Acidentes de Serviço em Profissionais de Saúde: Identificação, Representações e Comportamentos Face à Exposição Microbiológica Acidental

Este estudo de investigação teve subjacente a preocupação com a exposição microbiológica acidental nos profissionais de saúde, sabendo que os acidentes de trabalho por exposição microbiológica acidental constituem um dos principais riscos de transmissão ocupacional de infecções por contacto com sangue e outros fluidos corporais. Os agentes infecciosos mais frequentemente envolvidos neste tipo de acidente são os vírus da hepatite B, C e o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH). Teve como objectivo identificar e caracterizar os acidentes de trabalho por exposição microbiológica acidental ocorridos nos profissionais de saúde de um Hospital Central da região de Lisboa durante os anos de 2002 a 2006 e conhecer as Representações e os Comportamentos dos profissionais de saúde aquando da ocorrência de uma exposição microbiológica acidental. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório, inserido numa abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Os participantes deste estudo foram os profissionais de saúde (médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos de diagnóstico e terapêutica) que tenham sofrido um acidente de trabalho com exposição microbiológica acidental do ano de 2002 até Julho do ano de 2007, tendo-se constituído uma amostra não probabilística de 20 participantes utilizando a técnica de amostragem por conveniência e que se disponibilizaram a participar no estudo após o Consentimento Informado. Para a realização do estudo optou-se por recorrer a um conjunto de métodos de colheita de dados, privilegiando a análise documental através do questionário epidemiológico de caracterização e análise dos acidentes de trabalho e do processo de saúde individual e da realização de uma entrevista semi-directiva no âmbito da qual se aplicou um questionário de caracterização sócio-demográfica, apoio social e actividades de tempos livres, aspectos relacionados com a percepção sobre os riscos a que se encontram expostos no ambiente hospitalar e com o circuito de notificação do acidente de serviço/trabalho. Elaborou – se um guião de entrevista semi-directiva de acordo com os objectivos da investigação. Optou-se por uma metodologia quantitativa no que diz respeito à análise dos acidentes de trabalho que envolveram exposição microbiológica durante o período em estudo e dos dados sócio-demográficos do questionário aplicado no âmbito da entrevista, através do programa informático pakage estatístico “Statistica/Program for Social Sciences-SPSS” para Windows (versão 12). Posteriormente optou-se por uma metodologia qualitativa no que concerne ao tratamento dos dados relativos às entrevistas efectuadas, que consistiu na análise de conteúdo temático das entrevistas. A análise dos resultados obtidos revelaram que os acidentes de trabalho ocasionados por material perfuro-cortante entre os profissionais de saúde são frequentes devido ao número elevado de manipulação destes instrumentos, principalmente de agulhas e apresentam prejuízos aos profissionais e à Instituição. Verifica-se que dos 305 acidentes notificados, a categoria profissional que tem o maior número de notificações é a dos enfermeiros com 142 acidentes no total dos anos representando 46,6%. A picada acidental é o tipo de acidente mais frequente com 205 acidentes o que representa 67% do total. O instrumento que esteve associado directamente com a ocorrência destes acidentes foram as agulhas (41,6%), nomeadamente as agulhas subcutâneas (18,8%), as agulhas intravenosas (9,4%), as agulhas intramusculares (5%), outras agulhas (8,4%). As lâminas de bisturi representam 13,1% dos acidentes ocorridos nos anos de 2002 a 2006. Estes acidentes podem oferecer riscos à saúde física e mental dos profissionais de saúde, com repercussões psicossociais, levando a mudanças nas relações sociais, familiares e de trabalho. Da forma como o indivíduo vivência e ultrapassa a situação e dos meios encontrados para lidar com o stress provocado pelo acidente, depende o seu bem-estar futuro na profissão e na Organização evitando o turnover. Todos os entrevistados manifestam a percepção que o maior risco na sua actividade é a relacionada com a exposição a agentes biológicos com ênfase na preocupação em adquirir uma doença infecto-contagiosa. A percepção do risco de contaminação através do sangue e fluidos corporais está relacionada com a ideia do VIH conduzir a uma doença fatal e incurável apesar de existir uma perspectiva de esperança e qualidade de vida devido aos avanços das terapêuticas actualmente. Os sentimentos e as emoções ocasionadas após a exposição microbiológica e manifestadas pelos participantes são a ansiedade, o medo, a angústia e a preocupação, raramente referem a frustração e a revolta por se sentirem traídos, daí a importância do apoio social que tiveram por parte da saúde ocupacional, da família e amigos, bem como dos colegas de trabalho, fundamental para ultrapassar um episódio crítico da sua vida. No entanto a representação que têm das doenças como o VIH/SIDA e das hepatites B e C, como podem ser prevenidas e o nível de controlo que sentem exercer sobre os factores de transmissão, reflectem a percepção de que as medidas preventivas podem reduzir o risco de contaminação. Uma das conclusões deste estudo prende-se com a necessidade de reformulação do circuito de notificação dos acidentes de trabalho, com o objectivo de diminuir o tempo e os vários constrangimentos durante o percurso. A análise dos dados referentes aos acidentes de serviço por exposição microbiológica, os relatórios de análise das causas, a selecção e avaliação dos instrumentos aplicados promovem a criação de uma cultura de segurança. Como medidas organizacionais, a prevenção pressupõe o treino e a formação dos profissionais de saúde nos procedimentos de prevenção da transmissão da infecção, o incentivo à notificação das exposições e o desenvolvimento de um sistema adequado de monitorização e gestão das exposições ocupacionais. Sendo que a prevenção destes acidentes passa essencialmente pela introdução de dispositivos médicos com sistemas de segurança, por práticas de trabalho seguras, e pela formação dos profissionais de saúde.

A low-cost method to test cytotoxic effects of Crotalus vegrandis (Serpentes: Viperidae) venom on kidney cell cultures

The pathogenesis of the renal lesion upon envenomation by snakebite has been related to myolysis, hemolysis, hypotension and/or direct venom nephrotoxicity caused by the venom. Both primary and continuous cell culture systems provide an in vitro alternative for quantitative evaluation of the toxicity of snake venoms. Crude Crotalus vegrandis venom was fractionated by molecular exclusion chromatography. The toxicity of C. vegrandis crude venom, hemorrhagic, and neurotoxic fractions were evaluated on mouse primary renal cells and a continuous cell line of Vero cells maintained in vitro. Cells were isolated from murine renal cortex and were grown in 96 well plates with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium (DMEM) and challenged with crude and venom fractions. The murine renal cortex cells exhibited epithelial morphology and the majority showed smooth muscle actin determined by immune-staining. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by the tetrazolium colorimetric method. Cell viability was less for crude venom, followed by the hemorrhagic and neurotoxic fractions with a CT50 of 4.93, 18.41 and 50.22 µg/mL, respectively. The Vero cell cultures seemed to be more sensitive with a CT50 of 2.9 and 1.4 µg/mL for crude venom and the hemorrhagic peak, respectively. The results of this study show the potential of using cell culture system to evaluate venom toxicity.

Conhecimentos e comportamentos face à infecção do VIH/SIDA em Migrantes Africanos e Brasileiros residentes na área metropolitana de Lisboa

O processo de desenvolvimento económico de urbanização leva à procura de melhores condições de vida e ao aumento do fluxo migratório em Portugal. A população migrante considerada vulnerável depara-se no país de acolhimento com inúmeros factores sociais, culturais, religiosos e económicos, os quais podem contribuir para influenciar os comportamentos, nomeadamente na adopção de comportamentos sexuais de risco. O objectivo do presente estudo é identificar os conhecimentos e comportamentos face à infecção do VIH/SIDA em Africanos e Brasileiros, residentes na área metropolitana de Lisboa. É um estudo de Conhecimentos Atitudes e Práticas (CAP) com uma abordagem quantitativa, cuja amostra é constituída por 289 participantes dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa e do Brasil. Estes migrantes recorreram ao Centro Nacional de Apoio ao Imigrante (CNAI) e foram convidados a participar neste estudo através de um questionário estruturado. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise estatística descritiva. Em toda a investigação existe uma abordagem transversal relativa ao género, de forma a identificar a existência ou não de diferenças entre homens e mulheres no âmbito dos conhecimentos e comportamentos. Segundo os resultados, as principais fontes de informação utilizadas pelos migrantes que contribuem para o conhecimento do VIH/SIDA são os media (TV, rádio e jornais); os amigos, familiares e conhecidos, e as campanhas de prevenção. Observa-se que os participantes não referem utilizar os serviços de saúde para se informarem sobre o VIH/SIDA. No entanto, em caso de infecção recorreriam ao Hospital e ao Centro de Saúde. No âmbito das duas comunidades, os brasileiros são os que mais reportam utilizar o preservativo. Ambas as comunidades optam pela não utilização de qualquer método de contracepção, principalmente as mulheres africanas e os homens brasileiros No que diz respeito às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, mais de metade dos participantes responde ter “muito” receio de contrair uma Infecção Sexualmente Transmissível (IST), sobretudo os homens africanos e as mulheres brasileiras. Este estudo sugere que a comunidade brasileira tem mais conhecimentos sobre o VIH/SIDA e menos comportamentos considerados de risco face à infecção do VIH/SIDA do que a comunidade africana. Os resultados sugerem que é necessária uma abordagem na promoção de estratégias e politicas de educação de saúde que passem igualmente pelas campanhas de prevenção e, que sejam especialmente concebidas para este grupo específico de população, sobretudo e neste caso, para os migrantes africanos, os quais têm menos conhecimentos sobre o vírus do HIV/Sida. Essas medidas devem ser levadas a cabo pelas Instituições estatais e organizações não-governamentais ao nível local, uma vez que uma actuação local pode ter um impacto mais adequado e satisfatório junto da população migrante. PALAVRAS CHAVE: Conhecimentos, Comportamentos de risco VIH/SIDA, Migrantes, Estudo CAP, Africanos, Brasileiros, Homens, Mulheres

TEC4SEA - A Modular Platform for Research, Test and Validation of Technologies Supporting a Sustainable Blue Economy

This paper presents the TEC4SEA research infrastructure created in Portugal to support research, development, and validation of marine technologies. It is a multidisciplinary open platform, capable of supporting research, development, and test of marine robotics, telecommunications, and sensing technologies for monitoring and operating in the ocean environment. Due to the installed research facilities and its privileged geographic location, it allows fast access to deep sea, and can support multidisciplinary research, enabling full validation and evaluation of technological solutions designed for the ocean environment. It is a vertically integrated infrastructure, in the sense that it possesses a set of skills and resources which range from pure conceptual research to field deployment missions, with strong industrial and logistic capacities in the middle tier of prototype production. TEC4SEA is open to the entire scientific and enterprise community, with a free access policy for researchers affiliated with the research units that ensure its maintenance and sustainability. The paper describes the infrastructure in detail, and discusses associated research programs, providing a strategic vision for deep sea research initiatives, within the context of both the Portuguese National Ocean Strategy and European Strategy frameworks.

An Exact Schedulability Test for Global FP Using State Space Pruning

Presented at 23rd International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS 2015). 4 to 6, Nov, 2015, Main Track. Lille, France.

Sensitivity of an immunoenzymatic test for detection of ant-L. brasiliensis antibodies compared to other tests used for the diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis

The diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is frequently based on clinical and epidemiological data associated with the results of laboratory tests. Some laboratory methods are currently being applied for the diagnosis of ACL, among them the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIFR), the Montenegro skin test (MST), histopathological examination, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The performance of these methods varies in a considerable proportion of patients. After the standardization of an immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) for the detection of IgG in the serum of patients with ACL using a crude Leishmania braziliensis antigen, the results obtained were compared to those of other tests routinely used for the diagnosis. The tests revealed the following sensitivity, when analyzed separately: 85% for ELISA IgG, 81% for PCR, 64.4% for MST, 58.1% for IIFR, and 34% for the presence of parasites in the biopsy. ELISA was positive in 75% of patients with ACL presenting a negative MST, in 84.8% of ACL patients with negative skin or mucous biopsies for the presence of the parasite, and in 100% of cases with a negative PCR. Thus, ELISA presented a higher sensitivity than the other tests and was useful as a complementary method for the diagnosis of ACL.

Are coffee silverskin extracts safe for topical use? An in vitro and in vivo approach

Recent changes in regulatory requirements and social views on animal testing have incremented the development of reliable alternative tests for predicting skin and ocular irritation potential of products based on new raw materials. In this regard, botanical ingredients used in cosmetic products are among those materials, and should be carefully reviewed concerning the potential presence of irritant constituents. In particular, cosmetic products used on the face, in vicinity of the eyes or that may come in contact with mucous membranes, should avoid botanical ingredients that contain, or are suspected to contain, such ingredients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a new cosmetic ingredient, namely, coffee silverskin (CS), with an in vitro skin and ocular irritation assay using reconstructed human epidermis, EpiSkin™, and human corneal epithelial model, SkinEthics™ HCE, and an in vivo assay. Three different extracts of CS were evaluated. The histology of the models after extracts applications was analysed. The in vitro results demonstrated that extracts were not classified as irritant and the histological analyses proved that extracts did not affect both models structure. The content of caffeine, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and chlorogenic acid was quantified after the epidermal assay. The in vivo test carried out with the most promising extract (hydroalcoholic) showed that, with respect to irritant effects, these extracts can be regarded as safe for topical application.

Replacement of HIV p24 Ag test by a multiplex RT-PCR method for primary screening of blood donors

Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) as a tool for primary screening of blood donors became a reality in the end of the 1990 decade. We report here the development of an "in-house" RT-PCR method that allows the simultaneous (multiplex) detection of HCV and HIV-RNA in addition to an artificial RNA employed as an external control. This method detects all HIV group M subtypes, plus group N and O, with a detection threshold of 500 IU/mL. After validation, the method replaced p24 Ag testing, in use for blood donation screening since 1996 at our services. From July 2001 to February 2006, 102,469 donations were tested and 41 (0.04%) were found HIV-RNA reactive. One NAT-only reactive donation (antibody non-reactive) was observed, with subsequent seroconversion of the implied donor, giving a yield of 1:102,469. This rate is in contrast to the international experience that reports a detection of approximately 1:600,000 - 1:3,100,000 of isolated HIV-RNA donations.

Comparison between E-test and CLSI broth microdilution method for antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans oral isolates

Thirty Candida albicans isolated from oral candidosis patients and 30 C. albicans isolated from control individuals were studied. In vitro susceptibility tests were performed for amphotericin B, fluconazole, 5-flucytosine and itraconazole through the Clinical and Laboratorial Standards Institute (CLSI) reference method and E test system. The results obtained were analyzed and compared. MIC values were similar for the strains isolated from oral candidosis patients and control individuals. The agreement rate for the two methods was 66.67% for amphotericin B, 53.33% for fluconazole, 65% for flucytosine and 45% for itraconazole. According to our data, E test method could be an alternative to trial routine susceptibility testing due to its simplicity. However, it can not be considered a substitute for the CLSI reference method.

Quantitative toxoplasma gondii oocyst detection by a modified Kato Katz test using Kinyoun staining (KKK) in ME49 strain experimentally infected cats

We detected Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in feces of experimentally infected cats, using a Kato Katz approach with subsequent Kinyoun staining. Animals serologically negative to T. gondii were infected orally with 5x10² mice brain cysts of ME49 strain. Feces were collected daily from the 3rd to the 30th day after challenge. Oocysts were detected by qualitative sugar flotation and the quantitative modified Kato Katz stained by Kinyoun (KKK). In the experimentally infected cats, oocysts were detected from the 7th to 15th day through sugar flotation technique, but oocysts were found in KKK from the 6th to 16th day, being sensitive for a larger period, with permanent documentation. The peak of oocysts excretion occurred between the 8th to 11th days after challenge, before any serological positive result. KKK could be used in the screening and quantification of oocysts excretion in feces of suspected animals, with reduced handling of infective material, decreasing the possibility of environmental and operator contamination.

American tegumentary leishmaniasis: langerhans cells in montenegro skin test

This work analyzed the histopathology and epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) of Montenegro skin test (MST) in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in order to in situ characterize and compare the immunological reaction of the two major clinical forms of ATL, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). MST histopathology of both LCL and MCL showed superficial and deep perivascular inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of lymphocytes and histiocytes. Epidermal LC population was higher in MST biopsies taken from LCL patients when compared to MCL group, at 48 and 72 hours after antigen inoculation. Increased number of epidermal LC displayed in MST biopsies of LCL patients represents specific cellular immunity against parasites. The decrease of LC in MST biopsies of MCL patients does not necessarily indicate a worse specific cellular immunity in this clinical form of leishmaniasis.

Cytokine profile in Montenegro skin test of patients with localized cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

American tegumentary leishmaniasis presents as two major clinical forms: localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). The immune response in leishmaniasis is efficiently evaluated by the response to Leishmania antigen through the Montenegro skin test (MST). Both LCL and MCL present positive response to MST, indicating that the patients present cell-mediated immunity against the parasite - Leishmania. In spite of the presence of immunity in MCL, this is not sufficient to stop disease progression and prevent resistance to treatment. In this study we demonstrated interleukin (IL) 2, 4, 5 and interferon (IFN) gamma expression in biopsies of MST of ten patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis. The obtained results were compared between LCL (n = 5) and MCL (n = 5) patients. The MST of MCL patients displayed a higher expression of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5, in comparison to LCL. There was no significant difference in IFN-gamma expression between groups. The obtained results suggest the role of IL-4 and IL-5 in the maintenance of the immunopathogenic mechanism of the destructive lesions that characterize MCL.

Using neural networks and support vector regression to relate marchetti dilatometer test parameters and maximum shear modulus

In the last two decades, small strain shear modulus became one of the most important geotechnical parameters to characterize soil stiffness. Finite element analysis have shown that in-situ stiffness of soils and rocks is much higher than what was previously thought and that stress-strain behaviour of these materials is non-linear in most cases with small strain levels, especially in the ground around retaining walls, foundations and tunnels, typically in the order of 10−2 to 10−4 of strain. Although the best approach to estimate shear modulus seems to be based in measuring seismic wave velocities, deriving the parameter through correlations with in-situ tests is usually considered very useful for design practice.The use of Neural Networks for modeling systems has been widespread, in particular within areas where the great amount of available data and the complexity of the systems keeps the problem very unfriendly to treat following traditional data analysis methodologies. In this work, the use of Neural Networks and Support Vector Regression is proposed to estimate small strain shear modulus for sedimentary soils from the basic or intermediate parameters derived from Marchetti Dilatometer Test. The results are discussed and compared with some of the most common available methodologies for this evaluation.

Frequency of human toxocariasis in a rural population from Cajamarca, Peru determined by DOT-ELISA test

The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of human toxocariasis in Cauday district, Cajamarca, Peru, using a dot-ELISA test. From June to October 2005, a total of 256 adult subjects were studied. Blood samples were collected for serology by a dot-ELISA test and for hematological examination. Parasitological examination was also carried out in stool samples to check cross-reactions in the dot-ELISA. The frequency observed was 44.92%, with a significant higher proportion of positivity in male subjects. From subjects with positive serology, 45.6% had respiratory symptoms, 40.44% abdominal pain, 32.35% hepatic symptoms, 14.7% cutaneous signs, 13.23% ocular manifestations, 43.38% eosinophilia, and all of these were statistically associated to serology. Among the population evaluated, 90.23% (231/256) were parasitized. From subjects with positive serology, 92.17% had at least one intestinal parasite and the most frequent were: Blastocystis hominis (68.38%), Giardia lamblia (28.68%), Hymenolepis nana (20.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (15.65%), Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (13.24%), Cyclospora cayetanensis (4.41%), Cryptosporidium sp. (1.47%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.87%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.87%), Taenia sp. (0.87%), and Trichuris trichiura (0.87%). The rate of false positives in the dot-ELISA test was improved by serum absorption each with A. suum antigens, with a decrease of cross-reactions. In conclusion, human toxocariasis is highly frequent in this population and some risk factors like dog/cat ownership, presence of pets within house, and previous history of geophagia were observed in the present study.