immunological characterization of a natural LT variant (LT2) with four polymorphic sites at the A subunit (S190L, G196D, K213E, and S224T) and one at the B subunit (T75A). The results indicated that purified LT2, in comparison with LT1, displayed similar in vitro toxic activities (adenosine 3`,5`-cyclic monophosphate accumulation) on mammalian cells and in vivo immunogenicity following delivery via the oral route. Nonetheless, the LT2 variant showed increased adjuvant action to ovalbumin when delivered to mice via the transcutaneous route while antibodies raised in mice immunized with LT2 displayed enhanced affinity and neutralization activity to LT1 and LT2. Taken together, the results indicate that the two most frequent LT polymorphic forms expressed by wild ETEC strains share similar biological features, but differ with regard to their immunological properties.

Alternative promoters in the pst operon of Escherichia coli

The pst operon of Escherichia coli is composed of five genes pstS, pstC, pstA, pstB and phoU, that encode a high-affinity phosphate transport system and a negative regulator of the PHO regulon. Transcription of pst is induced under phosphate shortage and is initiated at the promoter located upstream of the first gene of the operon, pstS. Here, we show by four different technical approaches the existence of additional internal promoters upstream of pstC, pstB and phoU. These promoters are not induced by Pi-limitation and do not possess PHO-box sequences. Plasmids carrying the pst internal genes partially complement chromosomal mutations in their corresponding genes, indicating that they are translated into functional proteins.

Crystallographic Structure of Phosphofructokinase-2 from Escherichia coli in Complex with Two ATP Molecules. Implications for Substrate Inhibition

Phosphofructokinase-1 and -2 (Pfk-1 and Pfk-2, respectively) from Escherichia coli belong to different homologous superfamilies. However, in spite of the lack of a common ancestor, they share the ability to catalyze the same reaction and are inhibited by the substrate MgATP. Pfk-2, an ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase member of the ribokinase-like superfamily, is a homodimer of 66 kDa subunits whose oligomerization state is necessary for catalysis and stability. The presence of MgATP favors the tetrameric form of the enzyme. In this work, we describe the structure of Pfk-2 in its inhibited tetrameric form, with each subunit bound to two ATP molecules and two Mg ions. The present structure indicates that substrate inhibition occurs due to the sequential binding of two MgATP molecules per subunit, the first at the usual site occupied by the nucleotide in homologous enzymes and the second at the allosteric site, making a number of direct and Mg-mediated interactions with the first. Two configurations are observed for the second MgATP, one of which involves interactions with Tyr23 from the adjacent subunit in the dimer and the other making an unusual non-Watson-Crick base pairing with the adenine in the substrate ATP. The oligomeric state observed in the crystal is tetrameric, and some of the structural elements involved in the binding of the Substrate and allosteric ATPs are also participating in the dimer-dimer interface. This structure also provides the grounds to compare analogous features of the nonhomologous phosphofructokinases from E. coli. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Crystal Complex of Phosphofructokinase-2 of Escherichia coli with Fructose-6-phosphate KINETIC AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE ALLOSTERIC ATP INHIBITION

Substrate inhibition by ATP is a regulatory feature of the phosphofructokinases isoenzymes from Escherichia coli (Pfk-1 and Pfk-2). Under gluconeogenic conditions, the loss of this regulation in Pfk-2 causes substrate cycling of fructose-6-phosphate (fructose-6-P) and futile consumption of ATP delaying growth. In the present work, we have broached the mechanism of ATP-induced inhibition of Pfk-2 from both structural and kinetic perspectives. The crystal structure of Pfk-2 in complex with fructose-6-P is reported to a resolution of 2 angstrom. The comparison of this structure with the previously reported inhibited form of the enzyme suggests a negative interplay between fructose-6-P binding and allosteric binding of MgATP. Initial velocity experiments show a linear increase of the apparent K(0.5) for fructose-6-P and a decrease in the apparent k(cat) as a function of MgATP concentration. These effects occur simultaneously with the induction of a sigmoidal kinetic behavior (n(H) of approximately 2). Differences and resemblances in the patterns of fructose-6-P binding and the mechanism of inhibition are discussed for Pfk-1 and Pfk-2, as an example of evolutionary convergence, because these enzymes do not share a common ancestor.

Expression, purification and kinetic characterization of His-tagged glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosomes are flagellated protozoa responsible for serious parasitic diseases that have been classified by the World Health Organization as tropical sicknesses of major importance. One important drug target receiving considerable attention is the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease (T. cruzi Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TcGAPDH); EC 1.2.1.12). TcGAPDH is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway of T. cruzi and catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) coupled to the reduction of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, (NAD(+)) to NADH, the reduced form. Herein, we describe the cloning of the T. cruzi gene for TcGAPDH into the pET-28a(+) vector, its expression as a tagged protein in Escherichia coli, purification and kinetic characterization. The His(6)-tagged TcGAPDH was purified by affinity chromatography. Enzyme activity assays for the recombinant His(6)-TcGAPDH were carried out spectrophotometrically to determine the kinetic parameters. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K(M)(app)) determined for D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and NAD(+) were 352 +/- 21 and 272 +/- 25 mu M, respectively, which were consistent with the values for the untagged enzyme reported in the literature. We have demonstrated by the use of Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) that this vector modification resulted in activity preserved for a higher period. We also report here the use of response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the region of optimal conditions for enzyme activity. A quadratic model was developed by RSM to describe the enzyme activity in terms of pH and temperature as independent variables. According to the RMS contour plots and variance analysis, the maximum enzyme activity was at 29.1 degrees C and pH 8.6. Above 37 degrees C, the enzyme activity starts to fall, which may be related to previous reports that the quaternary structure begins a process of disassembly. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Characterization of the 4.5S RNA molecule in Escherichia coli

The 4.5S RNA molecule of Escherichia coli is essential to cell viability. It has been shown that depletion of this molecule inhibits protein synthesis, induces the heat shock response, and generally slows cell growth. The molecule has also been implicated in protein secretion, as in cells depleted of 4.5S RNA, an unsecreted precursor to ?-lactamase accumulates (pre-?-lactamase). A role in protein secretion is further supported by structural similarities with the 7S RNA molecule of eukaryotic SRP, specific binding to SRP54, and its homolog in E. coli, P48, and the ability of 7S RNA from certain archaebacteria to suppress 4.5S RNA depletion. In this study I have utilized strains with mutant forms of the 4.5S RNA genes in order to study the effect of altered 4.5S RNA on cell physiology. These strains have their mutant 4.55 RNA under the control of the tryptophan synthetic operon. Decreased growth rates, inhibited cell division, and altered protein synthesis all result from these mutations.

Avaliação da estabilidade fisico-química da solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5% utilizada pela FarmaUSCS, e de sua eficácia bactericida sobre Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli

A FarmaUSCS é um projeto de extensão do curso de Farmácia da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, que tem por finalidade manipular e dispensar medicamentos para a comunidade, além de servir de campo de estágio e de desenvolvimento de projetos de pesquisa. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a estabilidade físico-química da solução aquosa de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5%, utilizada para a desinfecção de ambientes produtivos na FarmaUSCS, bem como sua eficácia como agente bactericida sobre Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Para a estabilidade físico-química, amostras da solução foram submetidas a diferentes condições ambientais e determinado o teor de hipoclorito por iodometria. A eficácia do desinfetante foi realizada pela técnica da diluição em tubos. Em nenhuma das condições ambientais testadas, houve degradação do teor de hipoclorito de sódio. A solução aquosa de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5% foi eficaz diante de S. aureus e E. coli, já a partir do tempo mínimo testado de 2,5 minutos de exposição.

A influência da alimentação com diferentes níveis de vitamina E e selênio sobre a produção de imunoglobulina Y (IgY) no soro de poedeiras leves vacinadas contra Escherichia coli e encefalomielite aviária

Foram estudados os efeitos da suplementação de vitamina E (VE) e selênio (Se) sobre a imunidade de galinhas vacinadas contra Escherichia coli (EC) patogênica para suínos e com o vírus da encefalomielite aviária (VEA). Foram avaliados peso corporal (PC), peso de ovos (PO) e produção de anticorpos (AcP) em noventa poedeiras (H&N nick chick) com 49 semanas de idade alimentadas à vontade com dietas suplementadas com 0, 50, 150, 250 e 250 UI VE/kg + 0,3 ppm de Se. Às 51 semanas de idade, metade das galinhas foram vacinadas contra EC e todas as aves foram vacinadas contra VEA. Duas semanas após, receberam uma segunda dose da vacina contra EC. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas semanalmente e a quantidade de IgY foi determinada por ELISA, como densidade ótica (DO). As aves vacinadas apresentaram maior DO do que as aves não vacinadas (P≤0,05). As DO foram significativamente aumentadas (P≤0,05) quando as aves vacinadas foram alimentadas com 50 e 150 UI de VE/kg e comparadas com as DO das aves que receberam a dieta de 250 UI de VE + Se. Se não afetou AcP, PC e PO. A vacinação e a VE suplementada não afetaram PC. O PO não foi afetado pela vacinação, mas foi maior (P≤0,05) nas semanas 3, 5 e 7, quando as poedeiras receberam 250 UI VE/kg e comparados com aquelas que receberam 50, 150 e 0. A AcP contra VEA foi influenciada pela VE (P≤0,13). Cento e cinqüenta UI VE e 0 UI VE aumentaram IgY produzida, quando comparados a 250 UI. Também o Se aumentou AcP. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que níveis médios de VE aumentam a produção de IgY por poedeiras vacinadas e Se adicionado ao mais alto nível de VE também possui efeito imunomodulador.

Controle da diarréia suína no período de aleitamento através do fornecimento de gemas de ovos de galinhas hiperimunizadas contra Escherichia coli suína

Foi estudado o efeito das gemas de ovos de aves hiperimunizadas contra Escherichia coli patogênica para suínos sobre a imunidade passiva (IP) de leitões recém-nascidos em uma unidade produtora de leitões (UPL). Foram avaliados densidade ótica do ELISA (DO), peso corporal (PC) e ocorrência de diarréia diária (OcD) em 137 leitões recém-nascidos oriundos de 25 fêmeas primíparas não vacinadas contra E. coli. De cada fêmea, foram separados 6 leitões recémnascidos de ambos os sexos, excluindo-se os mais leves e os mais pesados, divididos em 3 tratamentos e 2 repetições. A análise estatística para DO e PC foi realizada através de ANOVA, a comparação de médias entre tratamentos pelo Lsmeans e o teste do qui-quadradro para a OcD. As gemas estavam armazenadas à -5ºC, in natura e, minutos antes do fornecimento, foram descongeladas e diluídas em 15 mL de uma solução tampão (PBS). Os tratamentos foram fornecidos via oral, tendo sido os seguintes: T1: 2mL de PBS (controle) em 2 doses, a primeira ao nascer e a segunda 2 horas após o nascimento; T2: 2mL de gemas de ovos com título de 100.000 de anticorpos (IgY) contra E. coli em 2 doses, ao nascer e 2 horas após o nascimento; T3: idem ao T2, além de 2mL de gema de 3 em 3 dias até os leitões completarem 12 dias de idade. Foram realizadas duas coletas de sangue em 1 leitão/tratamento/porca: a primeira às 24 horas e a segunda aos 14 dias de idade. O título de IgY contra E. coli dos soros foi determinado por ELISA. A DO do ELISA dos leitões de T2 e T3 foi significativamente maior às 24 horas e aos 14 dias em relação ao controle (P≤0,0001). T3, T2 e T1 permaneceram 87, 79 e 72,5% do tempo estudado sem diarréia (P≤X20,0001). Os animais de T3 foram significativamente mais pesados do que os do T1 (P≤0,08), mas não diferiram de T2. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o uso de gemas de aves hiperimunizadas contra E. coli age efetivamente na prevenção da diarréia dos leitões e o seu uso contínuo é mais vantajoso do que o fornecimento somente ao nascer.

Sobrevivência de Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella Enteritidis durante o armazenamento de hambúrguer de frango

Com o objetivo de avaliar a sobrevivência ao congelamento de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos, hambúrgueres de frango foram contaminados com Escherichia coli (ECHC), Staphylococcus aureus (SAFH) e Salmonella Enteritidis (SE86) e armazenados a -18ºC. Os mesmos microrganismos e ainda E. coli ATCC 25972, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 também foram inoculados em água peptonada 0,1% e congelados a -18ºC, a fim de avaliar um possível efeito protetor dos componentes do hambúrguer sobre os microrganismos. A quantificação dos microrganismos foi realizada nos intervalos de 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias de congelamento. Com o propósito de estudar as alterações nos ácidos graxos das células microbianas expostas ao congelamento, foram extraídos os ácidos graxos de cada bactéria, congelada e não congelada, e estes foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa. Os resultados demonstraram que, de modo geral, houve uma redução média de menos de 1 unidade logarítmica (log10) no número de células artificialmente inoculadas em hambúrgueres de frango. As reduções obtidas para cada microrganismo em água peptonada 0,1% foram significativamente (P0,05) maiores do que as reduções observadas em hambúrguer de frango, sugerindo a existência de um efeito crioprotetor dos componentes do hambúrguer. Em todos os experimentos, as reduções mais expressivas foram observadas nas primeiras semanas de congelamento. Ocorreram alterações expressivas na composição de ácidos graxos de S. aureus (SAFH) e S. aureus ATCC 25923, o que pode indicar que estes microrganismos alteraram a composição dos seus ácidos graxos como resposta ao estresse causado pelo congelamento.