Structural reforms, macroeconomic fluctuations and income distribution in Brazil

Includes bibliography

Social dimensions of macroeconomic policy: report of the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations

Introduction The social agenda is long-term in nature, in the sense that poverty alleviation along with a better distribution of income, wealth and opportunities are long-term goals. A sound macroeconomic policy, on the other hand, has to do largely with the consistent management of short-term policy instruments pursuing a sustainable and predictable pace for aggregate economic variables and major prices (wages, inflation, interest rates and exchange rates). In spite of the different arena and rationale in which they play, there are strong links between the two. First and most obvious, macroeconomic adjustment and structural reform are more likely to be sustainable when they are equitable. Second, social intervention —i.e., policies, programmes and reforms aimed at improving social performance in the long run—, needs stable funding which is not always available in view of macroeconomic constraints. Third, macroeconomic instability —especially episodes of recession or hyperinflation— increases poverty and inequality, while restoring macroeconomic equilibrium does not restore previous social balances. Finally, there is no unique macroeconomic policy mix to tackle a given situation, and the policy options may not be neutral from a social standpoint. Monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies, together with structural reform, have major consequences for the social wellbeing of societies, not only in terms of protection against shocks and crises but also in terms of equity. Many, if not all, of the necessary social policies are of a domestic nature. This report thus concentrates on domestic strategies aimed at maximizing the linkages between consistent macroeconomic policies and social progress. Pursuing them, however, depends to a considerable extent on the international enabling environment in which the global financial system, the unsettled debt crisis and increasing ODA flows play a significant role. Countries operate in a world economy where market players everywhere immediately scrutinize domestic monetary, financial or fiscal policy decisions and the performance of exchange rate regimes of individual countries. Under these conditions, the room for manoeuvre of policymakers has become considerably constrained. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly complex to incorporate the social dimensions into such policy decisions, to the extent that external analysts consider that authorities are sacrificing sound macroeconomic policies. The main message of the report is that the expediency of short-term economic efficiency as embedded in much of the advice on macroeconomic stability needs to be tempered by long-term development objectives. The report starts with a short historical background which describes the ascendancy of macroeconomic policies over social development policies (chapter I). It continues with an evaluation of the relation between macroeconomic consistency and social effort (chapter II), and the importance of sustainable and stable growth for social progress (chapter III). The report then turns to the need for an equity-enhancing growth strategy (chapter IV) and an analysis of the priorities of social policies in an integrated approach to growth (chapter V). The final chapter adds some final institutional remarks.

Modernization and new services of the Brazilian active control network

The Brazilian Network for Continuous Monitoring of GNSS - RBMC is a national network of continuously operating reference GNSS stations. Since its establishment in December of 1996, it has been playing an essential role for the maintenance and user access of the fundamental geodetic frame in the country. In order to provide better services for RBMC, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE and the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform - INCRA are both partners involved in the National Geospatial Framework Project - PIGN. This paper provides an overview of the recent modernization phases the RBMC network has undergone highlighting its future steps. These steps involve the installation of new equipment, provide real time data from a group of core stations and compute real-time DGPS corrections, based on CDGPS (The real-time Canada-Wide DGPS Service) (The Real-Time Canada-Wide DGPS Service. http://www.cdgps.com/ 2009a). In addition to this, a post-mission Precise Point Positioning (PPP) service has been established based on the current Geodetic Survey Division of NRCan (CSRS-PPP) service. This service is operational since April 2009 and is in large use in the country. All activities mentioned before are based on a cooperation signed at the end of 2004 with the University of New Brunswick, supported by the Canadian International Development Agency and the Brazilian Cooperation Agency. The Geodetic Survey Division of NRCan is also participating in this modernization effort under the same project. This infrastructure of 66 GNSS stations, the real time, post processing services and the potentiality of providing Wide Area DGPS corrections in the future show that the RBMC system is comparable to those available in USA and Europe. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012.

Traditional and novel methods for occlusal caries detection: Performance on primary teeth

This study aimed to assess the performance of International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), radiographic examination, and fluorescence-based methods for detecting occlusal caries in primary teeth. One occlusal site on each of 79 primary molars was assessed twice by two examiners using ICDAS, bitewing radiography (BW), DIAGNOdent 2095 (LF), DIAGNOdent 2190 (LFpen), and VistaProof fluorescence camera (FC). The teeth were histologically prepared and assessed for caries extent. Optimal cutoff limits were calculated for LF, LFpen, and FC. At the D 1 threshold (enamel and dentin lesions), ICDAS and FC presented higher sensitivity values (0.75 and 0.73, respectively), while BW showed higher specificity (1.00). At the D 2 threshold (inner enamel and dentin lesions), ICDAS presented higher sensitivity (0.83) and statistically significantly lower specificity (0.70). At the D 3 threshold (dentin lesions), LFpen and FC showed higher sensitivity (1.00 and 0.91, respectively), while higher specificity was presented by FC (0.95), ICDAS (0.94), BW (0.94), and LF (0.92). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (Az) varied from 0.780 (BW) to 0.941 (LF). Spearman correlation coefficients with histology were 0.72 (ICDAS), 0.64 (BW), 0.71 (LF), 0.65 (LFpen), and 0.74 (FC). Inter- and intraexaminer intraclass correlation values varied from 0.772 to 0.963 and unweighted kappa values ranged from 0.462 to 0.750. In conclusion, ICDAS and FC exhibited better accuracy in detecting enamel and dentin caries lesions, whereas ICDAS, LF, LFpen, and FC were more appropriate for detecting dentin lesions on occlusal surfaces in primary teeth, with no statistically significant difference among them. All methods presented good to excellent reproducibility. © 2012 Springer-Verlag London Ltd.

Concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in tropical soils amended with sewage sludge and composted sewage sludge

Sewage sludge may be used as an agricultural fertilizer, but the practice has been criticized because sludge may contain trace elements and pathogens. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of total and pseudototal extractants of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, and to compare the results with the bioavailable concentrations of these elements to maize and sugarcane in a soil that was amended with sewage sludge for 13 consecutive years and in a separate soil that was amended a single time with sewage sludge and composted sewage sludge. The 13-year amendment experiment involved 3 rates of sludge (5, 10, and 20 t ha-1). The one-time amendment experiment involved treatments reflecting 50, 100, and 200 % of values stipulated by current legislation. The metal concentrations extracted by aqua regia (AR) were more similar to those obtained by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3052 than to those obtained by EPA3051, and the strongest correlation was observed between pseudo(total) concentrations extracted by AR and EPA3052 and bioavailable concentrations obtained by Mehlich III. An effect of sewage sludge amendment on the concentrations of heavy metals was only observed in samples from the 13-year experiment. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

White matter abnormalities associated with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A critical review of MRI studies

In this article, the authors aim to present a critical review of recent MRI studies addressing white matter (WM) abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), by searching PubMed and reviewing MRI studies evaluating subjects with AD or MCI using WM volumetric methods, diffusion tensor imaging and assessment of WM hyperintensities. Studies have found that, compared with healthy controls, AD and MCI samples display WM volumetric reductions and diffusion tensor imaging findings suggestive of reduced WM integrity. These changes affect complex networks relevant to episodic memory and other cognitive processes, including fiber connections that directly link medial temporal structures and the corpus callosum. Abnormalities in cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical WM interconnections are associated with an increased risk of progression from MCI to dementia. It can be concluded that WM abnormalities are detectable in early stages of AD and MCI. Degeneration of WM networks causes disconnection among neural cells and the degree of such changes is related to cognitive decline. © 2013 2013 Expert Reviews Ltd.

Proposal for a code of good practice in statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean and implementation plan for 2012-2013

Incluye Bibliografía

Habitat monitoring and genotoxicity in Ucides cordatus (Crustacea: Ucididae), as tools to manage a mangrove reserve in southeastern Brazil

In Brazil, the state of São Paulo contains both preserved areas (Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station) and extremely impacted ones (Cubatão Municipality). This study evaluated the concentrations of five metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg) in two mangroves with different levels of anthropogenic impact and the apparent genotoxicity to Ucides cordatus. Water and sediment samples were obtained, and metal concentrations were determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The genotoxic impact was quantified based on the number of micronucleated cells per 1,000 analyzed (MN‰), using hemolymph slides stained with Giemsa. Metal concentrations in water were below the detection limit, except for lead, although no significant difference was observed between the areas (P > 0.05). Sediment from Cubatão had higher concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu than sediment from Juréia-Itatins (P < 0.05), but no significant differences in metal concentrations were detected among depth strata of the sediment (P > 0.05). Crabs from Cubatão had a 2.6 times higher mean frequency of micronucleated cells (5.2 ± 1.8 MN‰) than those from Juréia-Itatins (2.0 ± 1.0 MN‰; P < 0.0001). The more-polluted conditions found in the mangrove sediments of Cubatão were reflected in the micronucleus assay, demonstrating their genotoxic effect; however, genetic damage should be attributed to a synergistic effect with other kinds of pollutants previously recorded in different environments of Cubatão. U. cordatus proved to be an excellent bioindicator of mangrove pollution. This study established, for the first time, the normal frequency of MN‰ in a population of this species within an ecological station. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

A temática ambiental no currículo do Ensino fundamental do Estado de São Paulo a partir de 2008

Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC

The fiscal impact of trade liberalization and commodity price fluctuation: the case of Dominican Republic, 1980-1998

Includes bibliography

Análise do Projeto Político-Pedagógico: o movimento em direção a uma escola inclusiva

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Advancing gender equality in the Caribbean: legislative approaches to sex discrimination

Includes bibliography

Currículo e saberes culturais das comunidades dos discentes ribeirinhos do curso de pedagogia das águas de Abaetetuba-Pará

Esta pesquisa tem como foco de estudo, o Currículo e a Formação de Professores ribeirinhos da Amazônia Paraense, analisou a articulação entre o Currículo do Curso de Pedagogia das Águas e os Saberes Culturais das comunidades dos discentes ribeirinhos do Município de Abaetetuba no Estado do Pará. Partiu-se da identificação de aspectos significativos do universo cultural ribeirinho das ilhas de Abaetetuba e da análise da maneira como os saberes culturais desses sujeitos foram tratados no Projeto Político Pedagógico e no Currículo do Curso de Pedagogia das Águas. Destaca-se que esse curso é vinculado ao Programa Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária e atendeu, exclusivamente, ribeirinhos assentados. A importância de se pesquisar tal temática, se justifica pela necessidade de se refletir acerca do currículo para a formação de professores do/no/e para o campo, do fortalecimento do protagonismo dos sujeitos e do reconhecimento da multiculturalidade amazônica e de suas especificidades geográficas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais, que pouco ou raramente são consideradas no espaço educativo. Para exploração do objeto de estudo optou-se por uma metodologia de abordagem qualitativa, buscando o apoio na exploração de bibliografias e documentos, na aplicação de instrumentos de pesquisa (como questionário e entrevista), e na sistematização, organização e análise dos dados e informações coletadas. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram: os saberes culturais das comunidades ribeirinhas se fizeram presentes no currículo, de forma efetiva, no núcleo eletivo do curso; por meio das práticas dos professores, eles possuem aproximação/afinação, reconhecimento e/ou sensibilidade para com a vida dos povos ribeirinhos; assim como por meio das atividades extracurriculares em que evidenciaram e discutiram sobre a vida das populações do campo, e em especial, das comunidades ribeirinhas.

Os impactos do sistema ‘CAPES’ de avaliação sobre o trabalho docente na pós-graduação: o caso da UFPA

Este estudo tem como objetivo central analisar os impactos do sistema ‘CAPES’ de avaliação da pós-graduação sobre o trabalho docente na Universidade Federal do Pará. Para tanto, o estudo se utiliza de documentos oficiais que versam sobre a política de avaliação da pós graduação no Brasil e de entrevistas com professores de três programas de pós-graduação da UFPA. Parte-se da premissa de que o processo de reestruturação produtiva e a reforma do estado brasileiro têm induzido mudanças no ensino superior com centralidade para as políticas de avaliação e para o trabalho do professor. Essas mudanças no ensino superior consolidam um projeto de universidade pensado desde os organismos internacionais do capital que pressupõem a diluição de fronteiras entre o público e o privado no que toca à expansão, ao financiamento, à avaliação, à autonomia e à produção do conhecimento. A pós-graduação é o locus privilegiado da implementação da reforma do ensino superior no Brasil, visto que as influências do mercado são claramente visíveis no modelo de avaliação dos programas de pós-graduação da CAPES. Trata-se, pois, de um processo que se dá em âmbito continental de conformação de uma nova regulação educativa assentado no tripé financiamento per capita, gestão local e avaliação sistêmica. Nesse contexto, o trabalho docente, entendido como o principal responsável pelos resultados educacionais, passa por um profundo processo de reestruturação com repercussões em sua natureza, finalidade e sentidos. A investigação demonstra que o sistema ‘CAPES’ de avaliação dos programas de pós-graduação, como expressão da nova regulação educacional na América Latina, confere centralidade ao trabalho do professor no processo de avaliação dos programas e o responsabiliza pelos resultados com base em critérios formulados de acordo com interesses externos à lógica e ao tempo da produção do conhecimento científico. O resultado da implantação dessa lógica na pósgraduação para os professores é a intensificação do trabalho por meio de um surto produtivista jamais visto, a precarização das condições de produção e o adoecimento docente. Para a instituição educacional, vê-se uma transformação em seu ethos e em sua identidade que têm modificado a cultura acadêmica de modo a aproximá-la cada vez mais em sua estrutura, funcionamento e atividade-fim das empresas privadas.

Prática docente e a resolução de problemas matemáticos no contexto de mudança curricular do Estado de São Paulo: utopias e desafios

Pós-graduação em Educação para a Ciência - FC