Spatial variability of leaf nutrient contents in a drip irrigated citrus orchard

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of leaf content of macro and micronutrients. The citrus plants orchard with 5 years of age, planted at regular intervals of 8 x 7 m, was managed under drip irrigation. Leaf samples were collected from each plant to be analyzed in the laboratory. Data were analyzed using the software R, version 2.5.1 Copyright (C) 2007, along with geostatistics package GeoR. All contents of macro and micronutrients studied were adjusted to normal distribution and showed spatial dependence.The best-fit models, based on the likelihood, for the macro and micronutrients were the spherical and matern. It is suggest for the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur the minimum distances between samples of 37; 58; 29; 63; 46 and 15 m respectively, while for the micronutrients boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc, the distances suggests are 29; 9; 113; 35 and 14 m, respectively.

Citrus root distribution under water stress grown in sandy soil of central Florida

The experiment was conducted in an orchard located in University of Florida (Citrus Research and Education Center), Lake Alfred, Polk County, Florida, USA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water stress in root distribution of 'Valencia' orange tree on 'Swingle' citrumelo rootstock. Three treatments were imposed on the trees: 1) normal irrigation with microsprinklers, 2) no irrigation in winter (November through mid-March) and 3) rainfall exclusion by placing a water repelling fabric (Tyvek) under the trees. Trees in treatments 1 and 2 received normal rainfall during the winter, but treatment 3 received no rain. Normal irrigation was resumed on all treatments in mid March. Soil was collected using root auger head (0.09 m diameter and height 0.25 m) in two opposing quadrants (West and East at 3 horizontal distances from tree trunk (1, 2 and 3 m) and 4 depths (0.0-0.15; 0.15-0.30; 0.30-0.60 and 0.60-0.90 m). The results from root sampling showed that there was a significant difference in root distribution between irrigated treatment and non irrigated/non rainfall.

Geostatistics and remote sensing methods in the classification of images of areas cultivated with citrus

This study compares the precision of three image classification methods, two of remote sensing and one of geostatistics applied to areas cultivated with citrus. The 5,296.52ha area of study is located in the city of Araraquara - central region of the state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The multispectral image from the CCD/CBERS-2B satellite was acquired in 2009 and processed through the Geographic Information System (GIS) SPRING. Three classification methods were used, one unsupervised (Cluster), and two supervised (Indicator Kriging/IK and Maximum Likelihood/Maxver), in addition to the screen classification taken as field checking.. Reliability of classifications was evaluated by Kappa index. In accordance with the Kappa index, the Indicator kriging method obtained the highest degree of reliability for bands 2 and 4. Moreover the Cluster method applied to band 2 (green) was the best quality classification between all the methods. Indicator Kriging was the classifier that presented the citrus total area closest to the field check estimated by -3.01%, whereas Maxver overestimated the total citrus area by 42.94%.

Energy demand in citrus production under varied operational efficiency values

Citrus orchards are very important in Brazil, especially in São Paulo State, where occupy an area of 600,000 ha approximately. To identify sustainability degree of citrus production system, an energy analysis allows evaluating efficiency of direct and indirect applied inputs. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate citrus production system under energetic point of view, in which invested energy is paid back with citrus production; being compared within three scenarios for operational field efficiency. As result, by sensitivity analysis was determined that fuel was the main energy demander, followed by pesticides and fertilizers. In operational work capacity analysis, all combinations between efficiency (minimum, typical and maximum) and yield levels became positive in the seventh year, except for the combination minimum efficiency and 10 % less yield, positive in the eighth year. The best combination (maximum efficiency and 10 % more yield) has promoted investment payoff around the sixth and seventh year. By this study, it is possible to determine the total energy demand to produce citrus and indentify the applied inputs that need more attention by the decision-makers. Labor and seedlings can be ommited for further studies with citrus, since they were irrelevant. Management of agricultural machinery may pose an important role on decreasing environmental impact of citrus production.

Possíveis efeitos alelopaticos de Brachiaria decumbens sobre o crescimento inicial de limão cravo (Citrus limonia)

Foram estudados os possíveis efeitos alelopáticos da incorporação da matéria seca da parte aérea de Brachiaria decumbens, ao substrato, nas concentrações de 0, 1,5 e 3,0% (p/p) sobre o crescimento inicial de limão cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck), em casa-de-vegetação. Foram determinados os parâmetros biométrico s e algumas propriedades físico-químicas da solução do solo. A maior quantidade de matéria seca incorporada causou redução de 44, 42, 57 e 55% das médias da altura, teor de clorofila, área foliar e acúmulo de matéria seca total, respectivamente. O potencial osmótico, pH, condutividade elétrica e os teores de nutrientes da solução do solo foram alterados. Provavelmente, a redução do crescimento observada seja devida a deficiência de N causada por alterações na dinâmica do N-solo em função da incorporação de B. decumbens.

Chromosome number and secondary constriction variation in 51 accessions of a citrus germplasm bank

The mitotic chromosomes of 51 citrus accessions from the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil, were analyzed. The sample included representatives of 20 Citrus species, one of Poncirus and seven hybrids. All accessions showed 2n = 18 without any evidence of numerical variation. The most clearly variable karyotype feature was the number and position of secondary constrictions (SECs). In 19 accessions the SECs were not identified, mainly due to the degree of chromatin condensation. In the remainder they varied in number from one to three per karyotype. They were found in the proximal region of one of the three largest chromosome pairs, in the terminal/subterminal region of a smaller chromosome or, more seldom, terminally in a larger chromosome. Only in a few cases were such constrictions observed simultaneously in both homologues of the same chromosome pair. The high variability of this karyotype feature may be due to the activation of this region in the previous interphase but may also indicate a high structural variability and heterozygosity of citrus germplasms

Storskarven Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis vid den österbottniska kusten

Den snabba tillväxten av häckande storskarv (underarten Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) i Finland och även i Österbotten har orsakat konflikter för fiske och rekreation, speciellt i de områden där skarven häckar. År 2014 häckade drygt 20 000 par Storskarvar i Finland och knappt 10 % av dessa, eller 1 980 par i Österbotten. Storskarven hör till de fredade fågelarterna. Det är möjligt att ansöka om undantag från fredningen, om den fredade arten anses orsaka allvarlig skada. Regler som styr förvaltningen av skarv bygger på EU:s fågeldirektiv och nationell lagstiftning samt vägledningsdokument för hur dessa bör tolkas vid handläggning om undantag från fred-ning. I områden där skarvkolonierna vuxit sig stora har lokala intressenter för fiske och markägo ansökt om undantag från fridlysning enligt NvL 39 §. Enligt besvär som inlämnats mot besluten om undantag från fridlysning samt prövning i högre rättsinstans, har sådan allvarlig skada, som enligt fågeldirektivet möjliggör undantag, inte kunnat påvisas. ERUF-projektet ”Storskarven vid den österbottniska kusten” möjliggjorde en omfattande inventering av skarvbeståndet och dess ungpro-duktion, samt en utredning om skarvens inverkan på fisket med hjälp av enkäter och fångststatistik. För att komplettera utredningarna och kunskapsunderlaget inbjöds även sakkunniga att föreläsa för styrgruppen för projektet. En bättre växelverkan och kommunikation mellan olika intressegrupper har uppnåtts i och med projektet. Projektet har medgett en öppen dialog mellan representanter för lokala intresseföreningar och tjänstemän för myndigheterna. Trots olika värderingar och åsikter har de olika intressenterna en gemensam kunskapsbas att utgå ifrån. I rapporten konstateras att det i nuläget saknas sådana kriterier som enligt nuvarande lagstiftning skulle medge en reglering av skarvbeståndet vid den Österbottniska kusten. De skador som rapporterats på fisket skulle kräva bättre dokumentation och tilläggsutredningar, alternativt borde kriterierna i lagstiftningen omformuleras. Under projektets gång har det också framkommit att skarven inte enbart anses påverka fisket utan att acceptansen av skarvens närvaro också har en social di-mension. I rapporten har sammanställts en vision om ett skarvbestånd med möjligast små skade-effekter. Biologiska faktorer som styr beståndets tillväxt samt metoder för att förhindra skador på fisket presenteras. Styrgruppen har även sammanställt förslag på åtgärder på regional, nationell och EU nivå.

Extracción de naringina de Citrus paradisi L. estudio comparativo y optimización de técnicas extractivas

Se realizó el estudio comparativo de distintas técnicas extractivas de naringina utilizando cáscaras de pomelo (Citrus paradisi). Las mejores condiciones de preparación previa del material son el fragmentado de cáscara fresca y el secado en estufa con posterior fragmentado. Para cáscara fresca resulta más conveniente la extracción con etanol puro por Soxhlet (obteniéndose 26g/kg de peso fresco), mientras que para cáscara seca los mejores resultados se obtienen en la extracción con la mezcla etanol-agua en las proporciones 70:30 por maceración (20g/kg de peso fresco) y reflujo (22g/kg de peso fresco). Se observaron evidencias de la importancia del agua en el proceso de extracción. Se determinaron los valores de concentración de naringina en cáscaras de distintas variedades de Citrus paradisi de la región del Noroeste Argentino.

Caracterização dos óleos das sementes de limão rosa (Citrus limonia Osbeck) e limão siciliano (Citrus limon), um resíduo agroindustrial

A finalidade deste estudo foi caracterizar os óleos extraídos das sementes de limão rosa e limão siciliano, como aproveitamento de resíduos industriais. Foram determinados os índices de iodo, ácidos graxos livres (AGL,% em ácido oléico) e teor de peróxidos. Foram realizadas análises termoanalíticas (termogravimetria, TG; termogravimetria diferencial, DTG e calorimetria diferencial exploratória, DSC); espectroscópicas (infravermelho e ultravioleta) e cromatográficas (cromatografia gasosa). Foram identificados no óleo das sementes de limão rosa os seguintes ácidos graxos na forma de ésteres metílicos: caprílico (0,90%), palmítico (21,40%), esteárico (2,60%), oléico (21,20%), linoléico (43,00%), linolênico (7,60%) e araquídico (0,20%) e no óleo das sementes de limão siciliano: caprílico (1,00%), mirístico (0,10%), palmítico (19,60%), esteárico (3,00%), oléico (28,60%), linoléico (34,40%), linolênico (10,00%) e araquídico (0,20%). Os resultados indicaram que ambos os óleos apresentam estabilidade térmica até 250ºC, composição química semelhante e alto teor de ácidos graxos insaturados (71,80 e 73,00%). Pela composição de ácidos graxos também foi possível determinar a provável composição em triacilgliceróis dos óleos. Os resultados mostraram que os óleos apresentam características semelhantes a óleos comestíveis de boa qualidade.

Caracterização da composição química e do rendimento dos resíduos industriais do limão Tahiti (Citrus latifolia Tanaka)

A indústria de sucos utiliza apenas de 40% a 50% dos frutos, sendo o restante considerado resíduo industrial. Estes resíduos apresentam-se ricos em alguns componentes como pectina, vitamina C e fibras dietárias que o tornam matéria-prima para a indústria alimentícia, farmacêutica e de rações. Visando o aproveitamento dos resíduos industriais do limão Tahiti para tais fins, caracterizou-se a composição centesimal, os teores de fibras, de pectina e de vitamina C presentes nas frações flavedo, albedo e bagaço do fruto. A partir da avaliação dos dados pelo teste de Scott Knott 5% de probabilidade, observou-se que os teores de cinzas, pectina, proteína, vitamina C e fibra bruta foram diferentes no flavedo, albedo e bagaço. O resíduo industrial do limão Tahiti tem um grande potencial para uso em formulação de rações para animais, dada a sua composição química, assim como poderá ser usado para a extração de fibras, pectina, vitamina C e óleos.

Potencial antioxidante de extratos de sementes de limão (Citrus limon)

O presente trabalho teve como principais objetivos avaliar o comportamento do óleo de soja acrescido de extratos de sementes de limão (Citrus limon), em diferentes concentrações, por meio da estabilidade oxidativa e medir a atividade antioxidante através do método do radical livre DPPH e compostos fenólicos totais. A concentração de 2.400 mg.kg-1 para o extrato de sementes de limão, variedade galego, foi a que conferiu melhor estabilidade oxidativa ao óleo de soja. As atividades antioxidantes máximas e os valores da concentração de extrato natural suficientes para obter 50% do efeito máximo, estimado em 100% (EC50), determinados pelo DPPH para o extrato e ácido gálico foram 70,58%, 69,94 μg.mL-1 e 75,07%, 64,73 μg.mL-1, respectivamente. A concentração de compostos fenólicos totais, determinada pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu foi de 76 mg.g-1. Foi possível concluir que o extrato de sementes de limão galego possui ação antioxidante natural, podendo ser aplicado em alimentos.

Chá verde brasileiro (Camellia sinensis var assamica): efeitos do tempo de infusão, acondicionamento da erva e forma de preparo sobre a eficiência de extração dos bioativos e sobre a estabilidade da bebida

Os estudos do chá verde brasileiro (Camellia sinensis var assamica) ainda são escassos quando comparados aos realizados com chás verdes produzidos em outros países. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos do tempo de infusão, forma de acondicionamento da erva (a granel ou em sachês) e forma de preparo da bebida na extração dos biativos do chá verde brasileiro e na estabilidade da bebida obtida. Foram avaliados os parâmetros sólidos solúveis e compostos fenólicos extraídos, bem como as propriedades antioxidantes da bebida pelo método DPPH (radicais 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil). Os dados obtidos evidenciam que o uso da erva a granel sob agitação e tempo de infusão de 5 minutos foi a condição mais propícia para a extração dos bioativos do chá verde. Aumentando-se o volume de preparação da bebida sem alteração da razão erva:água, aumentou-se a eficiência da extração dos bioativos, devido ao fato de que o resfriamento de volumes maiores é mais demorado que o resfriamento de volumes menores. As bebidas obtidas foram estáveis por 24 horas em temperatura ambiente e em geladeira, visto não terem sido detectadas redução das propriedades antioxidantes e variações significativas dos seus principais bioativos epigalocatequina galato, epicatequina, catequina e cafeína.

Nutritional value of organic acid lime juice (Citrus latifolia T.), cv. Tahiti

Acid lime can be used as fresh fruit or as juice to increase the flavor of drinks. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze organic acid lime nutritional composition in order to evaluate if there are important differences among those conventionally produced. No significant differences in total titrable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid, sucrose, calcium, and zinc were found between the acid lime juice from organic biodynamic crops and conventional crops. However, the organic biodynamic fruits presented higher peel percentage than the conventional ones leading to lower juice yield. On the other hand, fructose, glucose, total soluble solids contents, potassium, manganese, iron, and copper were higher in the conventional samples. These results indicated few nutritional differences between organic and conventional acid lime juices in some constituents. Nevertheless, fruit juice from biodynamic crops could be a good choice since it is free from pesticides and other agents that cause problems to human health maintaining the levels similar to those of important nutritional compounds.

Quantification of catechins and caffeine from green tea (Camellia sinensis) infusions, extract, and ready-to-drink beverages

This study aimed to quantify the levels of catechins and caffeine in various forms of presentation of green tea: infusion tea bags, extract, and ready-to-drink beverage and, based on their content, identify the most suitable for consumption. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analytical method was used for the quantification of catechins and caffeine. The tea bags had the highest concentration of total catechins with 5 to 9.5% followed by the extract with 3.64 to 4.88%, and ready-to-drink green tea beverage showed low levels of catechins, from 0.14 to 0.26%. As for caffeine content, green tea extract had higher concentration (1.96 to 3.54%) compared to the tea bags (1.39 to 1.57%). Tea bags were found the most suitable for consumption because it contains higher amounts of catechins and smaller amounts of caffeine.

White tea (Camellia sinensis) extract reduces oxidative stress and triacylglycerols in obese mice

White tea is an unfermented tea made from young shoots of Camellia sinensis protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenol degradation. Although its levels of catechins are higher than those of green tea (derived from the same plant), there are no studies addressing the relationship between this tea and obesity associated with oxidative stress.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of white tea on obesity and its complications using a diet induced obesity model. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity (Obese group) or the same diet supplemented with 0.5% white tea extract (Obese + WTE) for 8 weeks. Adipose tissue, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress were studied. White tea supplementation was not able to reduce food intake, body weight, or visceral adiposity. Similarly, there were no changes in cholesterol rich lipoprotein profile between the groups. A reduction in blood triacylglycerols associated with increased cecal lipids was observed in the group fed the diet supplemented with white tea. White tea supplementation also reduced oxidative stress in liver and adipose tissue. In conclusion, white tea extract supplementation (0.5%) does not influence body weight or adiposity in obese mice. Its benefits are restricted to the reduction in oxidative stress associated with obesity and improvement of hypertriacylglycerolemia.