HPV infection, a described cause for human cancer: HPV detection and molecular mechanisms of HPV carcinogenesis (Review).

[en]Human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the Papillomaviridae virus family and it is one of the most common sexual transmission infections. HPV genome is composed of eight genes, including two early genes and six late genes. Among these late genes, E6 and E7 code for proteins that trigger cell-cycle re-entry in infected cells, which can lead to cervical cancer development. The IARC (International Agency for Research Cancer) proposed a guideline based on Hill’s criteria to determine whether the relation between HPV infection and cervical cancer is causal or not. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that HPV infection is a necessary but non-sufficient cause for cervical cancer. Furthermore, HPV infection is considered the first necessary cause described of a human cancer, being HPV16 and 18 carcinogenic to humans and the most studied types. Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Different screening programs are carried out with the aim of preventing cervical cancer; such as cytologies and HPV tests. There are two main methods which are equally usable to detect HPV: the real-time PCR assays and the array assays. Regarding the molecular mechanisms of HPV mediated malignancies, E2, E6 and E7 proteins of HPV16 lead to immune response evasion, inducing IL-10 and TGF-β1 gene expression. Besides, E6 and E7 proteins allow cell-cycle reentry, phosphorylating RB and ubiquitinating p53 respectively. HPV genome integration in host genome leads to the alteration of host and viral genes expression, including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. However, the differences of E6 and E7 oncoproteins in different HPV types is poorly known due to the fact that almost the most studied HPV type has been HPV16.

Ikuskorreko urdin eremutik gorri aldera igortzen duten BODIPY laser koloratzaile moldagarriak

Lan honen bitartez fotofisikari buruzko kontzeptu berriak, karga transferentzia intramolekularreko prozesua, irakasgaian aztertutakoa askoz gehiago sakondu da. Hala nola, kimika konputazionalean ikasitako oinarriak kontuan harturik bestelako metodo berriak aztertu dira. Etekin kuantikoa kalkulatzean erreferentzia egokia erabakitzeko gaitasunak lortu dira. Laborategiari dagokionez, absortzio eta fluoreszentzia teknikak ezagunak izan arren, askoz sentikorragoak diren teknikak erabiltzen ikasi da. Gainera, teknika berriak ere ikasi dira, fotoi kontagailua esate baterako. Lan honen helburua eremu ikuskor osoan lan egiteko zianina familia bat lortzea da. Hain zuen BODIPY laser koloratzaileekin lortu nahi da. Horretarako kromoforo sinpleena, 1. Lagina, erreferentziatzat hartu da eta honen egitura eraldatuz eta ezaugarri fotofisikoak moldatuz bandaren posizioa aldatzea lortu da, ahalmen fluoreszente altua mantendu den bitartean.

Inflazio kosmikoaren Fisika: Unibertsoaren egituraren jatorri kuantikoa

[ES] Analizamos el modelo de inflación cósmica más sencilla, y cómo este, a la vez que soluciona los problemas del modelo cosmológico estándar, es capaz de explicar el origen de la estructura a gran escala del universo.

Klima-aldaketaren eraginak euskal kostaldeko mendebaldeko sakonera handiko begetazio azpimarealean

[eus] Euskal kostaldeko mareazpiko begetazioak aldaketa esanguratsuak jasan ditu azken hiru hamarkadetan. Aurretik egindako ikerketek jakinarazi dute aldaketa horiek klima-aldaketak eragindakoak direla. Ikerketa honen helburua inpaktu horri buruzko informazio gehiago lortzea da. Horretarako, sakonera handiko uretako fitobentosaren osaerari eta ugaritasunari buruzko balioespena egin da. 2014. urteko udan 7 trantsektu ezarri ziren, Kobaroneko muturretik Muskizeko muturreraino. Trantsektu horiek aurretik ikertuak izan ziren 1982 eta 2007 urteetan, eta laginketa suntsitzailea egin zen. Analisi estatistikoek aldaketa esanguratsuak erakusten dituzte sakoneko (9-11m) komunitateetan azken 32 urteetan. Uraren tenperaturaren emendioa eta eguzki-erradiazio altuagoa detektatutako aldaketen erantzuleak izan daitezke neurri batean. Pterosiphonia complanata espezie esziafiloaren gainbeherak eta Cystoseira baccata eta Aphanocladia stichidiosa espezieen ugaritzeak hipotesi hori azaltzen dute. Espero genuenaren kontra, Gelidium corneum espeziea, sakontasun gutxiko uretan gainbehera bortitza jasaten ari dena, ez da 9 metrotik beherako sakonerara lekualdatu. Hala ere, ezin da ziurtatu egungo ingurumeneko baldintzak optimoak ez direnik G. corneum espeziearen garapenerako 9-11 metroko sakoneretan. Migrazio bertikal hori ez gertatzearen arrazoi onargarriena C. baccata- rekiko lehiakortasuna dela dirudi. Bestalde, C. baccata hiru dimentsiotako habitatak eratzeko gai den tamaina handiko alga bat da, espezie askorentzat babesleku gisa diharduena. Ondorioz, haren hedapenak G. corneum-ek sakonera txikiagoetan betetzen zuen funtzioa ordezka lezake neurri batean.

Mytillus galloprovinciallis muskuiluaren aklaramendu tasa eta NPSen azterketa gazitasun ezberdinen aurrean

Mytillus galloprovincialis muskuilua gazitasun ezberdinetara jarri da aklaramendu tasan honek duen efektua ikusteko asmoz. Erabilitako gazitasunak ur gazia %100ean, %70ean eta %40an izan dira eta hiru esperimentu ezberdin jarraituz atera dira ondorioak. Hiru esperimentu hauetan muskuiluen aklaramendu tasak neurtu dira baldintza desberdinetan eta hirugarren esperimentuan NPS kontzentrazioaren neurketa kolorimetrikoa ere egin da. Ikusi da %70ko diluzioak ez duela aklaramendu tasan eraginik sortzen kasu guztietan eta %40ko diluzioak ere ez duela eraginik sortzen soilik aldaketa graduala bada. %40 gazitasunean, aldaketa gradualik gabe, mantendu diren muskuiluen berehalako erantzuna balbaren itxiera izan da, aklaratzeari utziz, baina denborarekin aklaratzeko gaitasuna berreskuratu dute. Aklimatazio horren arrazoia aurkitzeko asmoz, azkeneko esperimentuan NPS edo aminoazido askeen determinazioa egin da, bai brankian bai muskulu abduktorean. Gazitasuna jaisten denean NPSen kontzentrazioa behera egiten duela ikusi da muskuiluetan, bolumen zelularra erregulatuz. Efektu hau muskulu abduktorean adierazgarritasun handiagoarekin nabaritu da.

Nanoantena plasmonikoak

[EUS] Nanoantena plasmonikoak antena optikoak dira, hau da, irrati-uhin edo mikrouhin-antenen moduan, espazioan hedatzen den erradiazio elektromagnetikoa energia lokalizatu bilakatzen dute eta alderantziz. Hala ere, antena konbentzionalak ez bezala, antena optikoak espektro ikusgaian eta infragorrian propietate erresonanteak dituzten egitura isolatuak dira, eta ez dira zirkuitu elektronikoen bidez elikatzen. Erresonantzia plasmoiak baliatuz, antena hauek eremu elektromagnetikoak konfinatzeko eta indartzeko ahalmen handia dute, aplikazio desberdinetarako oso interesgarriak direlarik, hala nola nanoeskalako mikroskopia eta espektroskopia optikoa, eguzki-energiaren transformazioa, zirkuitu optikoak, sentsoreak... Lan honetan antenarik sinpleena, nanopartikula esferiko metalikoa, aukeratu da antena optikoen oinarrizko propietateak aztertzeko. Kasu honetan adierazpen analitikoak (Mie teoria) erabil daitezke argiaren sakabanaketa deskribatzeko, baina antena asimetrikoagoen kasuan metodo numerikoak erabili behar dira ezinbestean. Bukaeran MNPBEM metodoa erabili da dimero-antena baten jokabidea simulatzeko.

Optika irakasgaiaren terminologia-hiztegi eleaniztuna egitea eta terminologia aztertzea

Lan honetan, Zientzia eta Teknologia Fakultatean eskaintzen den Fisikako Graduko irakas-materialetatik abiatuta, Optika irakasgaiko terminologia erreala detektatu eta hiztegi eleaniztun bat osatu da Terminologia Zerbitzurako Online Sisteman (TZOS) kontsultagai jartzeko. Terminologia Sareak Ehunduz (TSE) programarako garatuta- ko metodologia erabili da horretarako. Bestetik, sortutako hiztegia, eskura ditugun ohiko kontsulta-baliabideekin erkatu da, Optika irakasgaiko terminologiaren presentzia zenbaterainokoa den jakiteko. Azkenik, hiztegi eleaniztuna osatzen duten terminoen azterketa linguistikoa ere egin da, Optika irakasgaian erabilitako terminoen esanahiaren eta formaren profila irudikatzeko.

Pseudomona sp-ren bidez kate ertaineko gantz azidoen esterasa ekoizteko bio-erreaktore baten operazio baldintzen eta zinetikaren azterketa

[EUS] Proiektu honen helburua esterasaren lorpena aztertzeaz gain, lorpenerako erabilitako Pseudomona putida mikroorganismoaren hartzidura aztertzea da, ondoren mikroorganismo horri dagokion parametro zinetikoak lortzeko eta erreaktore baten diseinua egin ahal izateko. Horrekin batera, hartziduran eragin dezaketen faktoreak aztertuko dira (tenperatura, aparra, aireztapena, pH …) kontrol eta monitoriazioan kontutan izateko. Horrez guztiaz gain eta prozesua erreaktorean aztertzeaz gain, matrazeetan ere aztertu da, ondoren bi sistemetako hazkuntzak konparatzeko eta aztertzeko helburuarekin. Hartzidura prozesuaren ostean, esterasa proteina lorpena mintzen bidezko prozesuetan oinarrituko da. Proiektu honetan mintzak duten eraginkortasuna kalkulatuko da, baita lortutako emaitzen inguruko hausnarketa bat egin ere.

Gorputz adierazpena eta emozioak lantzen ikerkuntza-ekintzaren bidez: irakasle talde baten ibilbidea

391 p.

Sormenaren eragina gizartean, Mikel Laboa eredu

386 p.

中药青蒿紫穗槐二烯合酶基因表达及调控的研究

青蒿素是从我国传统药用植物中药青蒿（Artemisia annua L.）中提取的新型抗疟特效药，其生物合成途径属于植物类异戊二烯代谢途径。目前，青蒿素生物合成的组织部位及其调控机制仍不完全清楚。紫穗槐二烯合酶（amorpha-4， 11-diene synthase, ADS）作为青蒿素生物合成分支途径的第一个关键酶，催化倍半萜化合物的通用前体法呢基焦磷酸环化，生成紫穗槐二烯。本论文通过对ADS 表达特性的分析，研究了青蒿素生物合成的组织特异性及其调控机制，主要研究结果如下： 一．紫穗槐二烯合酶基因启动子功能的研究 从青蒿高产株系001 中克隆得到了2850 bp 的ADS 启动子调控区。通过比较5’RACE 的测序结果与启动子序列，确定转录起始位点位于翻译起始位点上游44 bp，TATA 盒下游27 bp。该启动子序列包含的顺式作用元件有脱落酸应答元件(ABRE )、乙烯应答元件(ERE)、生长素应答元件(AUXRE）等植物激素反应元件，以及低温应答元件（LTRE）、高温应答元件（HSE）等与逆境有关的反应元件，还有与真菌诱导有关的W-box 元件等。将不同长度ADS 启动子与报告基因GUS 融合，构建了植物表达载体，通过农杆菌介导的方法获得稳定整合的转基因烟草。经过组织化学、GUS 荧光活性检测及RT-PCR 分析，发现该启动子的转录活性很低，无法通过GUS 染色进行观察。GUS 荧光活性检测及RT-PCR 结果表明，转录起始位点上游346 bp 是ADS 基础表达所必需的。高温、低温、干旱、水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯等处理均能促进青蒿中ADS 的表达，而脱落酸和乙烯的作用效果较小，与启动子序列分析的结果并不完全一致。 二．紫穗槐二烯合酶基因表达特性的研究 以青蒿高产株系001 为材料，在基因和蛋白水平揭示了ADS 的表达特性。RT-PCR 和Western 分析结果表明，ADS 在幼叶和花蕾中大量表达，在老叶和完全开放的花中表达量很低，而在青蒿的根和茎中几乎检测不到ADS 的表达。石蜡切片和整体原位杂交的结果表明，ADS 在顶端分生组织、叶原基及分泌腺毛中表达，在非分泌的T 型腺毛中不表达。当叶片完全展开后，ADS 只在分泌腺毛中表达，而且随着叶片的生长和老化，ADS 的表达量逐渐减少。另一个非常有趣的发现是同一叶片上的分泌腺毛，有些有ADS 的表达，有些则没有。用强光、低温、高温和水杨酸等因素处理后，有ADS 表达的分泌腺毛的比例没有明显的变化。 三．外源水杨酸促进青蒿素的生物合成 研究了外源水杨酸对青蒿素生物合成的影响，结果表明：1 mM 水杨酸处理后，青蒿叶片中的游离态水杨酸含量快速增加，处理后4 h 达到 0.79 μg g-1 FW，是对照的3.5 倍。外源水杨酸能够抑制青蒿中过氧化氢酶活性，提高抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性，并通过对抗氧化酶活性的抑制引起青蒿体内活性氧水平的迅速升高。在处理后4 h，青蒿中H2O2 和O2-的含量分别达到对照的2.1 倍和2.4 倍。青蒿素含量在水杨酸处理后的前8 h 缓慢升高，随后升高的速度增加。外源水杨酸处理后8 h 和96 h，青蒿素含量分别达到9.1 mg g-1DW 和13.9 mg g-1DW，比对照高21.7%和75.8%。处理后8 h，青蒿酸的含量没有明显变化，随后开始增加。处理后16 h，青蒿酸的含量达到3.6 mg g-1DW，比对照高90%， 随后继续升高，至96 h 达到4.98 mg g-1 DW，比对照高127%。二氢青蒿酸的含量在处理后的8 h 内有所下降，随后缓慢升高。处理后8 h，二氢青蒿酸的含量降低了23.3%，随后二氢青蒿酸的含量开始升高，在处理后96 h，达到7.4 mg g-1DW，比对照高72.1%。外源SA 处理提高了青蒿素及其前体的总含量，在处理后1、2、4 天分别比对照提高了1.3、1.5 和1.8 倍。Northern 结果表明，水杨酸强烈诱导了青蒿素生物合成基因HMGR、ADS 的表达，但是对FPS、CYP71AV1 的诱导作用较小。这些研究结果表明，外源水杨酸至少通过两条途径诱导青蒿素的生物合成：一是通过诱导活性氧的产生促进二氢青蒿酸向青蒿素的转化；二是上调部分青蒿素生物合成相关基因的表达。根据这一研究成果，在青蒿田间栽培中，可以在收获前通过喷施水杨酸来快速、有效和低成本地提高青蒿素产量。

An anionic antimicrobial peptide from toad Bombina maxima

Amphibian skin is a rich resource of antimicrobial peptides like maximins and maximins H from toad Bombina maxima. A novel cDNA clone encoding a precursor protein that comprises maximin 3 and a novel peptide. named maximin H5. was isolated from a skin cDNA library of B. maxima. The predicted primary structure of maximin H5 is ILGPVLGLVSDTLDDVLGIL-NH2,. Containing three aspartate residues and no basic amino acid residues. maximin H5 is characterized by an anionic property. Different from cationic maximin H peptides. only Gram-positive strain Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to maximin H5. while the other bacteria] and fungal strains tested ere resistant to it. The presence of metal ions. like Zn2+ and Mg2+, did not increase its antimicrobial potency. Maximin H5 represents the first example of potential anionic antimicrobial peptides from amphibians, The results provide the first evidence that. together kith cationic antimicrobial peptides. anionic antimicrobial peptides may also exist naturally as part of the innate defense system. (C), 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Effect of dietary inulin as prebiotic on growth, survival and intestinal bacterial density of juvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso)

Use of prebiotics, nondigestible dietary ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of and/or activating the metabolism of healthpromoting bacteria in the intestinal tract, is a novel concept in aquaculture. An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary prebiotic inulin on the growth performance, intestinal bacterial density, body composition and values of blood serum enzymes in the juvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso). Three replicate groups of fish (initially averaging weight 16.14±0.38g) were fed diets containing prebiotic inulin at levels ranging from 1% to 3%. The basal diet was contained 3% cellulose. The results of linear regression showed there was a negative relationship between some performance indices including weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), energy retention (ERE), feed efficincy (FE), protein retention (PR) and supplementation level of inulin. At the end of trial, the 1% inulin treatment insignificantly showed an enhaced survival between the treatment groups. Intestinal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increased in group treated with 1% inulin compare to other groups. No significant difference were observed in body composition and level of serum enzymes (P>0.05). Moreover there was significant correlation between ALT and LDH values (P<0.01). Result obtained in this study shows that the prebiotic inulin didn’t influence the increase of the growth performance of juvenile great sturgeon and it is not appropriate for supplementation in the diet of beluga.

Comparative study on the effect of dietary lipid level on growth and feed utilization for gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Gunther)

An 8-week growth trial investigated the effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance of a carnivorous fish, Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Gunther) and an omnivorous fish, gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). For each species, seven isonitrogenous semi-purified diets (455 g kg(-1) crude protein for Chinese longsnout catfish and 385 g kg(-1) crude protein for gibel carp) were formulated to contain 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 or 210 g kg(-1) lipid. For Chinese longsnout catfish, feed intake (FI) decreased with increasing dietary lipid and there was no significant difference in feed intake from 90 to 210 g kg(-1) lipid. Specific growth rate (SGR) increased with dietary lipid level (P < 0.05) and the 150 and 180 g kg(-1) groups were the best. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein retention efficiency (PRE) and energy retention efficiency (ERE) were higher at 180 g kg(-1) lipid. For gibel carp, FI decreased with increased dietary lipid and 180 and 210 g kg(-1) lipid groups showed lower values. SGR increased with dietary lipid level and the 150 and 180 g kg(-1) were the best. FCE was higher at 180 g kg(-1) lipid level. PRE increased with dietary lipid level and there was no significant difference in groups from 120 to 210 g kg(-1) dietary lipid. ERE increased with increasing dietary lipid level, and groups fed 120, 150 and 180 g kg(-1) lipid showed the highest values. In Chinese longsnout catfish, increase in dietary lipid level, resulted in increased carcass dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid and gross energy. In gibel carp, dry matter, crude protein, and crude lipid increased with dietary lipid level. Based on regression between SGR and dietary lipid, dietary lipid requirements for Chinese longsnout catfish and gibel carp were 142.6 and 140.5 g kg(-1), respectively.

The effect of food concentration on the life history of three types of Brachionus calyciflorus females

The effect of food concentration on the life history of three types of Brachionus calciflorus females (amictic, unfertilized mictic and fertilized mictic female) was studied with replicated individual cultures at 25 degrees and at four food concentrations (1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 x 10(6) cells mL(-1)) of Scenedesmus obliquus. There were highly significant effects of both food concentration and female type, independently and in interaction on the duration of juvenile period of the rotifer, but neither a;ere the effects on the duration of post-reproductive period and mean life-span. The duration of juvenile period of unfertilized mictic female at the food concentration of 9.0 x 10(6) cells mL(-1) was the longest among all the food concentration-female type combinations. Both food concentration and female type influenced significantly the duration of reproductive period and the number of eggs produced by each type of female per life cycle, respectively. There was, however, no significant interaction between food level and female type. Among the three types of females, the number of eggs produced by an unfertilized mictic female was the largest. and that of a fertilized mictic female was the smallest.