Closed-loop feedback computation model of dynamical reputation based on the local trust evaluation in business-to-consumer e-commerce

Trust and reputation are important factors that influence the success of both traditional transactions in physical social networks and modern e-commerce in virtual Internet environments. It is difficult to define the concept of trust and quantify it because trust has both subjective and objective characteristics at the same time. A well-reported issue with reputation management system in business-to-consumer (BtoC) e-commerce is the “all good reputation” problem. In order to deal with the confusion, a new computational model of reputation is proposed in this paper. The ratings of each customer are set as basic trust score events. In addition, the time series of massive ratings are aggregated to formulate the sellers’ local temporal trust scores by Beta distribution. A logical model of trust and reputation is established based on the analysis of the dynamical relationship between trust and reputation. As for single goods with repeat transactions, an iterative mathematical model of trust and reputation is established with a closed-loop feedback mechanism. Numerical experiments on repeated transactions recorded over a period of 24 months are performed. The experimental results show that the proposed method plays guiding roles for both theoretical research into trust and reputation and the practical design of reputation systems in BtoC e-commerce.

A Discussion of Globalization Theories - Through International Consumer Perceptions

Globalization has developed more and more within the business world as well as private life during the last decades. Globalization has influenced the way companies are conducting business and their approach towards the consumers which can have an influence on their way of purchasing. Consumers nowadays have more than ever the possibility to get involved and gather experiences from abroad, as well as companies are taking advantage of this globalization. Within this thesis the following question will be discussed: Do consumers see the value companies try to create for them with an identical offer the same way in different markets? This idea is based on Theodore Levitt’s theory of globalization which comprises standardization of an offer since consumer needs are homogenizing globally. Douglas & Wind instead state that segmentation with adaptations is necessary to fulfill all consumer needs. Within this elaboration the question whether standardization is accepted and liked by the consumers is discussed and analyzed by including an empirical research. This research is based on Zeithaml’s model of the Perceived Quality Components, which was the fundamental base behind formulating the survey questions. These were submitted in Germany, the Republic of Ireland and Sweden to be able to discuss and visualize how the consumers of these different markets perceive different aspects of a company’s offer. One particular company, which is seen as doing business globally, was chosen as a test object. Based on the test object Lidl - which consumers were questioned about in the survey - it was possible to conduct a comparison of consumers’ general expectations against components of Lidl’s offer such as price, weekly specials, product range, etc. where differences and similarities between the three countries of Lidl’s fulfillment of these expectations were achieved. They were analyzed to discover to which extent globalization is present. Resulting from the comparison it was concluded that nowadays segmentation is important but developing with time globalization seems to increase in significance. Recommendations for further research about topics which were omitted due to limited resources are presented.

Sustainability & Consumer behavior towards Sustainability in Norway and Sweden

AimSustainability has become an important factor to consider while buying goods and services. People are being more conscious toward environmental impacts of products and services. This attitude has motivated many businesses to develop their production in contact with sustainability. The aim of this paper is to investigate different consumer behaviors toward sustainability in general and in relation to vehicles in Norway and Sweden.ApproachThe project has been embarked by dividing it into two tasks.1. Analyzing past, present and future development, growth and importance of sustainability concept. Describe the role of Government authorities in Norway and Sweden to promote sustainable consumption.2. Investigating important factors of consumer behaviors which influence their buying decision toward sustainable products in general and in relation to sustainable vehicles. Highlight the role of vehicle manufacturing companies to promote sustainable consumption.MethodA research has been conducted in order to explore consumer behavior toward sustainability in Norway and Sweden. Research is based on Document study and primary research which include questionnaire survey with consumers and interviews with vehicle dealers. In addition an expert inquiry is conducted to light up consumer intensions in Norway and Sweden toward sustainability.ResultsThe result of investigation has been revealed in shape of analyses and conclusion at the end. A comparison has been made between primary research and secondary research and findings are overlapping. Sustainable vehicles are being more popular among consumers in Norway and Sweden. Consumption trends are changing over time and environmental friendly attitudes are more developing among Swedish consumers as compared to Norwegian.

A Consumer Surplus Estimate of Peace & Love festival in Borlänge : A Travel Cost Approach

This thesis uses zonal travel cost method (ZTCM) to estimate consumer surplus of Peace & Love festival in Borlänge, Sweden. The study defines counties as zones of origin of the visitors. Visiting rates from each zone are estimated based on survey data. The study is novel due to the fact that mostly TCM has been applied in the environmental and recreational sector, not for short term events, like P&L festival. The analysis shows that travel cost has a significantly negative effect on visiting rate as expected. Even though income has previously shown to be significant in similar studies, it turns out to be insignificant in this study. A point estimate for the total consumer surplus of P&L festival is 35.6 million Swedish kronor. However, this point estimate is associated with high uncertainty since a 95 % confidence interval for it is (17.9, 53.2). It is also important to note that the estimated value only represents one part of the total economic value, the other values of the festival's totaleconomic value have not been estimated in this thesis.

Physiological demands of competitive elite cross-country skiing

Introduction Researchers have, for decades, contributed to an increased collective understanding of the physiological demands in cross-country skiing; however, almost all of these studies have used either non-elite subjects and/or performances that emulate cross-country skiing. To establish the physiological demands of cross-country skiing, it is important to relate the investigated physiological variables to the competitive performance of elite skiers. The overall aim of this doctoral thesis was, therefore, to investigate the external validity of physiological test variables to determine the physiological demands in competitive elite cross-country skiing. Methods The subjects in Study I – IV were elite male (I – III) and female (III – IV) cross-country skiers. In all studies, the relationship between test variables (general and ski-specific) and competitive performances (i.e. the results from competitions or the overall ski-ranking points of the International Ski Federation (FIS) for sprint (FISsprint) and distance (FISdist) races) were analysed. Test variables reflecting the subject’s general strength, upper-body and whole-body oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake and work intensity at the lactate threshold, mean upper-body power, lean mass, and maximal double-poling speed were investigated. Results The ability to maintain a high work rate without accumulating lactate is an indicator of distance performance, independent of sex (I, IV). Independent of sex, high oxygen uptake in whole-body and upper-body exercise was important for both sprint (II, IV) and distance (I, IV) performance. The maximal double-poling speed and 60-s double-poling mean power output were indicators of sprint (IV) and distance performance (I), respectively. Lean mass was correlated with distance performance for women (III), whereas correlations were found between lean mass and sprint performance among both male and female skiers (III). Moreover, no correlations between distance performance and test variables were derived from tests of knee-extension peak torque, vertical jumps, or double poling on a ski-ergometer with 20-s and 360-s durations (I), whereas gross efficiency while treadmill roller skiing showed no correlation with either distance or sprint performance in cross-country skiing (IV). Conclusion The results in this thesis show that, depending on discipline and sex, maximal and peak oxygen uptake, work intensity at the lactate threshold, lean mass, double-poling mean power output, and double-poling maximal speed are all externally valid physiological test variables for evaluation of performance capability among elite cross-country skiers; however, to optimally indicate performance capability different test-variable expressions should be used; in general, the absolute expression appears to be a better indicator of competitive sprint performance whereas the influence of body mass should be considered when evaluating competitive distance performance capability of elite cross-country skiers.

Decomposing Consumer Wealth Effects: Evidence on the Role of Real Estate Assets Following the Wealth Cycle of 1990-2002

During the period of 1990-2002 US households experienced a dramatic wealth cycle, induced by a 369% appreciation in the value of real per capita liquid stock market assets followed by a 55% decline. However, consumer spending in real terms continued to rise throughout this period. Using data from 1990-2005, traditional life-cycle approaches to estimating macroeconomic wealth effects confront two puzzles: (i) econometric evidence of a stable cointegrating relationship among consumption, income, and wealth is weak at best; and (ii) life-cycle models that rely on aggregate measures of wealth cannot explain why consumption did not collapse when the value of stock market assets declined so dramatically. We address both puzzles by decomposing wealth according to the liquidity of household assets. We find that the significant appreciation in the value of real estate assets that occurred after the peak of the wealth cycle helped sustain consumer spending from 2001 to 2005.

Logística : análise dos serviços ao cliente e do perfil do pedido - o caso Plaything S.A.

A logística é, atualmente, um dos mais importantes diferenciais competitivos existentes em empresas do mundo inteiro. Ela envolve todas as áreas da empresa, o que dificulta o esgotamento de uma discussão profunda sobre este tema. Este estudo de caso se propõe a analisar alguns aspectos deste conceito, mais precisamente aqueles voltados para o serviço ao cliente e seu reflexo no sistema de distribuição de uma empresa. O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer informações que possibilitem definir uma estrutura de distribuição que seja capaz de adicionar valor para seus clientes e vantagem competitiva para a empresa. Nesta discussão, através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, ficou claro que as necessidades do cliente definem os serviços a serem oferecidos pela empresa, e, através de uma pesquisa de campo, ficaram estabelecidos quais são estes serviços. Para este estudo de caso, foi escolhida uma empresa de brinquedos, a Plaything S/A Ind. e Com., com marcante atuação nacional, em que se discute seu conjunto de serviços sob o aspecto externo e interno. No aspecto externo, através de uma pesquisa, estabelece-se uma hierarquização de necessidades dos clientes e verifica-se se os serviços oferecidos por esta empresa estão de acordo com estas necessidades. Ao mesmo tempo, esta pesquisa posiciona a empresa em relação a seus concorrentes quanto à satisfação das necessidades de seus clientes, ou seja, define gaps existentes entre necessidades e serviços oferecidos. No aspecto interno, busca definir o perfil do pedido desta empresa como forma de adequar sua estrutura e processo de armazenagem. Através desta análise, constata-se que a empresa estudada oferece um nível de serviço cuja satisfação está de acordo com seus concorrentes, porém aquém do que esperam seus clientes. Conclui-se ainda que o perfil do cliente provoca diferenças de percepção quanto à importância e à satisfação dos atributos pesquisados. O estudo do perfil do pedido revela que esta empresa tem pedidos de pequeno valor, pouco freqüentes e com poucos itens. Este perfil obriga a empresa a maximizar sua estrutura interna de distribuição física, tanto em termos de processos de armazenagem como de separação e manuseio dos produtos. Na conclusão do trabalho, são apresentas algumas recomendações à empresa pesquisada, levando-se em consideração os resultados da pesquisa e a necessidade de optar-se por estratégias que sejam inovadoras, adequadas ao rápido processo de mudanças de conceitos da época atual.

Prática do Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) em pequenos e médios supermercados : realidade ou fantasia?

As empresas estão atuando, hoje, frente a um mercado global que elevou os padrões de competitividade e intensificou as mudanças no comportamento do consumidor que está cada vez mais exigente, buscando alternativas cada vez mais precisas para o atendimento de suas necessidades. Para tanto, tornou-se necessário o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de gestão que focasse a eficiência da cadeia de abastecimento como um todo. O Efficient Cosumer Response (ECR) surge na década de 90 para permitir que as empresas respondam a essas mudanças no ambiente. O objetivo do ECR é o de integrar os processos logísticos e comerciais ao longo de toda a cadeia de abastecimento, propiciando a maximização da satisfação ao consumidor, ao mesmo tempo em que permite a redução dos custos excedentes da cadeia. Essa estratégia de gestão, introduzida em 1992 nos Estados Unidos, teve sua difusão no Brasil em 1997, com a criação da Associação ECR Brasil que passou a coordenar diversos projetos-piloto de ECR no País. A partir de então, esse tema ganhou destaque junto aos membros que compõem a cadeia de abastecimento de produtos de mercearia básica. No entanto, existe uma carência de publicações acadêmicas sobre o tema. Amparada na relevância do segmento supermercadista para a economia, e pela constatação da carência de estudos científicos relacionando o tema ao segmento, este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever como os pequenos e médios supermercados de Caxias do Sul trabalham as estratégias que embasam o ECR. Para tanto, inicialmente buscou-se o embasamento, através da literatura existente, sobre os aspectos que compõem o ECR, para, num segundo momento, com base na realização de uma pesquisa exploratória junto a uma amostra não-probabilística, buscar responder ao problema de pesquisa acima exposto. A partir da pesquisa realizada, constatouse que as empresas, participantes da pesquisa, não possuem estrutura, pessoas e tecnologia capazes de suportar a aplicação formalizada e padronizada dos processos que operacionalizam as estratégias como sugerem os modelos conceituais do ECR. No entanto, constatou-se que as estratégias do ECR são utilizadas como elementos-chave para a orientação da gestão das empresas.

On the differentiability of the consumer demand function

For strictly quasi concave differentiable utility functions, demand is shown to be differentiable almost everywhere if marginal utilities are pointwise Lipschitzian. For concave utility functions, demand is differentiable almost everywhere in the case of differentiable additively separable utility or in the case of quasi-linear utility.

The consistency of welfare judgements with a representative consumer

This paper is about economies with a representative consumer. In general a representative consumer need not exist, although there are several well known sets of sufficient conditions under which Qne will. It is common practice, however, to use the representative consumer hypothesis without specifically assuming any of these. We show, firstly, that it is possible for the utility of the representative consumer to increase when every actual consumer is made worse off. This shows a serious shortcoming of welfare judgements based on the representatíve consumer. Secondly, in economies where this does not occur, there exists a social welfare function, which we construct, which is consistent with welfare judgements based on the utility of the representative consumer. Finally we provide a converse to Samuelson' s 1956 representative consumer result, which relates it to Scitovsky's community indifference curves.

Relations between regulation, competition policy and consumer protection in telecommunications, electricity and water supply

The purpose of this article is to discuss the relations between regulation, competition policy and consumer protection these relations in three key sectors of Brazil’s infrastructure: telecommunications, electricity and water supply. A study of the literature points to two general principles. First, the need for consumer protection depends on the “degree of sovereignty” enjoyed by consumers, defined in terms of the cost of consumer organization, consumers’ ability to evaluate services, and the level of competition in each sector. Second, the less sovereignty consumers enjoy the more consumer protection institutions are involved with regulation agencies. The evidence for the Brazilian case apparently corroborates these points. In addition, it is important to stress that consumer complaints in regulated sectors seem to have increased more intensely than in others. The article is divided into three sections. Section 1 presents theoretical elements and aspects of the relations between regulation, competition policy and consumer protection evidenced by international experience. Section 2 analyzes the Brazilian experience and in particular the available statistics on consumer complaints about telecommunications, electricity and water supply, submitted to Fundação Procon-SP during the nineties. The last section points to possible configurations of the institutional relations between competition policy, regulation and consumer protection, showing how the existing configuration of these areas in the three infrastructure sectors discussed confirms that the theoretical framework proposed has reasonable predictive power.

A regulação no mercado de planos de saúde: a ação do consumidor e a estratégia da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar - ANS

The scope of this dissertation is to assess the attitudes of subscribers to private health insurance schemes and the regulatory strategy of the Ancillary National Health Agency -- ANS in relation to their demands. The ancillary health market features various players, each with their own specific interests and priorities. Consequently, the ANS should strive to maintain the balance between the consumers, the economic intermediaries and the State, ensuring that the Agency's powers to establish norms, as well as to regulate and to supervise each be exercised independently. Many people contend that there are elements not currently incorporated into the current services of the ANS which could contribute to its regulatory strategy. This study was conducted from the standpoint of theories applied to State administration for structural analysis of the ANS and its strategies, in addition to a symbolic and rational approach for a better understanding of the consumers involved. A survey was conducted of existing records of the ANS, as well as data collected from direct observation. Analysis of the data obtained led to the conclusion that the consumer can become a close ally in the regulatory activity of the ANS, to the extent that the latter may acquire more in-depth knowledge of aspects contained in the demands of the former.

Franquias sociais: minimizando riscos no investimento social

o interesse pela responsabilidade social nos últimos anos, quer como conceito ou prática, vem crescendo à medida que os problemas sociais eclodem e aumentam as expectativas de contribuição das organizações como uma parceria qualificada. Nesse contexto, o segmento empresarial vem se deparando com pressões advindas de movimentos de defesa do consumidor, campanhas de combate à miséria e a fome, além de outros que surgem com o recrudescimento de temas de minorias excluídas da vida social. Diante deste quadro as empresas estão incorporando a responsabilidade social aos objetivos de seus negócios como um fator de diferenciação no mercado e para promover benefícios sociais de grande relevância. Este estudo enfoca a responsabilidade social empresarial e a alternativa de utilização de metodologia semelhante a das franquias comerciais, as franquias sociais, para a prática das ações sociais nas empresas cearenses. A abordagem da investigação é predominantemente qualitativa e parte de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática em foco, procurando compreender suas interações e incorporações nas práticas empresariais. A pesquisa considerou o universo de 32 empresas que concorreram ao "Premio Delmiro Gouvêa" , edição 2003, das maiores e melhores empresas do Estado do Ceará. A amostra corresponde a 22 dessas organizações onde as informações foram disponibilizadas. Os resultados encontrados produzem evidências que a metodologia das Franquias Sociais tem uma percepção positiva por parte do empresariado e novos estudos, sobre a temática, devem ser conduzidos com o intuito da construção de um referencial teórico mais abrangente que o ora disponível.

Valor percebido e o comportamento do consumidor de supermercado: um estudo exploratório em uma média cidade brasileira

Este estudo esteve envolvido com o desenvolvimento de um modelo para avaliação de valor de supermercado, sob a perspectiva do consumidor. O conceito de valor empregado neste trabalho parte da idéiade que um comportamento somente deve ser levado adiante caso o prazer decorrente seja superior à dor relacionada à obtenção desse prazer. Em Marketing, isto quer dizer que o consumo de determinado bem ou serviço exige do indivíduo uma certa quantidade de sacrifício (sacrifício percebido) para gozar dos benefícios associados (qualidade percebida). Em outras palavras, o consumidor precisa levar em consideração uma série de fatores numa situação de n avaliação e escolha. Para tanto, foram feitas duas consultas a clientes de supermercado do sexo feminino, pertencentes às classes A e B, na cidade de Campo Grande (MS), sendo uma qualitativa (n = 25) e outra quantitativa (n = 200). Os resultados indicam que valor percebido (VP) é uma função linear de qualidade percebida (QP), mas não de sacrifício percebido (SP). Portanto, duas das quatro hipóteses do estudo não foram confirmadas. Cerca de três quartos das mulheres preferem fazer ·uma compra pesada por mês e várias avulsas", aliás comportamento mais evidente nas faixa etárias mais elevadas. Para metade das entrevistadas, fazer compra em supermercado dá mais prazer do que trabalho. A maioria das mulheres que não trabalha fora sente prazer em fazer compra, ao contrário das mulheres que trabalham fora que acham isso uma obrigação. Por último, as mulheres que não trabalham fora, as de idade mais elevada e aquelas que consideram a compra um prazer, valorizam melhor o seu supermercado. O estudotambém permitiu verificar as características determinantes do supermercado que o cliente leva em consideração. Os atributos mais valorizados pelas entrevistadas foram substituiçao de produtos estragados e/ou vencidos e limpeza da loja. No entanto, elas usaram exposiçêo e organizaçao dos produtos, limpeza da loja e qualidade dos produtos hortifrutícolas para perceber valor. Os resultados dos testes de hipóteses parecem indicar que não é necessário o uso de variáveis de baixo nível de percepção (atributos de qualidade e de custo) para medir VP de supermercado. Os três atributos que permaneceram no modelo para explicar VP, através de QP (limpeza da loja, exposiçêo e organizaçao dos produtos e qualidade dos produtos hortifrutlcolas), o fazem moderadamente (R2 = 24,7%). Por outro lado, na avaliação global que as entrevistadas fizeram das lojas, QP (agora como variável independente) apresenta um coeficiente de explicação R 2 = 37,4%, resultadosuperior aoverificado quando a relação se deu com atributos específicos. Entretanto, se os clientes percebem valor apenas se valendo de QP (avaliação global), a formação da percepção de qualidade é feita usando sinais específicos associados ao produto "supermercado", sinais estes que incluem os três atributos que permaneceram no modelo. Assim, um modelo que inclui variáveis de percepção mais elevada (QP e SP) para inferir VP permite responder à seguinte questão: qual é a avaliação global que os clientes fazem de seu supermercado? Por outro lado, um modelo que julga VP a partir de atributos especificos (variáveis de baixo nível de percepção) deve responder à seguinte indagação: como se dá a percepção de valor do cliente em relação ao seu supermercado? Outros resultados são discutidos e também são apresentadas sugestões para futuras pesquisas e as principais implicações acadêmicas e empresariais .