914 resultados para Dongpan section Guangxi South China
Resumo:
Earlier studies on the distribution of geological environmental indicators in China revealed drastic changes from a zonal climate pattern (planetary-wave-dominant pattern) in the Paleogene to a monsoon-dominant one in the Neogene, which suggested an inception of the initial East-Asian summer monsoon. However, there are different views about the time and causes of the changes.Here, we attempt to compile a series of paleoenvironmental maps based on newly collected climate indicators from the literatures and chronologically constrained evidence of geological maps in order to re-examine the temporal and spatial evolution of climate belts in China during the Cenozoic with special emphasis on the changes of the arid belt. These indicators include mammalian fauna, coal, carbonate concretions, jarosite, salt, gypsum deposits and pollen assemblages etc, with chronological controls that we believe reliable. Pollen assemblages and mammalian fauna have been classified into three categories (arid, semi-arid/sub-humid, humid) to reflect the intensity of aridity/humidity. Salt, jarosite and gypsum deposits are classified as the arid indicators. Carbonate concretions and coal are classified into the semi-arid/sub-humid and humid one respectively. Paleoenvironmental maps at 8 time slices have been reconstructed. They are the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Early Miocene, Middle Miocene, Late Miocene and Pliocene.And furthermore, we attempt to use IAP^AGCM to simulate the evolution of climate belts in emphasizing on the changes of the rain band, and compare the results with the paleoenvironmental maps in order to examine the causes of the drastic paleoenvironmental changes near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. 36 sensitive numerical experiments are carried out using the IAP__AGCM to analyze the impacts of the uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan complex, shrinkage of the Paratethys Sea, expansion of the South China Sea and the development of the polar ice sheets on rain band in China.The main conclusions are as follows:The obtained results essentially confirm the earlier conclusions about a zonal climate pattern in the Paleogene and a different pattern in the Neogene, and illustrate that a monsoon-dominant environmental pattern with inland aridity formed by the Early Miocene, which is temporally consist with the onset of eolian deposits in China.Cenozoic cooling and the formation of polar ice sheets are unlikely the main causes to the changes of environmental patterns mentioned above in China. But northern hemispheric cooling and the ice-sheets can intensify the Siberian High Pressure, and strengthen the winter monsoon circulations and enhance the aridity in the west part of China. These results support the earlier studies.Shrinkage of the Paratethys Sea and uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan complex played important roles in strengthening the East Asian monsoon and induceing the above changes of environmental pattern, which is consistent with the earlier studies. Furthermore, "the monsoon-dominant pattern" appears when the Himalayan-Tibetan complex reaches to about 1000-2000 meters high and the Paratethys Sea retreats to the Turan Plate.4) Expansion of the South China Sea is another significant factor that drives the evolution of environmental patterns. We believe that the above three factors co-act and drive the change of the environmental patterns from a planetary-wave-dominant one to a monsoon-dominant one. However, the impacts of each factor vary by regions. The uplift mainly increases the humidity in Southwestern China and the aridity in northwestern country. The shrinkage mainly increases the humidity in Northern China and also enhances the aridity in the northwestern country. The expansion greatly increases the humidity in the south part of China.
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Jurong -Hai'an block of lower Yangtz area is one of the important petroleum exploration area among the residual marine basins in the south China. In the history of the basin's evolution, the strongly compressing, napping, folding and deforming during Indosinian to Yanshan epoch resulted in destruction of the early formed petroleum pool. Therefore, the strategy exploration of the secondary hydrocarbon generation and later formation of petroleum pool was brought forward for petroleum exploration and planning in the study area..On the basis of tectonic and sedimentary as well as present-day thermal regime evolution, using vitrinite reflectance and apatite fission track data and the paleo-heat flow based method, the basin's thermal history is reconstructed and hence the strata's temperature history are obtained. In addition, the maturation histories of the main four sets of marine hydrocarbon source rocks in the block are calculated. Furthermore, taking the maturity in the end of early Cretaceous as the original maturity and according to the formulas fitted by the secondary hydrocarbon generation model, the secondary hydrocarbon generation potential of the four sets of source rock is evaluated.The results of thermal history reconstruction show that Jurong-Hai'an block was under an uniform thermal setting during the Caledonian to Hercynian period and characterized by middle heat flow (52~57rnW/ m2). The uniform thermal setting was divided during and after Indosinian to Yanshan epoch. Wuwei area of southern Anhui province was under the high heat flow setting(~90 mW/m2)between 236Ma and 137Ma; Jurong area of southern Jiangsu ,Huangqiao area and Subei basin reached its maximum heat flow of 90,84 and 78-82 mW/m2 at 101Ma,157Ma and 56Ma respectivelyThe study of secondary hydrocarbon generation shows that the upper Paleozoic and Triassic source rocks have excellent secondary hydrocarbon generation potential. Silurian source rock posses some secondary hydrocarbon generation. Cambrian source rock, however, nearly has no secondary hydrocarbon generation. Overall there are no advantages of secondary hydrocarbon generation in the southern area of Jiansu. The intensity of secondary hydrocarbon generation in North Jiangsu basin is definitely better than that in the southern area of Jiangsu.
Resumo:
The Xiangshan U deposit, the largest hydrothermal U deposit in China, is hosted in late Jurassic felsic volcanic rocks although the U mineralization post dates the volcanics by at least 20 Ma. The mineralization coincides with intrusion of local mantle-derived mafic dykes formed during Cretaceous crustal extension in South China. Ore-forming fluids are rich in CO2, and U in the fluid is thought to have been dissolved in the form of UO2 (CO3)22− and UO2 (CO3) 34− complexes. This paper provides He and Ar isotope data of fluid inclusions in pyrites and C isotope data of calcites associated with U mineralization (pitchblende) in the Xiangshan U deposit. He isotopic compositions range between 0.1 and 2.0Ra (where Ra is the 3He/4He ratio of air=1.39×10−6) and correlates with 40Ar/36Ar; although there is potential for significant 3He production via 6Li(n,α)3H(β)3He reactions in a U deposit (due to abundant neutrons), nucleogenic production cannot account for either the 3He concentration in these fluids, nor the correlations between He and Ar isotopic compositions. It is more likely that the high 3He/4He ratios represent trapped mantle-derived gases. A mantle origin for the volatiles of Xiangshan is consistent with the δ13C values of calcites, which vary from −3.5‰ to −7.7‰, overlapping the range of mantle CO2. The He, Ar and CO2 characteristics of the ore-forming fluids responsible for the deposit are consistent with mixing between 3He- and CO2-rich mantle-derived fluids and CO2-poor meteoric fluids. These fluids were likely produced during Cretaceous extension and dyke intrusion which permitted mantle-derived CO2 to migrate upward and remobilize U from the acid volcanic source rocks, resulting in the formation of the U deposit. Subsequent decay of U within the fluid inclusions has reduced the 3He/4He ratio, and variations in U/3He result in the range in 3He/4He observed with U/3He ratios in the range 5–17×103 likely corresponding to U concentrations in the fluids b0.2 ppm.
Resumo:
本论文选取我国的典型玛珥湖-湖光岩玛珥湖为研究对象,在国内外率先系统开展湖泊沉积物硅藻硅同位素研究。为获取过去2000a来的气候环境记录,对原有沉积物-水界面采样装置进行了改进,将沉积物柱芯无扰动采集深度从60cm提高到150cm。建立了一套有效的五阶段硅藻提纯方法,成功从初始硅藻含量大于7%的沉积物中提取出纯度达90%以上的硅藻样品,为广泛开展沉积物硅藻硅氧同位素研究奠定了基础。放射性核素Pb-210、Cs-137、C-14计年结果表明,该湖沉积物堆积速率稳定,具连续、稳定的堆积特点,是气候和环境变化的良好记录体。湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物硅藻硅同位素记录了硅藻利用水体溶解硅的比例变化。沉积物硅藻硅同位素与生物硅含量的变化关系为揭示湖泊古环境提供了重要线索。当硅藻硅同位素组成与生物硅含量呈正相关变化时,湖水溶解硅利用比例主要受温度控制,硅藻硅同位素可反映古温度变化。当硅藻硅同位素组成与生物硅含量不呈相似变化时,湖水溶解硅利用比例主要受有效养分控制,沉积物硅藻硅同位素仅仅反映硅藻利用水体溶解硅的比例,不反映古温度变化。湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物柱芯硅藻硅同位素组成的变化范围为 -0.6‰~1.1‰,其最小值出现于1580~1920年间,指示了1580~1920年为湖光岩地区过去2000年来最冷的时期,为中国南方热带地区现代小冰期的存在提供了新的证据。
Resumo:
华南下寒武统保存着国际著名的生物群(如澄江生物群),同时蕴藏着磷块岩、重晶石、稀土及Ni-Mo-PGE等丰富的矿产资源,因此,它一直为地质科学家们持续关注的热点之一。关于华南下寒武统的研究,前人在古生物学方面已经取得了卓著的成就,主要表现在国际权威期刊上(如期刊《Science》和《Nature》)已发表大量的关于澄江生物群的研究成果,对早期生命演化研究具有重要而广泛的影响。然而,华南下寒武统年代学及国际对比研究方面已明显滞后,公开发表的华南下寒武统的高精度、可靠的锆石U-Pb年龄数据至本研究论文截稿时止仍然仅有唯一的一个,即Jenkins et al. (2002)报道的国际前寒武系-寒武系界线层型候选剖面―云南晋宁梅树村剖面的朱家菁组中谊村段中部(第5层)钾质斑脱岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(538.2 ± 1.5 Ma)。因而,华南下寒武统中的重要生物群、矿床及具全球对比意义的C同位素漂移事件缺乏地层精确年龄的约束,进而制约了早期生命演化理论、矿床成因解释及地层国际对比等方面研究的发展。 近来,发现华南下寒武统赋存独特的钾质斑脱岩层,它们在横向上广泛分布于云南东部、四川峨眉麦地坪、贵州西部(如织金和金沙岩孔)及北部(如遵义松林)、湖北宜昌泰山庙和湖南张家界等地区,在地层序列垂向上主要产出于朱家菁组中谊村段中部、石岩头组底部以及它们的相当层位。这些钾质斑脱岩既是建立地层框架等时层潜在的物质基础,亦是获取地层精确锆石U-Pb年龄的具重要意义的研究对象之一。因此,对它们进行系统研究可望改观华南下寒武统年代学及国际对比研究方面的落后现状。 同时,华南下寒武统广泛产出的磷块岩既具有重要的资源价值,另一方面,任一磷块岩层代表着一次独立的成磷事件,因而将华南地区下寒武统磷块岩进行区域上的对比研究,从而以磷块岩层作为等时层,对构建华南下寒武统地层框架具有重要的地层学意义。 此外,华南下寒武统产出的Ni-Mo多元素富集层广泛分布于扬子地台范围,西起云南东部,东部延至浙江诸暨地区,在NE-SW向延伸近1600 km,它既代 表了重要的成矿事件,亦为关键的地球化学异常层位。因此,对Ni-Mo多元素富集层进行区域上的对比研究,明确它在华南下寒武统各重要剖面的产出位置,对于构建华南下寒武统层序框架具有重要意义。 遵义松林地区的下寒武统因赋存Ni-Mo-PGE矿床及与滇东地区澄江生物群相当的遵义生物群而日益受到国内外地质学家们的广泛关注。该区牛蹄塘组底部产出磷块岩、钾质斑脱岩及Ni-Mo多元素富集层,与滇东地区梅树村剖面出露的地层具有潜在的可对比性。因此,本研究选取近年来日益受科学家们关注的遵义松林地区下寒武统作为研究对象,重点对该区牛蹄塘组底部的钾质斑脱岩开展矿物学、地球化学和年代学研究。同时,将遵义松林地区下寒武统剖面上磷块岩、钾质斑脱岩、Ni-Mo多元素富集层主要与滇东地区梅树村剖面的相应岩层进行地球化学对比研究。研究的目的在于通过对华南地区上述两条代表性的下寒武统剖面进行地层对比研究,初步构建华南下寒武统具时间、空间涵义的层序框架,从而约束华南下寒武统中的重要生物群、矿床及具全球对比意义的C同位素漂移事件的时间,进一步促进华南下寒武统的划分和全球对比。论文获得以下主要结论性认识: (1)滇东地区朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩及其邻近的磷块岩可构成华南下寒武统层序框架的第一个标志层。这一标志层在贵州大部分地区(或华南地区的多数下寒武统剖面)缺失。该标志层的磷块岩稀土元素总量和Y含量高于新元古代陡山沱期磷块岩,低于遵义松林地区牛蹄塘组底部及其华南其它地区相当层位(石岩头组底部及戈仲伍组)的磷块岩。第一个标志层的钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆为亚碱性系列的酸性岩浆,其典型特征为具有较低的Zr(变化范围144×10-6~291×10-6,平均196.4×10-6)、Nb(变化范围10×10-6~13×10-6,平均11.86×10-6)含量和较高的Zr/Nb比值(变化范围为12.63~24.24,平均值为16.55)。这一层钾质斑脱岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为538.2±1.5 Ma(Jenkins et al., 2002)。 (2)遵义松林地区牛蹄塘组底部钾质斑脱岩和磷块岩分别相当于滇东地区石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩和磷块岩,它们构成华南下寒武统层序框架的第二个标志层。该标志层中钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆性质为中性岩浆,其碱性程度高于朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆。相对于中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩,该层位的钾质斑脱岩具有高的Zr(变化范围187.0910-6~391.5710-6,平均值318.4010-6)、Nb(49.6910-6~140.0010-6,平均值90.6810-6)含量和低的Zr/Nb(2.60~4.32,平均值3.61)比值。该钾质斑脱岩的年龄为518 ± 5 Ma。该标志层的磷块岩以极其富REE和Y为特征,其稀土元素总量平均值为636.01×10-6,Y含量平均值262.43×10-6,明显高于滇东地区中谊村段磷块岩(∑REE平均值为195.45×10-6,Y含量平均值为91.2310-6),它们代表早寒武世时期一次特殊的以极其富REE和Y为特征的成磷事件。 (3)Ni-Mo多元素富集层可以作为构建华南下寒武统层序框架中的第三个等时标志层。滇东地区梅树村剖面的Ni-Mo多元素富集层被重新校正在玉案山组底部(即13层,Ni、Mo含量分别为135×10-6和583×10-6)。Ni-Mo多元素地球化学标志层的典型特征为在剖面上具Ni、Mo等多种微量元素及贵金属元素的最高异常。该标志层的Re-Os年龄为537~542 Ma,可能代表的不是地层层序的年龄。 (4)初步建立华南下寒武统时间框架。约束了华南地区下寒武统Ni-Mo-PGE矿床的下限年龄应为518 ± 5 Ma。同时,该时间框架亦约束了滇东地区澄江生物群及最古老三叶虫的下限年龄(518 ± 5 Ma),考虑到石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩的产出位置与玉案山组中部澄江生物群的产出层位存在相当的距离(大于80 m),因此,前人对澄江生物群的推测年龄(525~530 Ma)可能有些偏老。此外,初步约束了华南地区具全球对比意义的C同位素正漂移事件的年龄(538~518 Ma)。该时间框架是建立在两个相互支持的地层高精度锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄的基础之上,而国际前寒武系-寒武系界线年龄的最新研究成果为542 Ma,因此,它支持将华南地区的前寒武系-寒武系界线置于朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩层(第5层)的下伏地层的方案。结合华南地区最新的地层古生物学研究成果(朱茂炎等,2001;Zhu et al., 2003),将这一界线置于朱家菁组中谊村段底界可作为一种合理的选择。
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海相碳酸盐岩C、O、Sr 同位素研究是地球化学重要的示踪手段之一。它可以为认识地质历史时期的气候变化,海水原始碳、氧、锶同位素组成,陆地和海洋生物盛衰的长期变化特征,以及碳、氧等元素的外生循环等一些重大的基础学科问题提供重要的依据。研究表明:腕足化石因具有较强抵抗成岩后生作用能力、分布广泛、便于操作等原因被认为是较为理想的研究样品之一。 本论文对来自中国南、北方泥盆纪不同沉积单元腕足化石碳、氧、锶同位素组成进行测试,探讨中国南、北方不同沉积单元腕足化石碳、氧、锶同位素差异。从地球化学角度对我国泥盆纪海平面变化,海洋生物盛衰、陆地风化强度以及构造运动研究进行诠释。 中国泥盆系沉积类型齐全,从南到北,分布着不同构造单元条件下沉积而成的地层。华南泥盆系属地台型稳定沉积类型,四川龙门山地区泥盆系形成于冒地槽构造单元中,而中国北方泥盆系为优地槽活动构造单元的产物。三类构造单元的地壳活动和火山活动不同,生活在其中的腕足壳体碳、氧、锶同位素组成是否存在差异?不同构造单元的海平面变化、海洋生物盛衰以及陆地风化强度是否不同。 研究中通过上述不同沉积单元腕足化石碳、氧、锶同位素组成详细研究,得出以下几点认识: 1) 在腕足化石保存鉴定过程中:微体结构实验显示南、北方剖面腕足化石壳体结构保存完整,有着明显的纤维层和棱柱层结构,但北方剖面腕足化石微裂隙较多,有着不少后期物质充填。在阴极灯照射下,南方剖面腕足化石基本不发光,仅因少量裂隙中后期物质充填有着微弱发光现象存在。北方剖面腕足化石基本上都有着轻微发光现象,尤其内蒙古地区腕足化石。微量元素Fe、Mn、Sr 含量及其Mn/Sr 值表明南、北方剖面腕足化石绝大多数符合腕足保存完好的标准。表明:南方剖面腕足化石保存完好,可以用于的碳、氧、锶同位素组成研究。北方剖面腕足化石保存程度较差,其同位素信息可能遭受成岩蚀变作用的影响,特别是容易遭受蚀变影响的氧同位素组成。 2) 成岩后生作用总是导致碳酸盐岩全岩样品中碳、氧、锶同位素组成发生变化,无法保存原始的同位素信息。腕足化石同碳酸盐岩全岩碳、氧、锶同位素对比表明:碳酸盐岩全岩样品中碳、氧同位素组成都低于腕足化石样品中同位素组成,锶同位素组成正好相反,但在不涉及定量化研究的前提下,碳、锶同位素基本上可以代表着地质历史时期碳、锶同位素变化趋势。也即是说可以利用碳酸盐岩全岩样品进行碳、锶同位素演化趋势研究。至于碳酸盐岩全岩样品中氧同位素组成,低于腕足化石氧同位素组成达 -2‰~-3‰。在目前常用于氧同位素古温度的研究中差异太大。因此,建议不要利用碳酸盐岩全岩样品中氧同位素组成进行古温度研究。 3) 碳同位素组成变化可以指示有机碳的埋藏情况。中国南、北方剖面腕足化石碳同位素研究表明:腕足化石中碳同位素组成基本上在 -2‰ ~ 4‰之间变化,北方剖面较低,南方剖面较高。其碳同位素Locfit 演化对比显示:北方剖面碳同位素演化同华南以及四川龙门山剖面中碳同位素演化有着许多相似之处,表明北方海域有机碳埋藏情况同南方海域有机碳埋藏情形基本一致。分析表明:四川龙门山以及华南剖面泥盆纪时期有着三次有机碳高速埋藏时期,可能受海平面变化以及与之有关的生物繁盛状况共同控制。至于北方剖面碳同位素组成相对较低,一方面可能由于腕足化石保存方面的原因,在成岩蚀变作用影响下北方剖面腕足碳同位素组成较低。另一方面,北方地区较多的火山活动,释放大量含有较多12C 的CO2,融入海水发生同位素交换,导致北方地区碳同位素组成较低。 4) 由于北方剖面存在遭受成岩蚀变作用影响的可能,北方剖面腕足化石壳体氧同位素平均组成(-11.75‰ ~ -21.13‰)明显低于四川龙门山剖面(-5.14‰ ~-7.20‰)、华南剖面(-4.35‰ ~ -10.31‰)氧同位素平均组成,无法对水岩反应控制海洋中氧同位素组成给出肯定的答案。但腕足化石保存完好的四川龙门山剖面和华南剖面氧同位素组成(氧同位素素组成埃姆斯阶为-7.20‰、-7.58‰;吉维特阶-5.62‰、-4.60‰;氟拉斯阶-5.18‰、-4.35‰)显示:优地槽沉积单元的龙门山海域同稳定地台沉积单元的华南海域氧同位素一致,甚至较低,表明水岩反应根本无法控制海洋中氧同位素组成。 5) 四川龙门山剖面下泥盆统埃姆斯阶氧同位素组成为 -9.9‰~-4.5‰,明显低于世界上其他地区同时期腕足化石的氧同位素组成,其差异达 -3‰~-4‰。微量元素Fe、Mn 的演化趋势以及氧同位素演化趋势显示:龙门山海域在埃姆斯阶时期同广阔海域之间海水交流不畅通,其氧同位素组成受淡水河流注入的影响。根据氧同位素古温度计估算(假定古海水δ18O 值为 -3‰SMOW),姆斯阶时期温度高达52℃,远远超过生物所能生存的极限,印证龙门山海域埃姆斯阶氧同位素组成受淡水河流注入的影响。艾菲尔阶~氟拉斯阶,龙门山海域的温度为21℃ ~33℃,表明龙门山海域为典型的低纬地区热带气候。 6) 早泥盆纪时期,锶同位素比值较高,显示风化作用较为强烈;可能是由于加里东造山作用的影响,大量陆地的暴露,促进风化作用的进行。其后,锶同位素组成逐渐降低指示风化作用变弱。锶同位素降低可能由于海底扩展运动造成幔源锶的增加,同时引起海平面上升,引起陆地风化面积的减少,导致风化作用的减弱。幔源锶增加和陆源锶的减少,造成锶同位素比值的不断下降。早泥盆世晚期-中泥盆世,锶同位素组成显示风化作用(强度较低)和构造运动稳定。可能原因为在海平面较高时海侵-海退幅度较小,幔源锶和陆源锶之间达到均衡。中泥盆世后期,锶同位素组成显示:风化作用程度较强。可能由于该时期温度的缓慢上升,导致风化作用加强,陆源锶输入增多引起的。 7) 不同沉积单元腕足化石碳、氧、锶同位素对比表明:局部的区域环境对碳、氧、锶同位素有影响。在考虑利用不同剖面进行地质历史时期某时段碳、氧、锶同位素数据叠加构建完整同位素演化曲线时;对于碳同位素,相同沉积单元条件下,辨别出长时间变化和局部影响时可以应用于同位素演化曲线的构建。而不同沉积单元的碳同位素组成存在差异,不能应用于碳同位素曲线的构建。不同沉积单元氧同位素组成存在较大差异,相同沉积单元的氧同位素组成同样也存在较大差别,表明局部环境对氧同位素组成影响较大,氧同位素曲线的构建最好避免多个剖面的叠加。锶同位素比值,不同沉积单元在长期演化趋势上基本一致,在排除局部环境因素的影响下可以进行多剖面锶同位素演化曲线的构建。
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澳大利亚-东南亚散落区覆盖着地球表面的1/10,是迄今散落面积最大,最年轻,成分最复杂的散落区。澳一亚群微玻璃陨石已经在印度洋、太平洋西部、Sulu海、Celebes海和菲律宾海的40个深海岩心中被发现。澳-亚(微)玻璃陨石及撞击残骸的分布区域以Indochina为中心呈放射状或者稍微同心状分布模式,因而许多研究者认为Indochin。是澳亚群的撞击坑所在地。南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海之一,地处太平洋板块、印度洋板块及欧亚板块的接合部位,具有典型的边缘海特点—对古海洋学变化具有放大作用,南海的北部陆缘保存有完好的晚更新世地层,记录着丰富的海洋地质和古环境演化的信息。同时南海在澳大利亚-东南亚散落区范围内,距离假定Indochina的撞击位置〔12°N,106°E)较近,对于澳亚群微玻璃陨石的研究具有重要的地理优越性。南海海域澳亚群(微)玻璃陨石事件现今研究较少,对于南海含微玻璃陨石孔位的综合研究是近年来的热点和重点。南海ODPI144孔位于20°3.18'N,117'25.14'E,取得了1.1Ma以来连续的沉积地层样品,沉积物中含有丰富的微玻璃陨石,对含有微玻璃陨石层位加密取样,取样间距为1一Zcm。微玻璃陨石主要赋存在386.17-386.27mcd(合成深度米数:meter of composed depth,以下简称m),样品中共挑出完整的微玻璃陨石969颗,不规则碎片1543颗,在柱样状386.23m处微玻璃陨石的含量最为丰富,共发现完整颗粒194颗,不规则碎片239颗。同时在微玻璃陨石的挑选的基础上,对孔位中有孔虫进行了初步研究,挑选出其中的优势种属袋拟抱球虫或者红拟抱球虫。本文通过对南海ODPll44孔微玻璃陨石赋存层位、物理性质、地球化学特征等综合研究,结合有孔虫碳氧同位素研究结果进行分析,本文研究主要取得了以下几点认识:前人对于澳亚群微玻璃陨石的分类问题,根据物理性质和地球化学特征,划分了两种类型的微玻璃陨石,即普通型和瓶绿色微玻璃陨石,对于南海ODPI144孔微玻璃陨石物理性质和化学特征的综合研究,表明了南海沉积物中的微玻璃陨石为澳亚群普通型微玻璃陨石。根据微玻璃陨石表面特征,可能微玻璃陨石在沉积过程中受到了一定的溶蚀作用,但是其空气动力学过程目前仍不清楚。通过微玻璃陨石的物理性质、主量元素特征以及微量元素特征研究,表明微玻璃陨石的主要成因是部分熔融作用的产物,与闪电熔岩和撞击玻璃具有非常明显的类似特征,对于南海ODP1144孔微玻璃陨石的主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素等地球化学特征的综合研究,表明微玻璃陨石母岩为地球岩石,尤其是与上地壳沉积岩石类型密切相关。微玻璃陨石是由两种或者两种以上的母源物质混合而成的。地球化学特征表明:ODPll44孔及整个澳亚群普通型微玻璃陨石的原始母源物质可能是一些很年轻的(未遭受淋滤作用)碎屑沉积岩,另一种母源成份可能是粘土或者杂砂岩。这两种结果仅仅是靶区母源物质的两种成份,可能还存在其它成份,例如白云石成份的出现,这些结果从一个侧面同样反映了澳亚散落区微玻璃陨石母源物质的成份复杂性。通过ODP1144孔微玻璃陨石的研究,结合南海和澳亚群其它孔位的资料对比,发现在南海及一些等高分辨率岩心中的微玻璃陨石的赋存层位主要在B/M之下,而其它地区的低分辨率孔位则位于界线层或者之上。其原因可能是沉积过程中生物扰动和沉积地磁的获得深度(PDRM)影响了微玻璃陨石和B/M界线的位置。生物扰动对微玻璃陨石的影响最高可达8cm,沉积速率强烈的影响PDRM获得深度。沉积速率较低的孔位,其PDRM的值异常的高,而沉积速率较高的孔位,PDRM深度平均约为16cm。生物扰动以及 PDRM的获得深度影响了微玻璃陨石和地磁事件地层位置,上述原因直接导致了微玻璃陨石沉积年龄探讨的复杂性。根据本文的研究结果和综合资料对比,澳亚群微玻璃陨石的撞击地点可能存在着很大的不确定性,对南海ODP1144孔微玻璃陨石研究表明,其源坑位置距离现今预测Indochina的位置向东北方向偏移,偏移的程度还需要南海更多的孔位的研究结果,坑的半径大小可能在50-140km之间,靠近我国南方的东南亚地区应该是撞击地点的最可能区域。南海ODP1144孔有孔虫碳氧同位素研究结果表明,澳亚群微玻璃陨石事件对于南海地区存在着一定的气候效应,在该时期,由于撞击事件的发生,导致了该区有一次短暂的气候变冷事件,气温约下降了4℃,持续的事件约2ka。这一证据表明了澳亚微玻璃陨石事件对于南海的气候具有显著的影响。根据上述所取得的认识,结合当前微玻璃陨石的研究现状,本文提出我国南方包括南海应该是今后澳亚群微玻璃陨石的重点地区,应该加强对该区域的综合研究程度,在该区进一步寻找增加南海中含微玻璃陨石赋存层的孔位资料。通过本文的对南海ODPI144孔微玻璃陨石的类型、成因以及撞击事件的气候效应探讨,这些成果对于今后在该区域的研究甚至整个澳亚群的研究都起到了一定推动作用,为今后的研究工作提供了一个全新的思路。
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震旦-寒武交变期是地史上一个重大转折期,从隐生宙向显生宙过渡,海、陆、空发生了显著不同的变化,是一个具有特殊意义的过渡时期。中国扬子地区广泛发育的海相沉积层序有效地记录了震旦一寒武交变期重要的地质事件,因此为研究该时期大气圈、生物圈、岩石圈和水圈的相互联系提供了独一无二的场所。在前寒武纪一寒武纪地质研究中,由于缺少标志性生物化石,行之有效的生物地层学方法在上前寒武系的划分和对比中受到很大限制,沉积有机,质干酪根和相应碳酸盐的稳定碳同位素分析已经成为全球对比和划分的一个极为重要的的研究方法。尽管一些学者对扬子地台进行了多年的地球化学研究,使用碳酸盐和与之共生的有机质碳同位素组成对广泛的扬子地台变化的沉积环境进行研究还很欠缺、对分析和探讨该时期的生命演化过程和环境变化的关系研究方面还不足。本研究是以中国扬子地区为研究范围,用沉积碳酸盐和与之共生的有机质碳同位素组成对广泛的扬子地台变化的沉积环境(台地相、盆地相、过渡地带)进行分析,初步建立了一个地球化学模型,用于解释震旦一寒武交变期沉积地球化学记录,分析和探讨区域扬子地台碳循环和环境变化与地质事件之间的内在和外在联系:(1)南沱期:有机碳同位素组成(瓮安剖面平均值在-35.0‰左右)表现为较强负异常。地球被称为雪球(Snow-ball)或部分冰雪覆盖球体(Slush-ball),水体滞留和水动力不强,原始产率较低,物源以深源为主;生物不发育,主要是细菌和低等的真核细胞生物;空气和海水的气体通过冰裂缝进行交换,促进了碳酸盐的溶解;有机碳循环主要通过厌氧过程,比如细菌硫酸盐还原作用进行。(2)陡山沱期和灯影期:南沱晚期一陡山沱早期,海水的碳酸盐碳同位素组成短期仍然较负(瓮安剖面的δl3Ccarb-avg为-2.8‰ 松桃剖面1、2的δ13Ccarb-avg分别是-3.5%0和-8.6%。);有机质的碳同位素组成总体呈现正漂移(瓮安护3Corg-avg:-26.3‰;南明剖面的δ13Corg-avg高达-26.7‰),这正是全球分布的“帽”碳酸盐出现的时期:接近地表的火山去气作用释放出较之现代350倍的CO2,导致地球迅速变暖,冰雪融化,大陆风化作用加强,海平面上升,“雪球,,转化为“温室,大气中大量的CO2快速转化为碳酸钙沉入海水中。全球可能处于一个异常高的海洋沉积速率时期。随后陡山沱组的护3Ccarb值显著上升,暗示了这一时期生物作用加强,有机碳埋藏速率明显提高,有机碳和还原硫埋藏的增加,导致上层海水345的富集,硫同位素组成较高。热液作用和上升洋流作用促成了瓮安磷矿的形成和瓮安生物群的繁盛。在南沱冰期后的陡山沱期和灯影期,高的别3c的出现主要是由于进行光合作用的海洋植物群体产率的迅速增加、海洋沉积速率的升高、海洋深部水柱中缺氧层的存在、热液活动、上升洋流作用、海水分层结构引起的,而短期同位素组成的负漂移和生物产率的变化则可能是区域事件所造成。明显的碳同位素组成负漂移出现在前寒武/寒武界线附近,这反映了碳短期变化的翻覆,与震旦纪末生物绝灭、环境变化的地质事件相符合。(3)牛蹄塘期:本研究结果发现,在牛蹄塘组/郭家坝组底部黑色岩系中,有机碳、无机碳、有机硫、黄铁矿硫同位素组成值相对较低,有机碳和黄铁矿含量相对较高。δ3Corg-avg和δ3Ccarb-avg分别是-33.9士0.7‰和-2.5=0.4‰;TOC>0.5;黄铁矿平均含量为0.96%间变化;黄铁矿(δ4ScRs)和有机硫同位素组成(δ34SOBS)平均值分别为0.3士7.5‰和3.4土7.1‰。由于牛蹄塘初期的环境变化频繁和不稳定,扬子区处于一段特殊的时期,碳、硫同位素组成延续上震旦统的负漂移现象,海侵事件、还原环境、缺氧事件、裂谷作用火山喷发、、气液喷溢、热水作用等造成海水相刘较深,有机碳埋藏量增大,多金属富集成矿。在牛蹄塘中晚期碳同位素组成趋于稳定,碳同位素组成重化,有机碳和黄铁矿含量降低:碳酸盐和有机质的碳同位素组成平均值分别是0.31±1.0‰和-31.41.3%。(沙滩),呈现稳定的正漂移;TOC平均值是0.8%;沙滩剖面郭家坝组中上部样品的黄铁矿平均含量0.5%;δ34SCRS-avg和δ34SOBS-avg为17.8士2.0‰和16.9±1.8‰。在牛蹄塘中期,随着大气圈和水圈中CO2含量降低、环境稳定,促使寒武纪生物繁盛,可能与增加的寒武系生物产量和微生物作用有关。对牛蹄塘期的环境情况有如下分析:随着全球变暖、海平面迅速上升,上升洋流活跃,由于分层海水的存在,海水在氧化带附近及其上部具有较高的有机物生成率,使寒武纪初期成为形成植物繁衍和带壳动物爆发的重要时期。碳同位素组成由震旦一寒武交变期的不稳定负漂移变化到稳定正漂移,这与世界其它地区的变化相一致。下寒武统富有机碳和黄铁矿的黑色页岩沉积,暗示了早寒武世缺氧环境的存在。(4)凯里期:早中寒武世交变期有机碳和无机碳同位素组成规律的变化,出现在扬子地台台江剖面上。有机质埋藏的变化,与生物从下寒武到中寒武统的变化相联系。碳酸盐和有机碳同位素组成的变化规律,反映了震旦一寒武交变期沉积环境的多变和震旦一寒武交变期碳循环的波动,这与变化的古环境背景、环境条件和生物演化的变化相互联系。碳酸盐碳同位素组成反映了海水最初的同位素信息;海底热液作用和上升一洋流作用可能成为影响碳同位素组成的重要因素。然而,各一地区在同一时期存在相似性,也有很大的不同,所以针对区域和局部事件,还需要进一步研究和探讨。
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Liquid segregation phenomena have been found and explained in the F(Li)-rich granites in south China by Wang Linakui et al. (1979; 1983). A number of experimental investigations into the liquid immiscibilities in the granites systems have been carried out (Anfilogov et al., 1983; Glyuk et al., 1971; Glyuk et al., 1973a; 1973b; kovalenko, 1978; Wang Liangkui et al., 1987). Nevertheless, the detailed scenarios of the liquid immiscibilities in the granitic magmas are much less understood. This experimental study is amide to get access to this problem. Starting materials are biotite granite +LiF(3-10%)+NaF(3-10%)+H_2O(30%). The experimental results have shown that the liquid immiscibilities of melts of different compositions occur at 1 kbar and 840 ℃ when 5wt% (LiF + NaF) are added to the granite samples. three kinds of glasses indicating of three types of coexisting immiscible melts have been observed: light blue matrix glass, melanocratic glass balls and leucocratic glass balls. It is interesting that we have observed various kinds of textures as follows: spherulitic texture, droplets, flow bands, swirls. All these textures can be comparable to those in the natural granitic bodies. Electron microprobe data suggest that these different kinds of glasses are of different chemical compositions respectively; matrix glasses are F-poor silicate melts; melanocratic balls correspond to F-rich silicate melts; and leucocratic balls are the melts consisting mainly of fluorides. Raman spectrometric data have indicated that different glasses have different melt structures. TFM Diagrams at 1000 * 10~5 Pa have been plotted, in which two miscible gaps are found. One of the two gaps corresponds to the immiscibility between F - poor silicate melt and F-rich silicate melt, another to that between the silicate melt and fluoride melt. The experiments at different pressures have suggested that the decreases in pressures are favorable to the liquid immiscibility. Several reversal experiments have indicated that the equilibria in different runs have been achieved. We have applied the experimental results to explain the field evidence of immiscibilities in some of granites associated with W-Sn-Nb-Ta mineralization. These field phenomena include flow structure, globular structures,mineralized globular patche and glass inclusions in topaz. We believe that the liquid immiscibility (liquid segregation) is a possible way of generation of F(Li)-rich granites. During the evolution of the granitic magmas, the contents of Li, F, H_2O and ore-forming elements in the magmas become higher and higher. The granites formed in the extensional tectonic settings commonly bear higher abundences of the above-mentioned elements. the pressures of the granitic magmas are relatively lower during the processes of their emplacements and cooling. The late-staged magmas will produce liquid immiscibilities, leading to the production of several coexisting immiscible melts with different chemical compositions. The flow of immiscible consisting magmas will produce F(Li)-rich granites. It is also considered that liquid immiscibilities are of great significance in the production of rare metal granites. The ore-forming processes and magmatic crystallization and metasomatic processes can be occur at the same time. The mineralisations of rare metals are related to both magmatic and hydrothermal processes.
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本文对我国南方的主要砂页岩铜矿床的地质地球化学特征、铜矿物溶解、生长和成矿作用的非线性动力学进行了深入的研究。实验获得了辉铜矿、黄铜矿和斑铜矿的溶解速率常数和反应活化能,发现了铜矿物溶解作用的混沌动力学特征。砂页岩铜矿床的形成是由于含铜热液在孔隙砂岩中发生的流体流动--溶解和沉淀反应的非线性藕合和反馈而产生的“聚流成矿作用”。流动--反应反馈引起了成矿反应前锋形态不稳定性并控制了矿体的形态、规划与空间分布,运用计算机模拟分析了各种动力学影响因素。
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Tropical marginal seas (TMSs) are natural subregions of tropical oceans containing biodiverse ecosystems with conspicuous, valued, and vulnerable biodiversity assets. They are focal points for global marine conservation because they occur in regions where human populations are rapidly expanding. Our review of 11 TMSs focuses on three key ecosystems—coral reefs and emergent atolls, deep benthic systems, and pelagic biomes—and synthesizes, illustrates, and contrasts knowledge of biodiversity, ecosystem function, interaction between adjacent habitats, and anthropogenic pressures. TMSs vary in the extent that they have been subject to human influence—from the nearly pristine Coral Sea to the heavily exploited South China and Caribbean Seas—but we predict that they will all be similarly complex to manage because most span multiple national jurisdictions. We conclude that developing a structured process to identify ecologically and biologically significant areas that uses a set of globally agreed criteria is a tractable first step toward effective multinational and transboundary ecosystem management of TMSs.
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This paper employs a ‘regional approach’ in the study of Hong Kong population that goes beyond the taken-for-granted analytical framework defined by fixed geographical and social boundaries. It identifies the pattern and tend of population movement between Hong Kong and mainland China, with emphasis on trans-border marriage and child-bearing, trans-border housing and retirement and trans-border employment. The author argues that a 'regional approach' will shed new light on existing trans-migration studies, and bring in a new way of thinking for the making of population policies.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to unravel the geodynamic evolution of Thailand and, from that, to extend the interpretation to the rest of Southeast Asia. The methodology was based in a first time on fieldwork in Northern Thailand and Southernmost Myanmar, using a multidisciplinary approach, and then on the compilation and re-interpretation, in a plate tectonics point of view, of existing data about the whole Southeast Asia. The main results concern the Nan-Uttaradit suture, the Chiang Mai Volcanic Belt and the proposition of a new location for the Palaeotethys suture. This led to the establishment of a new plate tectonic model for the geodynamic evolution of Southeast Asia, implying the existence new terranes (Orang Laut and the redefinition of Shan-Thai) and the role of the Palaeopacific Ocean in the tectonic development of the area. The model proposed here considers the Palaeotethys suture as located along the Tertiary Mae Yuam Fault, which represents the divide between the Cimmerian Sibumasu terrane and the Indochina-derived Shan-Thai block. The term Shan-Thai, previously used to define the Cimmerian area (when the Palaeotethys suture was thought to represented by the Nan-Uttaradit suture), was redefined here by keeping its geographical location within the Shan States of Myanmar and Central-Northern Thailand, but attributing it an East Asian Origin. Its detachment from Indochina was the result of the Early Permian opening of the Nan basin. The Nan basin closed during the Middle Triassic, before the deposition of Carnian-Norian molasse. The modalities of the closure of the basin imply a first phase of Middle Permian obduction, followed by final eastwards subduction. The Chiang Mai Volcanic Belt consists of scattered basaltic rocks erupted at least during the Viséan in an extensional continental intraplate setting, on the Shan-Thai part of the Indochina block. The Viséan age was established by the dating of limestone stratigraphically overlying the basalts. In several localities of the East Asian Continent, coeval extensional features occur, possibly implying one or more Early Carboniferous extensional events at a regional scale. These events occurred either due to the presence of a mantle plume or to the roll-back of the Palaeopacific Ocean, subducting beneath Indochina and South China, or both. The Palaeopacific Ocean is responsible, during the Early Permian, for the opening of the Song Ma and Poko back-arcs (Vietnam) with the consequent detachment of the Orang Laut Terranes (Eastern Vietnam, West Sumatra, Kalimantan, Palawan, Taiwan). The Late Triassic/Early Jurassic closure of the Eastern Palaeotethys is considered as having taken place by subduction beneath its southern margin (Gondwana), due to the absence of Late Palaeozoic arc magmatism on its northern (Indochinese) margin and the presence of volcanism on the Cimmerian blocks (Mergui, Lhasa). Résumé Le but de cette étude est d'éclaircir l'évolution géodynamique de la Thaïlande et, à partir de cela, d'étendre l'interprétation au reste de l'Asie du Sud-Est. La méthodologie utilisée est basée dans un premier temps sur du travail de terrain en Thaïlande du nord et dans l'extrême sud du Myanmar, en se basant sur une approche pluridisciplinaire. Dans un deuxième temps, la compilation et la réinterprétation de données préexistantes sur l'Asie du Sud-est la été faite, dans une optique basée sur la tectonique des plaques. Les principaux résultats de ce travail concernent la suture de Nan-Uttaradit, la « Chiang Mai Volcanic Belt» et la proposition d'une nouvelle localité pour la suture de la Paléotethys. Ceci a conduit à l'établissement d'un nouveau modèle pour l'évolution géodynamique de l'Asie du Sud-est, impliquant l'existence de nouveaux terranes (Orang Laut et Shan-Thai redéfini) et le rôle joué par le Paléopacifique dans le développement tectonique de la région. Le modèle présenté ici considère que la suture de la Paléotethys est située le long de la faille Tertiaire de Mae Yuam, qui représente la séparation entre le terrain Cimmérien de Sibumasu et le bloc de Shan-Thai, d'origine Indochinoise. Le terme Shan-Thai, anciennement utilise pour définir le bloc Cimmérien (quand la suture de la Paléotethys était considérée être représentée par la suture de Nan-Uttaradit), a été redéfini ici en maintenant sa localisation géographique dans les états Shan du Myanmar et la Thaïlande nord-centrale, mais en lui attribuant une origine Est Asiatique. Son détachement de l'Indochine est le résultat de l'ouverture du basin de Nan au Permien Inférieur. Le basin de Nan s'est fermé pendant le Trias Moyen, avant le dépôt de molasse Carnienne-Norienne. Les modalités de fermeture du basin invoquent une première phase d'obduction au Permien Moyen, suivie par une subduction finale vers l'est. La "Chiang Mai Volcanic Belt" consiste en des basaltes éparpillés qui ont mis en place au moins pendant le Viséen dans un contexte extensif intraplaque continental sur la partie de l'Indochine correspondant au bloc de Shan-Thai. L'âge Viséen a été établi sur la base de la datation de calcaires qui surmontent stratigraphiquement les basaltes. Dans plusieurs localités du continent Est Asiatique, des preuves d'extension plus ou moins contemporaines ont été retrouvées, ce qui implique l'existence d'une ou plusieurs phases d'extension au Carbonifère Inférieur a une échelle régionale. Ces événements sont attribués soit à la présence d'un plume mantellique, ou au rollback du Paléopacifique, qui subductait sous l'Indochine et la Chine Sud, soit les deux. Pendant le Permien inférieur, le Paléopacifique est responsable pour l'ouverture des basins d'arrière arc de Song Ma et Poko (Vietnam), induisant le détachement des Orang Laut Terranes (Est Vietnam, Ouest Sumatra, Kalimantan, Palawan, Taiwan). La fermeture de la Paléotethys Orientale au Trias Supérieur/Jurassique Inférieur est considérée avoir eu lieu par subduction sous sa marge méridionale (Gondwana), à cause de l'absence de magmatisme d'arc sur sa marge nord (Indochinoise) et de la présence de volcanisme sur les blocs Cimmériens de Lhassa et Sibumasu (Mergui). Résumé large public L'histoire géologique de l'Asie du Sud-est depuis environ 430 millions d'années a été déterminée par les collisions successives de plusieurs continents les uns avec les autres. Il y a environ 430 millions d'années, au Silurien, un grand continent appelé Gondwana, a commencé à se «déchirer» sous l'effet des contraintes tectoniques qui le tiraient. Cette extension a provoqué la rupture du continent et l'ouverture d'un grand océan, appelé Paléotethys, éloignant les deux parties désormais séparées. C'est ainsi que le continent Est Asiatique, composé d'une partie de la Chine actuelle, de la Thaïlande, du Myanmar, de Sumatra, du Vietnam et de Bornéo a été entraîné avec le bord (marge) nord de la Paléotethys, qui s'ouvrait petit à petit. Durant le Carbonifère Supérieur, il y a environ 300 millions d'années, le sud du Gondwana subissait une glaciation, comme en témoigne le dépôt de sédiments glaciaires dans les couches de cet âge. Au même moment le continent Est Asiatique se trouvait à des latitudes tropicales ou équatoriales, ce qui permettait le dépôt de calcaires contenant différents fossiles de foraminifères d'eau chaude et de coraux. Durant le Permien Inférieur, il y a environ 295 millions d'années, la Paléotethys Orientale, qui était un relativement vieil océan avec une croûte froide et lourde, se refermait. La croûte océanique a commencé à s'enfoncer, au sud, sous le Gondwana. C'est ce que l'on appelle la subduction. Ainsi, le Gondwana s'est retrouvé en position de plaque supérieure, par rapport à la Paléotethys qui, elle, était en plaque inférieure. La plaque inférieure en subductant a commencé à reculer. Comme elle ne pouvait pas se désolidariser de la plaque supérieure, en reculant elle l'a tirée. C'est le phénomène du «roll-back ». Cette traction a eu pour effet de déchirer une nouvelle fois le Gondwana, ce qui a résulté en la création d'un nouvel Océan, la Neotethys. Cet Océan en s'ouvrant a déplacé une longue bande continentale que l'on appelle les blocs Cimmériens. La Paléotethys était donc en train de se fermer, la Neotethys de s'ouvrir, et entre deux les blocs Cimmériens se rapprochaient du Continent Est Asiatique. Pendant ce temps, le continent Est Asiatique était aussi soumis à des tensions tectoniques. L'Océan Paléopacifique, à l'est de celui-ci, était aussi en train de subducter. Cette subduction, par roll-back, a déchiré le continent en détachant une ligne de microcontinents appelés ici « Orang Laut Terranes », séparés du continent par deux océans d'arrière arc : Song Ma et Poko. Ceux-ci sont composés de Taiwan, Palawan, Bornéo ouest, Vietnam oriental, et la partie occidentale de Sumatra. Un autre Océan s'est ouvert pratiquement au même moment dans le continent Est Asiatique : l'Océan de Nan qui, en s'ouvrant, a détaché un microcontinent appelé Shan-Thai. La fermeture de l'Océan de Nan, il y a environ 230 millions d'années a resolidarisé Shan-Thai et le continent Est Asiatique et la trace de cet événement est aujourd'hui enregistrée dans la suture (la cicatrice de l'Océan) de Nan-Uttaradit. La cause de l'ouverture de l'Océan de Nan peut soit être due à la subduction du Paléopacifique, soit aux fait que la subduction de la Paléotethys tirait le continent Est Asiatique par le phénomène du « slab-pull », soit aux deux. La subduction du Paléopacifique avait déjà crée de l'extension dans le continent Est Asiatique durant le Carbonifère Inférieur (il y a environ 340-350 millions d'années) en créant des bassins et du volcanisme, aujourd'hui enregistré en différents endroits du continent, dont la ceinture volcanique de Chiang Mai, étudiée ici. A la fin du Trias, la Paléotethys se refermait complètement, et le bloc Cimmérien de Sibumasu entrait en collision avec le continent Est Asiatique. Comme c'est souvent le cas avec les grands océans, il n'y a pas de suture proprement dite, avec des fragments de croûte océanique, pour témoigner de cet évènement. Celui-ci est visible grâce à la différence entre les sédiments du Carbonifère Supérieur et du Permieñ Inférieur de chaque domaine : dans le domaine Cimmérien ils sont de type glaciaire alors que dans le continent Est Asiatique ils témoignent d'un climat tropical. Les océans de Song Ma et Poko se sont aussi refermés au Trias, mais eux ont laissé des sutures visibles
Resumo:
Palynomorphs from two siliciclastic margins were examined to gain insights into continental margin architecture. Sea level change is thought to be one of the primary controls on continental margin architecture. Because Late Neogene glacioeustasy has been well studied marine sediments deposited during the Late Neogene were examined to test this concept. Cores from the outer shelf and upper slope were taken from the New Jersey margin in the western North Atlantic Ocean and from the Sunda Shelf margin in the South China Sea. Continental margin architecture is often described in a sequence stratigraphic context. One of the main goals of both coring projects was to test the theoretical sequence stratigraphic models developed by a research group at Exxon (e.g. Wilgus et al., 1988). Palynomorphs provide one of the few methods of inferring continental margin architecture in monotonous, siliciclastic marine sediments where calcareous sediments are rare (e.g. New Jersey margin). In this study theoretical models of the palynological signature expected in sediment packages deposited during the various increments of a glacioeustatic cycle were designed. These models were based on the modem palynomorph trends and taphonomic factors thought to control palynomorph distribution. Both terrestrial (pollen and spores) and marine (dinocysts) palynomorphs were examined. The palynological model was then compared with New Jersey margin and Sunda Shelf margin sediments. The predicted palynological trends provided a means of identifying a complete cycle of glacioeustatic change (Oxygen Isotope Stage 5e to present) in the uppermost 80 meters of sediment on the slope at the New Jersey margin. Sediment availability, not sea meters of sediment on the slope at the New Jersey margin. Sediment availability, not sea level change, is thought to be the major factor controlling margin architecture during the late Pleistocene here at the upper slope. This is likely a function of the glacial scouring of the continents which significantly increases sediment availability during glacial stages. The subaerially exposed continental shelf during the lowstand periods would have been subject to significant amounts of erosion fi:om the proglacial rivers flowing fi-om the southern regions of the ice-sheet. The slope site is non-depositional today and was also non-depositional during the last full interglacial period. The palynomorph data obtained fi-om the South China Sea indicate that the major difference between the New Jersey Margin sites and the Sunda Shelf margin sites is the variation in sediment supply and the rate of sediment accumulation. There was significantly less variation in sediment supply between glacial and interglacial periods and less overall sediment accumulation at the Sunda Shelf margin. The data presented here indicate that under certain conditions the theoretical palynological models allow the identification of individual sequence stratigraphic units and therefore, allow inferences regarding continental margin architecture. The major condition required in this approach is that a complete and reliable database of the contemporaneous palynomorphs be available.
Resumo:
L’objectif de la note de recherche est de relativiser les arguments maîtres utilisés par certains analystes qui confirmeraient que la Chine a entamé depuis quelques années un processus de modernisation navale avec des ambitions de dominer un large espace maritime.