Numerical simulation of ambient seismic wavefield modification caused by pore-fluid effects in an oil reservoir

We have modeled numerically the seismic response of a poroelastic inclusion with properties applicable to an oil reservoir that interacts with an ambient wavefield. The model includes wave-induced fluid flow caused by pressure differences between mesoscopic-scale (i.e., in the order of centimeters to meters) heterogeneities. We used a viscoelastic approximation on the macroscopic scale to implement the attenuation and dispersion resulting from this mesoscopic-scale theory in numerical simulations of wave propagation on the kilometer scale. This upscaling method includes finite-element modeling of wave-induced fluid flow to determine effective seismic properties of the poroelastic media, such as attenuation of P- and S-waves. The fitted, equivalent, viscoelastic behavior is implemented in finite-difference wave propagation simulations. With this two-stage process, we model numerically the quasi-poroelastic wave-propagation on the kilometer scale and study the impact of fluid properties and fluid saturation on the modeled seismic amplitudes. In particular, we addressed the question of whether poroelastic effects within an oil reservoir may be a plausible explanation for low-frequency ambient wavefield modifications observed at oil fields in recent years. Our results indicate that ambient wavefield modification is expected to occur for oil reservoirs exhibiting high attenuation. Whether or not such modifications can be detected in surface recordings, however, will depend on acquisition design and noise mitigation processing as well as site-specific conditions, such as the geologic complexity of the subsurface, the nature of the ambient wavefield, and the amount of surface noise.

Production of polyesters in transgenic plants.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bacterial polyesters having the properties of biodegradable thermoplastics and elastomers. Synthesis of PHAs has been demonstrated in transgenic plants. Both polyhydroxybutyrate and the co-polymer poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) have been synthesized in the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus. Furthermore, a range of medium-chain-length PHAs has also been produced in plant peroxisomes. Development of agricultural crops to produce PHA on a large scale and at low cost will be a challenging task requiring a coordinated and stable expression of several genes. Novel extraction methods designed to maximize the use of harvested plants for PHA, oil, carbohydrate, and feed production will be needed. In addition to their use as plastics, PHAs can also be used to modify fiber properties in plants such as cotton. Furthermore, PHA can be exploited as a novel tool to study the carbon flux through various metabolic pathways, such as the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle.

Combined Electrostatic and Covalent Polymer Networks for Cell Microencapsulation

Two types of hydrogel microspheres have been developed. Fast ionotropic gelation of sodium alginate (Na-alg) in the presence of calcium ions was combined with slow covalent cross-linking of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives. For the first type, the fast obtainable Ca-alg hydrogel served as spherical matrix for the simultaneously occurring covalent cross-linking of multi-arm PEG derivative. A two-component interpenetrating network was formed in one step upon extruding the mixture of the two polymers into the gelation bath. For the second type, heterobifunctional PEG was grafted onto Na-alg prior to gelation. Upon extrusion of the polymer solution into the gelation bath, fast Ca-alg formation ensured the spherical shape and was accompanied by cross-linker-free covalent cross-linking of the PEG side chains. Thus, one-component hydrogel microspheres resulted. We present the physical properties of the hydrogel microspheres and demonstrate the feasibility of cell microencapsulation for both types of polymer networks.

Effects of fish oil on the neuro-endocrine responses to an endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteers

Résumé Introduction et hypothèse : Certains acides gras polyinsaturés de type n-3 PUFA, qui sont contenus dans l'huile de poisson, exercent des effets non-énergétiques (fluidité des membranes cellulaires, métabolisme énergétique et prostanoïdes, régulation génique de la réponse inflammatoire). Les mécanismes de la modulation de cette dernière sont encore mal connus. L'administration d'endotoxine (LPS) induit chez les volontaires sains une affection inflammatoire aiguë, comparable à un état grippal, associé à des modifications métaboliques et inflammatoires transitoires, similaires au sepsis. Ce modèle est utilisé de longue date pour l'investigation clinique expérimentale. Cette étude examine les effets d'une supplémentation orale d'huile de poisson sur la réponse inflammatoire (systémique et endocrinienne) de sujets sains soumis à une injection d'endotoxine. L'hypothèse était que la supplémentation d'huile de poisson réduirait les réponses physiologiques à l'endotoxine. Méthodes : Quinze volontaires masculins (âge 26.0±3.1 ans) ont participé à une étude randomisée, contrôlée. Les sujets sont désignés au hasard à recevoir ou non une supplémentation orale : 7.2 g d'huile de poisson par jour correspondant à un apport de 1.1 g/jour d'acides gras 20:5 (n-3, acide écosapentaénoïque) et 0.7 g/jour de 22:6 (n-3, acide docosahexaénoïque). Chaque sujet est investigué deux fois dans des conditions identiques : une fois il reçoit une injection de 2 ng par kg poids corporel de LPS intraveineuse, l'autre fois une injection de placebo. Les variables suivantes sont relevées avant l'intervention et durant les 360 min qui suivent l'injection :signes vitaux, dépense énergétique (EE) et utilisation nette des substrats (calorimétrie indirecte, cinétique du glucose (isotopes stables), taux plasmatique des triglycérides et FFA, du glucose, ainsi que des cytokines et hormones de stress (ACTH, cortisol, Adré, Nor-Adré). Analyses et statistiques :moyennes, déviations standards, analyse de variance (one way, test de Scheffé), différences significatives entre les groupes pour une valeur de p < 0.05. Résultats :L'injection de LPS provoque une augmentation de la température, de la fréquence cardiaque, de la dépense d'énergie et de l'oxydation nette des lipides. On observe une élévation des taux plasmatiques de TNF-a et IL-6, de la glycémie, ainsi qu'une élévation transitoire des concentrations plasmatiques des hormones de stress ACTH, cortisol, adrénaline et noradrénaline. L'huile de poisson atténue significativement la fièvre, la réponse neuro-endocrinienne (ACTH et cortisol) et sympathique (baisse de la noradrénaline plasmatique). Par contre, les taux des cytokines ne sont pas influencés par la supplémentation d'huile de poisson. Conclusion : La supplémentation d'huile de poisson atténue la réponse physiologique à l'endotoxine chez le sujet sain, en particulier la fièvre et la réponse endocrinienne, sans influencer la production des cytokines. Ces résultats soutiennent l'hypothèse que les effets bénéfiques de l'huile de poisson sont principalement caractérisés au niveau du système nerveux central, par des mécanismes non-inflammatoires qui restent encore à élucider.

CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes in an Ultisol treated with sewage sludge and cultivated with castor bean

Organic residue application into soil alter the emission of gases to atmosphere and CO2, CH4, N2O may contribute to increase the greenhouse effect. This experiment was carried out in a restoration area on a dystrophic Ultisol (PVAd) to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil under castor bean cultivation, treated with sewage sludge (SS) or mineral fertilizer. The following treatments were tested: control without N; FertMin = mineral fertilizer; SS5 = 5 t ha-1 SS (37.5 kg ha-1 N); SS10 = 10 t ha-1 SS (75 kg ha-1 N); and SS20 = 20 t ha-1 SS (150 kg ha-1 N). The amount of sludge was based on the recommended rate of N for castor bean (75 kg ha-1), the N level of SS and the mineralization fraction of N from SS. Soil gas emission was measured for 21 days. Sewage sludge and mineral fertilizers altered the CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes. Soil moisture had no effect on GHG emissions and the gas fluxes was statistically equivalent after the application of FertMin and of 5 t ha-1 SS. The application of the entire crop N requirement in the form of SS practically doubled the Global Warming Potential (GWP) and the C equivalent emissions in comparison with FertMin treatments.

Molecular analysis of the bacterial diversity in a specialized consortium for diesel oil degradation

Diesel oil is a compound derived from petroleum, consisting primarily of hydrocarbons. Poor conditions in transportation and storage of this product can contribute significantly to accidental spills causing serious ecological problems in soil and water and affecting the diversity of the microbial environment. The cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene is one of the molecular techniques that allows estimation and comparison of the microbial diversity in different environmental samples. The aim of this work was to estimate the diversity of microorganisms from the Bacteria domain in a consortium specialized in diesel oil degradation through partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. After the extraction of DNA metagenomics, the material was amplified by PCR reaction using specific oligonucleotide primers for the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR products were cloned into a pGEM-T-Easy vector (Promega), and Escherichia coli was used as the host cell for recombinant DNAs. The partial clone sequencing was obtained using universal oligonucleotide primers from the vector. The genetic library obtained generated 431 clones. All the sequenced clones presented similarity to phylum Proteobacteria, with Gammaproteobacteria the most present group (49.8 % of the clones), followed by Alphaproteobacteira (44.8 %) and Betaproteobacteria (5.4 %). The Pseudomonas genus was the most abundant in the metagenomic library, followed by the Parvibaculum and the Sphingobium genus, respectively. After partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA, the diversity of the bacterial consortium was estimated using DOTUR software. When comparing these sequences to the database from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a strong correlation was found between the data generated by the software used and the data deposited in NCBI.

Effects of polymer-coated multi-wall carbon nanotubes on mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages

Surface characteristics (area, chemical reactivity) play an important role in cell response to nanomaterials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative and inflammatory effects of multi−wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) uncoated (P0) or coated with carboxylic polyacid or polystyrene polybutadiene polymetacrylate of methyl polymers (P1 and P2 respectively) on murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line). Carbon black nanoparticles (CB, diameter 95 nm) and crocidolite fibers (diameter: 80 nm, length: < 10 μm) were used as controls. Surface functional groups present on MWCNTs were analyzed by Knudsen flow reactor. The amount of acidic sites was P1> P0> P2, for basic sites was P0> P1>> P2 and for oxidizable sites was P0> P2> P1. In contact with cells, P2 formed smaller aggregates than P0 and P1, which were of similar size. Optical microscopy showed the formation of vacuoles after exposure only to P0, P1 and crocidolite. Incubation of cells with P0, P1 and crocidolite fibers induced a significant and similar decrease in metabolic activity, whereas P2 and CB had no effect. Cell number and membrane permeability were unmodified by incubation with the different particles. Incubation of macrophages with P0, P1 and crocidolite induced a dose− and time−dependent increase in mRNA expression of oxidative stress marker (HO−1, GPX1) and inflammatory mediators (TNF−a, MIP−2). No such responses were observed with P2 and CB. In conclusion, MWCNT coated with a carboxylic polyacid polymer exerted similar oxidative and inflammatory effects to uncoated MWCNT. By contrast, no such effects were observed with MWCNT coated with a polystyrene−based polymer. This kind of coating could be useful to decrease MWCNT toxicity.

Nutrient extraction and exportation by castor bean hybrid lyra

Information about nutrient extraction and exportation by crops, as well as the periods of highest nutrient demand is important for an adequate fertilization management. However, there are no studies on the nutrient uptake of short-stature hybrid castor bean. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrient extraction and exportation by short-stature castor bean hybrid Lyra, in the spring-summer and fall-winter growing seasons. The experiments were conducted in the 2005/2006 spring-summer and 2006 fall-winter growing seasons on an Oxisol, in Botucatu, SP, in a randomized block design, with four replications. The plots consisted of plant samplings, which occurred 17, 31, 45, 59, 73, 97 and 120 days after emergence (DAE) in the spring-summer and 17, 31, 45, 59, 80, 100 and 120 DAE in fall-winter growing season. The growth of hybrid Lyra was slow and nutrient uptake lowest between emergence and the beginning of flowering. The period of highest dry matter (DM) accumulation rates and highest nutrient demand were observed 40 to 80 DAE, in both growing seasons. The order of nutrient extraction by the plants in the spring-summer growing season was: N>K>Ca>Mg>S>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu>Mo. In fall-winter, S was more absorbed than Mg. Seed yield was higher in the spring-summer (2.995 kg ha-1), but nutrient extraction and exportation per ton of seed were similar in both growing seasons. Around 58 % of N and 84 % of P, and approximately half of the S and B absorbed throughout the cycle were exported with the seeds. However, most of the other nutrients accumulated in the plants returned to the soil in plant residues.

Deficiency symptoms and uptake of micronutrients by castor bean grown in nutrient solution

Castor bean is a nutrient-demanding species, but there is still little information on its micronutrient requirements. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of levels of B (2.5, 12.5 and 25.0 µmol L-1), Cu (0.05, 0.25 and 0.50 µmol L-1), Mn (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 µmol L-1) and Zn (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 µmol L-1) in a nutrient solution on plant B, Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations and uptake, vegetative growth and fruit yield of castor bean "Iris", grown in greenhouse. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. The first deficiency symptoms were observed for B, followed by Zn, Cu and Mn. The main changes in the cell ultrastructure due to lack of B were thickening of the cell walls and middle lamellae, distorted chloroplasts and tightly stacked thylakoids, besides the absence of starch grains. The Mn, Zn and Cu deficiencies led to disruption of chloroplasts, disintegration of thylakoids and absence of amyloplasts. The concentration and uptake of B, Cu, Mn, and Zn in castor bean plants increased with micronutrient supply in the solution. Fruit yield was drastically reduced by B and Mn deficiencies. On the other hand, the dry matter yield of the shoot and root of castor bean plants was not. In the treatment with full nutrient solution, the leaves accumulated 56 and 48 % of the total B and Mn taken up by the plants, respectively, and the seeds and roots 85 and 61 % of the total Cu and Zn taken up, respectively. This shows the high demand of castor bean Iris for B and Mn for fruit yield.

Polymer-induced tubulation in lipid vesicles

A mechanism of extraction of tubular membranes from a lipid vesicle is presented. A concentration gradient of anchoring amphiphilic polymers generates tubes from budlike vesicle protrusions. We explain this mechanism in the framework of the Canham-Helfrich model. The energy profile is analytically calculated and a tube with a fixed length, corresponding to an energy minimum, is obtained in a certain regime of parameters. Further, using a phase-field model, we corroborate these results numerically. We obtain the growth of tubes when a polymer source is added, and the budlike shape after removal of the polymer source, in accordance with recent experimental results.

Vitamin E content in fish oil emulsion does not prevent lipoperoxidative effects on human colorectal tumors.

OBJECTIVE: The anticancer action exerted by polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation may not be reproduced by commercially available lipid emulsions rich in vitamin E. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of fish oil (FO) emulsion containing α-tocopherol 0.19 g/L on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and tumors. METHODS: HT-29 cell growth, survival, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation were analyzed after a 24-h incubation with FO 18 to 80 mg/L. Soybean oil (SO) emulsion was used as an isocaloric and isolipidic control. In vivo, nude mice bearing HT-29 tumors were sacrificed 7 d after an 11-d treatment with intravenous injections of FO or SO 0.2 g ∙ kg(-1) ∙ d(-1) FO or SO to evaluate tumor growth, necrosis, and lipid peroxidation. RESULTS: The FO inhibited cell viability and clonogenicity in a dose-dependent manner, whereas SO showed no significant effect compared with untreated controls. Lipid peroxidation and cell apoptosis after treatment with FO 45 mg/L were increased 2.0-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.6-fold (P = 0.04), respectively. In vivo, FO treatment did not significantly affect tumor growth. However, immunohistochemical analyses of tumor tissue sections showed a decrease of 0.6-fold (P < 0.01) in the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 and an increase of 2.3-fold (P = 0.03) in the necrotic area, whereas malondialdehyde and total peroxides were increased by 1.9-fold (P = 0.09) and 7.0-fold (P < 0.01), respectively, in tumors of FO-treated compared with untreated mice. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that FO but not SO has an antitumor effect that can be correlated with lipid peroxidation, despite its vitamin E content.