Trade, firm selection, and innovation: the competition channel

The availability of rich firm-level data sets has recently led researchers to uncover new evidence on the effects of trade liberalization. First, trade openness forces the least productive firms to exit the market. Secondly, it induces surviving firms to increase their innovation efforts and thirdly, it increases the degree of product market competition. In this paper we propose a model aimed at providing a coherent interpretation of these findings. We introducing firm heterogeneity into an innovation-driven growth model, where incumbent firms operating in oligopolistic industries perform cost-reducing innovations. In this framework, trade liberalization leads to higher product market competition, lower markups and higher quantity produced. These changes in markups and quantities, in turn, promote innovation and productivity growth through a direct competition effect, based on the increase in the size of the market, and a selection effect, produced by the reallocation of resources towards more productive firms. Calibrated to match US aggregate and firm-level statistics, the model predicts that a 10 percent reduction in variable trade costs reduces markups by 1:15 percent, firm surviving probabilities by 1 percent, and induces an increase in productivity growth of about 13 percent. More than 90 percent of the trade-induced growth increase can be attributed to the selection effect.

The Quest for Regulating the Global Diamond Trade

Campaign efforts by NGOs initially put conflict diamonds on the global radar screen in the late 1990s. In response, the Kimberley Process (KP), a negotiation forum between states, NGOs, and industry, was formed to discuss possible solutions to curb the trade in conflict diamonds. Less than three years later, a voluntary, global certification named the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) was adopted. The KPCS regulates the trade of rough diamonds by certifying all legitimate diamonds. This paper outlines the problem of conflict diamonds, how a global campaign raised awareness about the issue, and how the process of solution building unfolded in the KP. My analysis focuses on the diverse set of actors (NGOs, states, and industry) and their changing interactions over the course of the campaign and global regulation efforts. I conclude with several key lessons that capture important elements observed in this case study.

Estimación de las emisiones de CO2 vía GPS

El projecte consisteix en la captura de dades per mitjà del sistema GPS, mitjançant aquestes dades hem d'endevinar en quin vehicle ens desplacem per a portar el càlcul del consum del CO2 dels nostres desplaçaments. El programa ha estat desenvolupat per ser funcional a sobre de dispositius mòbils que tinguin targeta de memòria externa i Java J2ME, inclou interfície gràfica.

Structural decomposition analysis and input-output subsystems: An application to Spanish CO2 emissions

Analysis of gas emissions by the input-output subsystem approach provides detailed insight into pollution generation in an economy. Structural decomposition analysis, on the other hand, identifies the factors behind the changes in key variables over time. Extending the input-output subsystem model to account for the changes in these variables reveals the channels by which environmental burdens are caused and transmitted throughout the production system. In this paper we propose a decomposition of the changes in the components of CO2 emissions captured by an input-output subsystems representation. The empirical application is for the Spanish service sector, and the economic and environmental data are for years 1990 and 2000. Our results show that services increased their CO2 emissions mainly because of a rise in emissions generated by non-services to cover the final demand for services. In all service activities, the decomposed effects show an increase in CO2 emissions due to a decrease in emission coefficients (i.e., emissions per unit of output) compensated by an increase in emissions caused both by the input-output coefficients and the rise in demand for services. Finally, large asymmetries exist not only in the quantitative changes in the CO2 emissions of the various services but also in the decomposed effects of these changes. Keywords: structural decomposition analysis, input-output subsystems, CO2 emissions, service sector.

Desarrollo de nuevos materiales sólidos para la captura de CO2 a alta temperatura

El efecto invernadero provocado por la emisión masiva de CO2 derivado de la combustión de derivados fósiles, entre otros, está provocando serios problemas ambientales que afectan a ecosistemas de todo el planeta. Para reducir las emisiones se emplea la ciencia para diseñar nuevos métodos para capturar CO2 proveniente de la industria, transporte, energía, etc., y así causar el mínimo impacto ambiental posible hasta que dispongamos de la tecnología suficiente para abastecer la demanda energética por fuentes renovables. Entre las distintas tecnologías existentes, el trabajo pretende desarrollar un material sintético basado en calcio para captura Post-Combustión de CO2 en condiciones de presión atmosférica y alta temperatura (750 ºC) para la principal aplicación en centrales termoeléctricas. El material ha sido sintetizado por duplicado aplicando una caracterización de área superficial BET, microestructura con MEB, detección de fases con XRD y finalmente un estudio de la captura de CO2 con microbalanza de suspensión magnética. También es objetivo del trabajo estudiar el comportamiento de captura del material cuando existe la presencia de agua y/o SO2 éste normalmente presente en los gases de salida procedentes de la combustión de combustibles fósiles, tal como carbón, petróleo o gas natural. De nuevo las técnicas mencionadas han sido utilizadas para el estudio del comportamiento de captura. El material, tiene una captura de CO2 superior a otros materiales utilizados con el mismo fin. Se comporta mejor en presencia de agua y se anula la capacidad de captura por la formación de CaSO4, si en el flujo de gases está presente SO2 en una concentración mínima del 0,95%. Finalmente se realiza una breve mención sobre el posible impacto ambiental de la implantación del material así como un pequeño análisis de costes asociados a la utilización del mismo en comparación con otro material utilizado actualmente.

Desarrollo de materiales sólidos para captura de CO2 a bajas temperaturas

Una vez comprobado el problema medioambiental existente en nuestro planeta en cuanto a emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y con el objetivo de reducir dichas emisiones, se están desarrollando nuevos métodos y materiales sintéticos para la captura de CO2, entre otros. Este proyecto pretende estudiar una tecnología de captura de CO2, centrándose en el estudio postcombustión basado en materiales sólidos compuestos por sílice impregnados del grupo amino. El método experimental utilizado ha consistido en realizar las síntesis por duplicado de tres materiales diferentes basados en un soporte de sílices impregnadas con aminas diferentes: 3‐aminopropiltrimetoxisilano (APTMS), N‐3‐(trimetoxisil)propil)etano‐1,2‐ diamina) (AEAPTMS) y Polietilenimina (PEI). Estos materiales han sido caracterizados mediante las técnicas experimentales: Análisis de área superficial BET, pH, Análisis Termogravimétrico, Análisis Elemental y Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido (MEB). El estudio para evaluar la captura de CO2, se ha realizado mediante la Balanza de Suspensión Magnética en condiciones de presión atmosférica y bajas temperaturas (45‐105ºC). Con un 10 vol. % CO2 en N2 a 45ºC para la absorción CO2 y a 105ºC para la desorción. La capacidad de captura de CO2 para los materiales estudiados se sitúa entorno a un 3%, que difiere considerablemente de los estudios publicados en la bibliografía. En contrapartida el comportamiento de los materiales sometidos al proceso de captura de CO2 es constante, ya que perdura a lo largo de los ciclos, y reversible debido a la práctica totalidad de absorción y desorción de masa en este proceso.

CO2 emissions and economic activity: heterogeneity across countries and non stationary series

This paper explores the homogeneity of the functional form, the parameters, and the turning point, when appropriate, of the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic activity for 31 countries (28 OECD, Brazil, China, and India) during the period 1950 to 2006 using cointegration analysis. With a sample highly overlapped over time between countries, the result reveals that the homogeneity across countries is rejected, both in functional form and in the parameters of long term relationship. This confirms the relevance of considering the heterogeneity in exploring the relationship between air pollution and economic activity to avoid spurious parameter estimates and infer a wrong behavior of the functional form, which could lead to induce that the relationship is reversed when in fact it is direct.

Cross-country polarisation in CO2 emissions per capita in the European Union: changes and explanatory factors

In this study, we analyse the degree of polarisation-a concept fundamentally different from that of inequality-in the international distribution of CO2 emissions per capita in the European Union. It is analytically relevant to examine the degree of instability inherent to a distribution and, in the analysed case, the likelihood that the distribution and its evolution will increase or decrease the chances of reaching an agreement. Two approaches were used to measure polarisation: the endogenous approach, in which countries are grouped according to their similarity in terms of emissions, and the exogenous approach, in which countries are grouped geographically. Our findings indicate a clear decrease in polarisation since the mid-1990s, which can essentially be explained by the fact that the different groups of countries have converged (i.e. antagonism among the CO2 emitters has decreased) as the contribution of energy intensity to between-group differences has decreased. This lower degree of polarisation in CO2 distribution suggests a situation more conducive to the possibility of reaching EU-wide agreements on the mitigation of CO2 emissions.

Explanatory factors of CO2 per capita emission inequality in the European Union

The design of European mitigation policies requires a detailed examination of the factors explaining the unequal emissions in the different countries. This research analyzes the evolution of inequality in CO2 per capita emissions in the European Union (EU-27) in the 1990-2006 period and its explanatory factors. For this purpose, we decompose the Theil index of inequality into the contributions of the different Kaya factors. The decomposition is also applied to the inequality between and within groups of countries (North Europe, South Europe, and East Europe). The analysis shows an important reduction in inequality, to a large extent due to the smaller differences between groups and because of the lower contribution of the energy intensity factor. The importance of the GDP per capita factor increases and becomes the main explanatory factor. However, within the different groups of countries the carbonization index appears to be the most relevant factor in explaining inequalities.

Improving the accuracy of heat balance integral methods applied to thermal problems with time dependent boundary conditions

In this paper the two main drawbacks of the heat balance integral methods are examined. Firstly we investigate the choice of approximating function. For a standard polynomial form it is shown that combining the Heat Balance and Refined Integral methods to determine the power of the highest order term will either lead to the same, or more often, greatly improved accuracy on standard methods. Secondly we examine thermal problems with a time-dependent boundary condition. In doing so we develop a logarithmic approximating function. This new function allows us to model moving peaks in the temperature profile, a feature that previous heat balance methods cannot capture. If the boundary temperature varies so that at some time t & 0 it equals the far-field temperature, then standard methods predict that the temperature is everywhere at this constant value. The new method predicts the correct behaviour. It is also shown that this function provides even more accurate results, when coupled with the new CIM, than the polynomial profile. Analysis primarily focuses on a specified constant boundary temperature and is then extended to constant flux, Newton cooling and time dependent boundary conditions.

Institutional Balance in the EU. The Prodi Administration as a Reforming Commission

The essay looks at the Prodi Commission (1999-2004) in the context of the institutional balance in the European Union. Not only did Prodi come into office at a time of unprecedented weakness of the Executive, but the Commission operates within a changing institutional equilibrium, one made more precarious by the shifting political disposition of the Member States

Uranium reserve, nuclear fuel cycle delusion, CO2 emission from the sea, and electricity supply: reflections after the fuel meltdown of Fukushima nuclear power units

The Great Tohoku-Kanto earthquake and resulting tsunami has brought considerable attention to the issue of the construction of new power plants. We argue in this paper, nuclear power is not a sustainable solution to energy problems. First, we explore the stock of uranium-235 and the different schemes developed by the nuclear power industry to exploit this resource. Second, we show that these methods, fast breeder and MOX fuel reactors, are not feasible. Third, we show that the argument that nuclear energy can be used to reduce CO2 emissions is false: the emissions from the increased water evaporation from nuclear power generation must be accounted for. In the case of Japan, water from nuclear power plants is drained into the surrounding sea, raising the water temperature which has an adverse affect on the immediate ecosystem, as well as increasing CO2 emissions from increased water evaporation from the sea. Next, a short exercise is used to show that nuclear power is not even needed to meet consumer demand in Japan. Such an exercise should be performed for any country considering the construction of additional nuclear power plants. Lastly, the paper is concluded with a discussion of the implications of our findings.

Efectos en el balance de ácidos grasos y el metabolismo lipídico

En edades prematuras el cerdo tiene unos niveles de engrasamiento muy bajos y durante su crecimiento aumenta su contenido en proteína, hueso y masa grasa. Mientras que la deposición proteica viene determinada en gran medida por la capacidad genética, la deposición grasa depende de la ingesta energética.

Estudio comparativo de los efectos hemodinámicos y anestésicos de la insuflación colonoscópica de aire versus dióxido de carbono (CO2) bajo sedación endovenosa con propofol

Estudi randomitzat on es van realitzar colonoscòpies amb insuflació amb aire o CO2 a 80 pacients sota sedació profunda amb propofol. Es van estudiar les dosis de propofol, el temps de despertar i el dolor desprès del procediment i es va comparar la incidència de nàusees, vòmits i complicacions hemodinàmiques en ambdós grups. Segons els nostres resultats, la insuflació amb CO2 no disminueix de forma significativa les necessitats de propofol ni el dolor postprocediment. El temps de despertar es redueix però no de forma significativa. La incidència de nàusees o vòmits i complicacions hemodinàmiques no varia entre grups.

Mesophyll conductance to CO2 and leaf morphological characteristics under drought stress during Quercus ilex L resprouting

• Quercus ilex L., the dominant species in Mediterranean forests and one with a great capacity for resprouting after disturbances, is threatened by the expected increase in fire frequency and drought associated with climate change. • The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of photosynthesis limitants, especially mesophyll conductance (gmes ) during this species’ resprouting and under summer drought. • Resprouts showed 5.3-fold increased gmes and 3.8-fold increased stomatal conductance (gs) atmidday with respect to leaves of undisturbed individuals. With increased drought, structural changes (decreased density and increased thickness) in resprouts contributed to the observed higher photosynthesis and increased gmes. However, gmes only partially depended on leaf structure, and was also under physiological control. Resprouts also showed lower non-stomatal limitations (around 50% higher carboxylation velocity (Vc,max) and capacity for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration (Jmax)). A significant contribution of gmes to leaf carbon isotope discrimination values was observed. • gmes exhibits a dominant role in photosynthesis limitation in Q. ilex and is regulated by factors other than morphology. During resprouting after disturbances, greater capacity to withstand drought, as evidenced by higher gmes , gs and lower non-stomatal limitants, enables increased photosynthesis and rapid growth.