Layilin, a Novel Integral Membrane Protein, Is a Hyaluronan Receptor

The actin cytoskeleton plays a significant role in changes of cell shape and motility, and interactions between the actin filaments and the cell membrane are crucial for a variety of cellular processes. Several adaptor proteins, including talin, maintain the cytoskeleton-membrane linkage by binding to integral membrane proteins and to the cytoskeleton. Layilin, a recently characterized transmembrane protein with homology to C-type lectins, is a membrane-binding site for talin in peripheral ruffles of spreading cells. To facilitate studies of layilin's function, we have generated a layilin-Fc fusion protein comprising the extracellular part of layilin joined to human immunoglobulin G heavy chain and used this chimera to identify layilin ligands. Here, we demonstrate that layilin-Fc fusion protein binds to hyaluronan immobilized to Sepharose. Microtiter plate-binding assays, coprecipitation experiments, and staining of sections predigested with different glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes and cell adhesion assays all revealed that layilin binds specifically to hyaluronan but not to other tested glycosaminoglycans. Layilin's ability to bind hyaluronan, a ubiquitous extracellular matrix component, reveals an interesting parallel between layilin and CD44, because both can bind to cytoskeleton-membrane linker proteins through their cytoplasmic domains and to hyaluronan through their extracellular domains. This parallelism suggests a role for layilin in cell adhesion and motility.

Changes in global gene expression patterns during development and maturation of the rat kidney

We set out to define patterns of gene expression during kidney organogenesis by using high-density DNA array technology. Expression analysis of 8,740 rat genes revealed five discrete patterns or groups of gene expression during nephrogenesis. Group 1 consisted of genes with very high expression in the early embryonic kidney, many with roles in protein translation and DNA replication. Group 2 consisted of genes that peaked in midembryogenesis and contained many transcripts specifying proteins of the extracellular matrix. Many additional transcripts allied with groups 1 and 2 had known or proposed roles in kidney development and included LIM1, POD1, GFRA1, WT1, BCL2, Homeobox protein A11, timeless, pleiotrophin, HGF, HNF3, BMP4, TGF-α, TGF-β2, IGF-II, met, FGF7, BMP4, and ganglioside-GD3. Group 3 consisted of transcripts that peaked in the neonatal period and contained a number of retrotransposon RNAs. Group 4 contained genes that steadily increased in relative expression levels throughout development, including many genes involved in energy metabolism and transport. Group 5 consisted of genes with relatively low levels of expression throughout embryogenesis but with markedly higher levels in the adult kidney; this group included a heterogeneous mix of transporters, detoxification enzymes, and oxidative stress genes. The data suggest that the embryonic kidney is committed to cellular proliferation and morphogenesis early on, followed sequentially by extracellular matrix deposition and acquisition of markers of terminal differentiation. The neonatal burst of retrotransposon mRNA was unexpected and may play a role in a stress response associated with birth. Custom analytical tools were developed including “The Equalizer” and “eBlot,” which contain improved methods for data normalization, significance testing, and data mining.

Desmuslin, an intermediate filament protein that interacts with α-dystrobrevin and desmin

Dystrobrevin is a component of the dystrophin-associated protein complex and has been shown to interact directly with dystrophin, α1-syntrophin, and the sarcoglycan complex. The precise role of α-dystrobrevin in skeletal muscle has not yet been determined. To study α-dystrobrevin's function in skeletal muscle, we used the yeast two-hybrid approach to look for interacting proteins. Three overlapping clones were identified that encoded an intermediate filament protein we subsequently named desmuslin (DMN). Sequence analysis revealed that DMN has a short N-terminal domain, a conserved rod domain, and a long C-terminal domain, all common features of type 6 intermediate filament proteins. A positive interaction between DMN and α-dystrobrevin was confirmed with an in vitro coimmunoprecipitation assay. By Northern blot analysis, we find that DMN is expressed mainly in heart and skeletal muscle, although there is some expression in brain. Western blotting detected a 160-kDa protein in heart and skeletal muscle. Immunofluorescent microscopy localizes DMN in a stripe-like pattern in longitudinal sections and in a mosaic pattern in cross sections of skeletal muscle. Electron microscopic analysis shows DMN colocalized with desmin at the Z-lines. Subsequent coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed an interaction with desmin. Our findings suggest that DMN may serve as a direct linkage between the extracellular matrix and the Z-discs (through plectin) and may play an important role in maintaining muscle cell integrity.

Mechanical stress is communicated between different cell types to elicit matrix remodeling

Tissue remodeling often reflects alterations in local mechanical conditions and manifests as an integrated response among the different cell types that share, and thus cooperatively manage, an extracellular matrix. Here we examine how two different cell types, one that undergoes the stress and the other that primarily remodels the matrix, might communicate a mechanical stress by using airway cells as a representative in vitro system. Normal stress is imposed on bronchial epithelial cells in the presence of unstimulated lung fibroblasts. We show that (i) mechanical stress can be communicated from stressed to unstressed cells to elicit a remodeling response, and (ii) the integrated response of two cell types to mechanical stress mimics key features of airway remodeling seen in asthma: namely, an increase in production of fibronectin, collagen types III and V, and matrix metalloproteinase type 9 (MMP-9) (relative to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, TIMP-1). These observations provide a paradigm to use in understanding the management of mechanical forces on the tissue level.

TGF-β3-induced Palatogenesis Requires Matrix Metalloproteinases

Cleft lip and palate syndromes are among the most common congenital malformations in humans. Mammalian palatogenesis is a complex process involving highly regulated interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the palate to permit correct positioning of the palatal shelves, the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and subsequent fusion of the palatal shelves. Here we show that several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including a cell membrane-associated MMP (MT1-MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) were highly expressed by the medial edge epithelium (MEE). MMP-13 was expressed both in MEE and in adjacent mesenchyme, whereas gelatinase A (MMP-2) was expressed by mesenchymal cells neighboring the MEE. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3-deficient mice, which suffer from clefting of the secondary palate, showed complete absence of TIMP-2 in the midline and expressed significantly lower levels of MMP-13 and slightly reduced levels of MMP-2. In concordance with these findings, MMP-13 expression was strongly induced by TGF-β3 in palatal fibroblasts. Finally, palatal shelves from prefusion wild-type mouse embryos cultured in the presence of a synthetic inhibitor of MMPs or excess of TIMP-2 failed to fuse and MEE cells did not transdifferentiate, phenocopying the defect of the TGF-β3-deficient mice. Our observations indicate for the first time that the proteolytic degradation of the ECM by MMPs is a necessary step for palatal fusion.

Matrix-independent Survival of Human Keratinocytes through an EGF Receptor/MAPK-Kinase-dependent Pathway

Normal epithelial cells undergo apoptosis when they are denied contact with the extracellular matrix, in a process termed “anoikis.” Conversely, malignant epithelial cells typically acquire anchorage independence, i.e., the capacity to survive and grow in the absence of matrix interaction. Here we asked the question whether anoikis is affected by signaling through the EGF receptor (EGFR). We focused on the EGFR because EGFR signaling is frequently deregulated in malignant epithelial cells. We demonstrate that EGFR activation markedly alleviated the requirement of matrix engagement for survival of primary and immortalized human keratinocytes in suspension culture. Protection of epithelial cells through EGFR activation against anoikis was associated with and required sustained MAPK phosphorylation during the early phase of suspension culture. Interestingly, high levels of MAPK phosphorylation were not only required for EGFR-mediated protection against anoikis but also occurred as a consequence of caspase activation at later stages of suspension culture. These results demonstrate that EGFR activation contributes to anchorage-independent epithelial cell survival and identify MAPK activation as an important mechanism in this process.

Organ-specific and Agamous-regulated expression and glycosylation of a pollen tube growth-promoting protein.

Transmitting tissue-specific (TTS) protein is a pollen tube growth-promoting and attracting glycoprotein located in the stylar transmitting tissue extracellular matrix of the pistil of tobacco. The TTS protein backbones have a deduced molecular mass of about 28 kDa, whereas the glycosylated stylar TTS proteins have apparent molecular masses ranging between 50 and 100 kDa. TTS mRNAs and proteins are ectopically produced in transgenic tobacco plants that express either a cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter-TTS2 transgene or a CaMV 35S-promoter-NAG1 (NAG1 = Nicotiana tabacum Agamous gene) transgene. However, the patterns of TTS mRNA and protein accumulation and the quality of the TTS proteins produced are different in these two types of transgenic plants. In 35S-TTS transgenic plants, TTS mRNAs and proteins accumulate constitutively in vegetative and floral tissues. However, the ectopically expressed TTS proteins in these transgenic plants accumulate as underglycosylated protein species with apparent molecular masses between 30 and 50 kDa. This indicates that the capacity to produce highly glycosylated TTS proteins is restricted to the stylar transmitting tissue. In 35S-NAG transgenic plants, NAG1 mRNAs accumulate constitutively in vegetative and floral tissues, and TTS mRNAs are induced in the sepals of these plants. Moreover, highly glycosylated TTS proteins in the 50- to 100-kDa molecular mass range accumulate in the sepals of these transgenic, 35S-NAG plants. These results show that the tobacco NAGI gene, together with other yet unidentified regulatory factors, control the expression of TTS genes and the cellular capacity to glycosylate TTS proteins, which are normally expressed very late in the pistil developmental pathway and function in the final stage of floral development. The sepals in the transgenic 35S-NAG plants also support efficient pollen germination and tube growth, similar to what normally occurs in the pistil, and this ability correlates with the accumulation of the highest levels of the 50- to 100-kDa glycosylated TTS proteins.

Metalloelastase is required for macrophage-mediated proteolysis and matrix invasion in mice.

Macrophages secrete a variety of proteinases that are thought to participate in remodeling of the extracellular matrix associated with inflammatory processes. We have eliminated expression of the macrophage metalloelastase (MME) gene by targeted disruption to assess the role of this protein in macrophage-mediated proteolysis. We found that the macrophages of MME-deficient (MME-/-) mice have a markedly diminished capacity to degrade extracellular matrix components. In addition, MME-/- macrophages are essentially unable to penetrate reconstituted basement membranes in vitro and in vivo. MME is therefore required for macrophage-mediated extracellular matrix proteolysis and tissue invasion.

Occurrence of poly(alpha2,8-deaminoneuraminic acid) in mammalian tissues: widespread and developmentally regulated but highly selective expression on glycoproteins.

In tissues of higher organisms homopolymers of alpha2,8-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid can be found as a posttranslational modification on selected proteins. We report here the discovery of homopolymers of alpha2,8-linked deaminoneuraminic acid [poly(alpha2,8-KDN)] in various tissues derived from all three germ layers in vertebrates including mammals. The monoclonal antibody kdn8kdn in conjunction with a bacterial KDNase permitted the detection of poly(alpha2,8-KDN) by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Further evidence for the existence of poly(alpha2,8-KDN) was obtained by gas/liquid chromatography. The poly(alpha2,8-KDN) glycan was detectable in all tissues studied with the exception of mucus-producing cells present in various organs, the extracellular matrix, and basement membranes. However, in certain organs such as muscle, kidney, lung, and brain its expression was developmentally regulated. Despite its widespread tissue distribution, the poly(alpha2,8-KDN) glycan was detected on a single 150-kDa glycoprotein except for a single >350-kDa glycoprotein in kidney, which makes it most distinctive among polysialic acids. The ubiquitous yet selective expression may be indicative of a general function of the poly(alpha2,8-KDN)-bearing glycoproteins.

Identification and characterization of a RING zinc finger gene (C-RZF) expressed in chicken embryo cells.

To identify changes in gene expression that occur in chicken embryo brain (CEB) cells as a consequence of their binding to the extracellular matrix molecule cytotactin/tenascin (CT/TN), a subtractive hybridization cloning strategy was employed. One of the cDNA clones identified was predicted to encode 381 amino acids and although it did not resemble any known sequences in the nucleic acid or protein data bases, it did contain the sequence motif for the cysteine-rich C3HC4 type of zinc finger, also known as a RING-finger. This sequence was therefore designated the chicken-RING zinc finger (C-RZF). In addition to the RING-finger, the C-RZF sequence also contained motifs for a leucine zipper, a nuclear localization signal, and a stretch of acidic amino acids similar to the activation domains of some transcription factors. Southern analysis suggested that C-RZF is encoded by a single gene. Northern and in situ hybridization analyses of E8 chicken embryo tissues indicated that expression of the C-RZF gene was restricted primarily to brain and heart. Western analysis of the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of chicken embryo heart cells and immunofluorescent staining of chicken embryo cardiocytes with anti-C-RZF antibodies demonstrated that the C-RZF protein was present in the nucleus. The data suggest that we have identified another member of the RING-finger family of proteins whose expression in CEB cells may be affected by CT/TN and whose nuclear localization and sequence motifs predict a DNA-binding function in the nucleus.

The thyroid hormone-induced tail resorption program during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis.

Genes that are up- and down-regulated by thyroid hormone in the tail resorption program of Xenopus laevis have been isolated by a gene expression screen, sequenced, and identified in the GenBank data base. The entire program is estimated to consist of fewer than 35 up-regulated and fewer than 10 down-regulated genes; 17 and 4 of them, respectively, have been isolated and characterized. Up-regulated genes whose function can be predicted on the basis of their sequence include four transcription factors (including one of the thyroid hormone receptors), an extracellular matrix component (fibronectin) and membrane receptor (integrin), four proteinases, a deiodinase that degrades thyroid hormone, and a protein that binds the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor, which has been implicated in controlling thyroid hormone synthesis in Xenopus tadpoles. All four down-regulated genes encode extracellular proteins that are expressed in tadpole epidermis. This survey of the program provides insights into the biology of metamorphosis.

Ruolo di Clusterina nella progressione del tumore prostatico

Clusterina (CLU) è una proteina ubiquitaria, presente nella maggior parte dei fluidi corporei e implicata in svariati processi fisiologici. Dalla sua scoperta fino ad oggi, CLU è risultata essere una proteina enigmatica, la cui funzione non è ancora stata compresa appieno. Il gene codifica per 3 varianti trascrizionali identificate nel database NCBI con i codici: NM_001831 (CLU 1 in questo lavoro di tesi), NR_038335 (CLU 2 in questo lavoro di tesi) e NR_045494 (CLU 3 in questo lavoro di tesi). Tutte le varianti sono trascritte come pre-mRNA contenenti 9 esoni e 8 introni e si differenziano per l’esone 1, la cui sequenza è unica e caratteristica di ogni variante. Sebbene in NCBI sia annotato che le varianti CLU 2 e CLU 3 non sono codificanti, tramite analisi bioinformatica è stato predetto che da tutti e tre i trascritti possono generarsi proteine di differente lunghezza e localizzazione cellulare. Tra tutte le forme proteiche ipotizzate, l’unica a essere stata isolata e sequenziata è quella tradotta dall’AUG presente sull’esone 2 che dà origine a una proteina di 449 aminoacidi. Il processo di maturazione prevede la formazione di un precursore citoplasmatico (psCLU) che subisce modificazioni post-traduzionali tra cui formazione di ponti disolfuro, glicosilazioni, taglio in due catene denominate β e α prima di essere secreta come eterodimero βα (sCLU) nell’ambiente extracellulare, dove esercita la sua funzione di chaperone ATP-indipendente. Oltre alla forma extracellulare, è possibile osservare una forma intracellulare con localizzazione citosolica la cui funzione non è stata ancora completamente chiarita. Questo lavoro di tesi si è prefissato lo scopo di incrementare le conoscenze in merito ai trascritti CLU 1 e CLU 2 e alla loro regolazione, oltre ad approfondire il ruolo della forma citosolica della proteina in relazione al signaling di NF-kB che svolge un ruolo importante nel processo di sviluppo e metastatizzazione del tumore. Nella prima parte, uno screening di differenti linee cellulari, quali cellule epiteliali di prostata e di mammella, sia normali sia tumorali, fibroblasti di origine polmonare e linfociti di tumore non-Hodgkin, ha permesso di caratterizzare i trascritti CLU 1 e CLU 2. Dall’analisi è emerso che la sequenza di CLU 1 è più corta al 5’ rispetto a quella depositata in NCBI con l’identificativo NM_001831 e il primo AUG disponibile per l’inizio della traduzione è localizzato sull’esone 2. È stato dimostrato che CLU 2, al contrario di quanto riportato in NCBI, è tradotto in proteina a partire dall’AUG presente sull’esone 2, allo stesso modo in cui viene tradotto CLU 1. Inoltre, è stato osservato che i livelli d’espressione dei trascritti variano notevolmente tra le diverse linee cellulari e nelle cellule epiteliali CLU 2 è espressa sempre a bassi livelli. In queste cellule, l’espressione di CLU 2 è silenziata per via epigenetica e la somministrazione di farmaci capaci di rendere la cromatina più accessibile, quali tricostatina A e 5-aza-2’-deossicitidina, è in grado di incrementarne l’espressione. Nella seconda parte, un’analisi bioinformatica seguita da saggi di attività in vitro in cellule epiteliali prostatiche trattate con farmaci epigenetici, hanno permesso di identificare, per la prima volta in uomo, una seconda regione regolatrice denominata P2, capace di controllare l’espressione di CLU 2. Rispetto a P1, il classico promotore di CLU già ampiamente studiato da altri gruppi di ricerca, P2 è un promotore debole, privo di TATA box, che nelle cellule epiteliali prostatiche è silente in condizioni basali e la cui attività incrementa in seguito alla somministrazione di farmaci epigenetici capaci di alterare le modificazioni post-traduzionali delle code istoniche nell’intorno di P2. Ne consegue un rilassamento della cromatina e un successivo aumento di trascrizione di CLU 2. La presenza di un’isola CpG differentemente metilata nell’intorno di P1 spiegherebbe, almeno in parte, i differenti livelli di espressione di CLU che si osservano tra le diverse linee cellulari. Nella terza parte, l’analisi del pathway di NF-kB in un modello sperimentale di tumore prostatico in cui CLU è stata silenziata o sovraespressa, ha permesso di capire come la forma citosolica di CLU abbia un ruolo inibitorio nei confronti dell’attività del fattore trascrizionale NF-kB. CLU inibisce la fosforilazione e l’attivazione di p65, il membro più rappresentativo della famiglia NF-kB, con conseguente riduzione della trascrizione di alcuni geni da esso regolati e coinvolti nel rimodellamento della matrice extracellulare, quali l’urochinasi attivatrice del plasminogeno, la catepsina B e la metallo proteinasi 9. È stato dimostrato che tale inibizione non è dovuta a un’interazione fisica diretta tra CLU e p65, per cui si suppone che CLU interagisca con uno dei componenti più a monte della via di segnalazione responsabile della fosforilazione ed attivazione di p65.

Study of interaction between Si(O,C) nanowires and the biological system

Nanomedicine is a new branch of medicine, based on the potentiality and intrinsic properties of nanomaterials. Indeed, the nanomaterials ( i.e. the materials with nano and under micron size) can be suitable to different applications in biomedicine. The nanostructures can be used by taking advantage of their properties (for example superparamagnetic nanoparticles) or functionalized to deliver the drug in a specific target, thanks the ability to cross biological barriers. The size and the shape of 1D-nanostructures (nanotubes and nanowires) have an important role on the cell fate: their morphology plays a key role on the interaction between nanostructure and the biological system. For this reason the 1D nanostructure are interesting for their ability to mime the biological system. An implantable material or device must therefore integrate with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of proteins with structural and signaling properties. Innovative techniques allow the generation of complex surface patterns that can resemble the structure of the ECM, such as 1D nanostructures. NWs based on cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC), either bare (3C-SiC NWs) or surrounded by an amorphous shell (3C-SiC/SiO2 core/shell NWs), and silicon oxycarbide nanowires (SiOxCy NWs) can meet the chemical, mechanical and electrical requirements for tissue engineering and have a strong potential to pave the way for the development of a novel generation of implantable nano-devices. Silicon oxycarbide shows promising physical and chemical properties as elastic modulus, bending strength and hardness, chemical durability superior to conventional silicate glasses in aggressive environments and high temperature stability up to 1300 °C. Moreover, it can easily be engineered through functionalization and decoration with macro-molecules and nanoparticles. Silicon carbide has been extensively studied for applications in harsh conditions, as chemical environment, high electric field and high and low temperature, owing to its high hardness, high thermal conductivity, chemical inertness and high electron mobility. Also, its cubic polytype (3C) is highly biocompatible and hemocompatible, and some prototypes of biomedical applications and biomedical devices have been already realized starting from 3C-SiC thin films. Cubic SiC-based NWs can be used as a biomimetic biomaterial, providing a robust and novel biocompatible biological interface . We cultured in vitro A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells and L929 murine fibroblast cells over core/shell SiC/SiO2, SiOxCy and bare 3C-SiC nanowire platforms, and analysed the cytotoxicity, by indirect and direct contact tests, the cell adhesion, and the cell proliferation. These studies showed that all the nanowires are biocompatible according to ISO 10993 standards. We evaluated the blood compatibility through the interaction of the nanowires with platelet rich plasma. The adhesion and activation of platelets on the nanowire bundles, assessed via SEM imaging and soluble P-selectin quantification, indicated that a higher platelet activation is induced by the core/shell structures compared to the bare ones. Further, platelet activation is higher with 3C-SiC/SiO2 NWs and SiOxCyNWs, which therefore appear suitable in view of possible tissue regeneration. On the contrary, bare 3C-SiC NWs show a lower platelet activation and are therefore promising in view of implantable bioelectronics devices, as cardiovascular implantable devices. The NWs properties are suitable to allow the design of a novel subretinal Micro Device (MD). This devices is based on Si NWs and PEDOT:PSS, though the well know principle of the hybrid ordered bulk heterojunction (OBHJ). The aim is to develop a device based on a well-established photovoltaic technology and to adapt this know-how to the prosthetic field. The hybrid OBHJ allows to form a radial p–n junction on a nanowire/organic structure. In addition, the nanowires increase the light absorption by means of light scattering effects: a nanowires based p-n junction increases the light absorption up to the 80%, as previously demonstrated, overcoming the Shockley-Queisser limit of 30 % of a bulk p-n junction. Another interesting employment of these NWs is to design of a SiC based epicardial-interacting patch based on teflon that include SiC nanowires. . Such contact patch can bridge the electric conduction across the cardiac infarct as nanowires can ‘sense’ the direction of the wavefront propagation on the survival cardiac tissue and transmit it to the downstream surivived regions without discontinuity. The SiC NWs are tested in terms of toxicology, biocompatibility and conductance among cardiomyocytes and myofibroblasts.

Remodelamento da matriz extracelular da medula óssea em desnutrição protéica: possível relação da via de AKT com a expressão de fibronectina e metaloproteinases de matriz

A desnutrição proteica (DP) pode ocasionar alterações na matriz extracelular (MEC) de diferentes órgãos e tecidos, inclusive o hematopoético, com comprometimento funcional. Estudos do nosso laboratório demonstraram, em modelo murino de DP, aumento da expressão proteica de fibronectina (FN) no estroma medular ósseo in vivo, principalmente na região subendosteal (local de fixação da célula tronco progenitora hemopoética). Já in vitro, no estroma medular ósseo, observou-se tanto o aumento quanto a diminuição de FN e a presença de suas isoformas. Essas alterações de FN parecem estar envolvidas com a hipoplasia da medula óssea (MO) em camundongos desnutridos. As modificações quantitativas de FN podem ser devidas: (i) à ação das metaloproteinases de matriz (MMP) responsáveis pela degradação das proteínas da MEC; (ii) aos inibidores de metaloproteinases (TIMP) que regulam a degradação da MEC; (iii) às alterações transcricionais, reguladas pela via de AKT/mTOR, que controla os splicing alternativos na FN, resultando em isoformas dessa proteína; (iv) a processos pós-transcricionais modulados por LC3, que aumenta a tradução do RNAm de FN. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi elucidar os mecanismos que alteram o turnover de FN no estroma medular ósseo em modelo murino de DP. Utilizamos camundongos, C57BL/6J machos, adultos, separados em dois grupos: controle e desnutrido, alimentados, ad libitum, com ração contendo 12% e 2% de proteína, respectivamente. Após cinco semanas de indução à desnutrição os camundongos foram eutanasiados, e coletado o material biológico. Avaliamos: o estado nutricional, o hematológico, a histologia da MO femoral bem como a determinação imunohistoquímica da FN, MMP-2 e MMP-9, determinação da expressão de FN e suas isoformas em células totais da MO, o estabelecimento do estroma medular ósseo in vitro, por 28 e 35 dias de cultivo. A partir das culturas foram avaliadas a expressão de RNAm de FN e suas isoformas, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, AKT, mTOR e LC3α e β, quantificação de MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2,TNFα, TGFβ e IL-1β e determinação de LC3β e proteínas da via de AKT/mTOR. Não observamos alterações na expressão do RNAm de FN e suas isoformas ex vivo e in vitro, mas um aumento da deposição de FN na MO.Também não observamos modificações na imunolocalização de MMP-2 e MMP-9 na MO e na atividade dessas proteínas no sobrenadante de culturas de células estromais in vitro, mas houve aumento da expressão do RNAm de MMP-9 em 28 dias de cultivo. Não detectamos alterações na expressão de RNAm e na concentração de TIMP-1 e TIMP-2 no sobrenadante das culturas. Houve redução significativa de TNFα e TGFβ no sobrenadante das culturas de 28 dias. Observamos aumento da expressão do RNAm de mTOR em culturas de 28 dias e LC3α e LC3β em 35 dias de células estromais. Encontramos menor fosforilação de PI3K, AKT, PTEN, mTOR e mTOR total e aumento de LC3β em culturas de 28 dias, mas redução de LC3β em 35 dias. Em função dos dados inferimos que a DP conduz a alterações da FN que não estão relacionadas à ação de MMPs e TIMPs e sim a modificações de LC3β e da via de AKT/mTOR.

Produção e caracterização de biomateriais acelulares bioativos obtidos a partir da decelularização de placentas

A bioengenharia de tecidos baseia-se no uso de moléculas bioativas, células-tronco e biomateriais para reparação de tecidos e/ou órgãos. Biomateriais podem ser classificados de acordo com sua origem em sintéticos ou biológicos. Biomateriais biológicos podem ser produzidos por decelularização, que visa a remoção de células da matriz extracelular (MEC), a qual deve manter sua integridade química e física. Placentas são órgãos de grande interesse na bioengenharia de tecidos visto que são descartadas após o parto e possuem grande volume de matriz extracelular. Métodos de decelularização podem ser classificados em químicos, físicos e enzimáticos. Todos conhecidamente causam alterações na MEC, sendo que a associação deles é comumente utilizada. Este trabalho comparou diferentes protocolos e estabeleceu um método mais favorável para a decelularização de placentas caninas, visando a produção de um biomaterial para futuras aplicações clínicas. Inicialmente ambas as porções - materna e fetal - das placentas foram submetidas à 10 protocolos, que avaliaram variáveis como concentração e tempo de incubação em detergentes, diferentes gradientes de temperatura e a influência da perfusão versus imersão das soluções, na MEC remanescente. Com base na transparência do tecido e na ausência de núcleo celular em cortes histológicos, dois protocolos foram selecionados (I e II). Além dos critérios já mencionados, ambos os protocolos foram comparados quanto à quantidade de DNA remanescente na MEC decelularizada e à permanência e distribuição de algumas das proteínas da matriz. O detergente SDS foi o mais eficaz na remoção de células, embora não tenha sido suficiente para promover uma decelularização tecidual completa. O congelamento prévio das placentas requereu um maior tempo de incubação posterior das amostras nos distintos detergentes. Ambos métodos de perfusão e imersão foram eficazes na remoção das células, embora grande concentração de proteínas do citoesqueleto tenham permanecido retidas na matriz. As amostras processadas pelo protocolo I (SDS 1%, 5mM EDTA + 50mM TRIS + 0,5% antibiótico, e Triton X-100 1%) apresentaram maior preservação da organização estrutural da MEC quando comparadas àquelas processadas de acordo com o protocolo II (que diferiu do anterior pela utilização de solução contendo 0,05% tripsina ao invés de 50mM TRIS), esse último método entretanto foi o que melhor removeu as células das placentas, conforme observado em lâminas histológicas e demonstrado pela menor concentração de DNA. Tanto as porções materna quanto fetal submetidas à ambos protocolos, mantiveram as proteínas laminina, fibronectina e colágeno tipo I. O colágeno tipo III foi observado somente na porção fetal. Conclui-se que o protocolo II foi o mais eficaz no processo de decelularização de placentas caninas tendo promovido a remoção do conteúdo celular e diminuição da concentração de DNA na MEC remanescente. No entanto é necessário otimizar o tempo de incubação das placentas em soluções enzimáticas visando maior conservação do arranjo da matriz decelularizada. A análise da capacidade da MEC decelularizada por tal método para ser utilizada em bioengenharia de tecidos ainda deve ser avaliada in vitro e in vivo