The effect of spirulina (fresh and dry) on some biological factors in Penaeus semisulcatus larvae

Spirulina is a filamentous cyanobacteria with many applications in food and drug industries, as a food in human, aquaculture, vet and poultry industries… . Semi and mass culture of Spirulina carries out in different countries. This study was carried out in five phases in order to produce this microalga in Iran. The first phase, Spirulina pure stock was imported from Indonesia. After identification of species, it was cultured in laboratory until we took 20 liters of biomass. The semi-mass culture was carried out in green house. Cell concentration and size of Spirulina were recorded during culture daily and their growth rates were calculated. After two weeks, when the size of Spirulina was suitable, biomass of Spirulina was harvested then accumulated Spirulina weighted and dried in 24 hours in laboratory. In order to microbiological study, the samples of Spirulina (dry and fresh) were cultured on blood agar medium and coliforms were counted. The chemical composition of produced Spirulina was measured by standard methods. Fatty acid and amino acid profiles were acquired by GC and HPLC instruments, respectively. The amount of chlorophyll in Spirulina was determined by spectroscopy method. Also astaxanthin pigment as an important carotenoid was measured by HPLC in Spirulina and Penaeus semisulcatus larvae fed on Spirulina. At final phase of this project, larva fed on produced Spirulina (biomass and dry powder) was compared to Z plus, microencapsulated Spirulina (M.C.F) and Chaetoceros algae as control. This experiment was carried from zoa to early post larvae stage then survival and growth rate of larvae were recorded. The growth rate of larvae was evaluated with ANOVA test and survival rate of treatments was assessed by Log Rank (Mantel –Cox) test. Also during larvae stage, two parameters of water such as nitrate and nitrite were measured in zoa, mysis and post larvae stages. The results of this study were shown that colifom counts were 1.85×106 and 92.3×105 coliform per ml in fresh and dry spirulina, respectively. Protein percent of dry spirulina was 50.93 % (dry weight) and the amount of astaxanthin in spirulina and larvae fed on spirulina were 0.21 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The most survival rate of larvae were observed in zoa III (88.8%) with Z plus supplement treatment, in mysis III (76.5%) combination of Z plus and dry spirulina in comparative between treatments. Larvae growth (4.5mm) of control in early post larvae was the best.

The study of biological characteristics and determination of population dynamic parameters of sawtooth barracuda (Sphyraena putnamae) in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgun Province waters)

The biological characteristics and population dynamisms of Sphyraena putnamae, were studied in the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea restricted to Hormuzgan province waters within 13 months period, from November 2006 up to November 2007. Biometrical and anatomical measurements were carried out, and biological surveys were conducted on 486 specimens. On the other hand, the growth and mortality parameters were estimated by using 3096 samples. These samples were collected from 3 landings, namely Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh and Bandar Jask. The measurements of the minimum and maximum Fork lengths and weights were 11.7 to 8.03 cm and 135.0 to 4140.0 g, respectively. The results indicated that this species, having the Relative Length of Gut, RLG=0.34±0.002, is strongly carnivorous (often fish-eater), proven by the fact that more than 98% of its stomach contents were fish pieces. Examining the changes in the index of stomach emptiness by the percentage of CV = 0.47% indicates that this fish is Moderate feeder. The level of feeding increased in March, before spawning and decreased in June and September, simultaneously with the spawning season. There are 2 peaks of reproduction or spawning seasons during the months of April-May and September, of which the prior is assumed as the main spawning. The sex ratio (M:F) was calculated 0.5:1.0(X2 =2.11), which did not show a significant difference with expected level of 1:1 (P>0.05). The average absolute and relative reproduction rates of Sphyraena putnamae is respectively as follows: 1866827.1±255448.9 and 1097.7±94.3. The highest and the lowest diameter of matured egg are from 200 to 750 μ, and its average diameter is 402.10 ± 0.190 μ. A parameter for Saw-tooth barracuda length measurement, Lm50, based on the Fork-length, was calculated as 54.01 cm. In other words, as far as the fisheries management is concerned, the fish whose lengths are less than 54.01 cm should not be caught. The calculated level of (R2) (correlations of total length & weight), indicated strong correlations between length and weight of this fish, and the obtained formula included W =0.007100 FL 2.9295 and reinforced this assumption. The “K” Index for this fish in 3 above mentioned landings (Jask, Bandar-Abbas and Bandar-Length) were 1.24, 0.37 and 0.46 per year, respectively and the FL index for the same landings were estimated as 129, 110 and 134 cm, respectively. The growth coefficient (MONRO) for the above mentioned regions were calculated as 3.601, 3.647 and 3.917, respectively; and in the surveyed regions there were no significant differences in populations. The Total mortality coefficient (Z) was calculated 0.76, 1.12 and 1.07 per year, the Natural mortality coefficient was 0.46, 0.63 and 0.70, and the Fishing mortality coefficient (rate) (F) was found to be 0.30, 0.49 and 0.37 per year. The value of the exploitation rate (E) is equal to 0.39 per year, indicating that this species is an under-exploited resource, and there is no excessive fishing pressure on the fish supply of this species in the afore-said regions. The highest level of exploitation was found for ‘Bandar Abbas’ fishing region and the lowest level of exploitation is in ‘Bandar Lengeh’ waters.

Determination of biological characteristics and blood groups of hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) in the north of Persian Gulf (Bushehr coastal waters)

Hilsa shad, Tenuolosa ilisha, belongs to Clupeidae family and Alsinae subfamily is an euryhaline pelagic and anadromous species living in marine and freshwater waters. Regarding to study the biological characteristics of this species, this study was carried out in the Northern Persian Gulf within Bushehr province waters during years 2006-7. A total of 344 specimens were collected and transported to the laboratory for further different biological measurements consist of: reproduction (GSI, fecundity, maturity stages), feeding (stomach contents, food preference ...), aging; 58 morphometric and ٧ meristic measurements. The results indicate that minimum, maximum and mean body weight are 203, 953 and 481.35±147.64 g, respectively and this values for total length are 26.5, 45.1 and 35.99±3.98 cm. For food regimes, the most abundant phytoplankton foods belong to Bacillariophyta (83.74٪) and zooplanktons of Arthropoda (51٪). The mean RLG was measured about 1.53±0.22 and the mean feeding intensity was about 51.79±38.13. Also, the aging of studied fishes showed that they have 2 to 4 years and most of the samples had 2+ years. The reproduction studies showed that Indian shad is a batch spawner species. The average gonadosomatic index (GSI) is 1.64±1.382 and the main spawning season was determined for April-May.

Study on biological characteristics, sexual maturation and reproduction of Liza abu in the water of Khozestan Province

As the most of the fish resources are known and exploited, protecting their generation is of the greatest importance. Aquaculture is one of the efficient procedures in protecting and reviving fish resources and knowing about the reproductive cycle and gonads development has an important role in approaching this aim. Liza abu belongs to the family Mugilidae that according to its resistance to the environmental condition and its fast growth , can be introduced as a fish with economical value. As there is no scientific data on the reproductive biology of this species , study on the reproductive biology and gonad development is considered as the aim of this research . For this purpose , 360 samples of this species were investigated during the period from February 2007 to January 2008 in Khozestan Province . After studing morphological and histological characteristics of gonad specimen , they were prepared through histological method. Samples were prepared through usual histological method and studied under light microscope. According to the results, the maturity stages of male and female Liza abu were separated to six different successive stages. In ovaries , these stages were as follow : In stage І, the oocytes were small , this stage was observed from July to October . In stage ІІ, considerable growth was observed in the oocytes . This stage was observed from October to January . In stage III, due to vitellogenesis, the maximum growth was observed and three layers of theca, granullosa and follicle cells were visible. This stage was observed during January and February . In stage IV, migration of germinal vesicle was observed and due to hydration of the oocytes , their diameter was increased. The ovaries were yellowish and in maximum size and ovules could be easily observed with naked-eye . This stage was observed in February and March . In stage V, spawning occured. This stage was observed in April . In stage VI, ovaries consisted of immature and atretic oocytes and also empty follicles. This stage was observed in May and June. In testes , these stages were as follow : In stage I , the testes were small in size and contained the spermatogonia which were the only cellular components.This stage was observed in August and September . In stage II (maturing virgin ) , the spermatogonia and the primary spermatocytes were visible. This stage was observed in October . In stage III (developing), intensive spermatogenesis was occured and the primary and the secondary spermatocytes were the most visible cells during this stage .This stage was observed from November to January. In stage IV(developed), cells of all stages of spermatogenesis could be seen but the secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were in large number. This stage was observed from January to March. In stage V , the testes were filled with sperms. This stage was observed in March and April .In stage VI, residual spermatozoa and the spermatogonia were visible in the testes. This stage was observed from May to August. According to cyclic changes in GSI, sexual maturation in breeding begins in January and spawning occurs in April. The ova diameter ranged from 30.75 μ in stage I to 472.19 μ in stage IV. In this study , the sex ratio was 1:2.7, and male and female percentage were 27.02% and 72.98% respectively. This means that females predominate males. In this study absolute fecundity was calculated and changing between 30805.44 to 431247.3 was observed and absolute fecundity was calculated 111275.3 in average.

Study biological characteristics related with development and reproduction in Barbus capito on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, Gilan Province

In the present research, a total of 207 pieces of fish from 25 sampling stations in Gilan Province coasts in the years 2001-2002 were biologically studied in terms of their growth and development, reproduction and feeding. The average length and weight of the fishes are increased, as they get older. The highest index of length and weight growth is observed in the years 1 to 2. As the age increases, gradient of length and weight growth diagrams decrease. In studying the relation between length and weight, it was observed that proportionate to the total length, the weight is increased progressively. The fatness coefficient index in the initial years of life and prior to maturity is higher than the post maturity period. As the age increases, the decrease of this index is observable. The fatness coefficient index rate is directly related to index of fullness. The highest Gonadosomatic Index is seen in the months of June and July, i.e. at the times of spawning; and the lowest index rate is observed in the months of November and December. The appropriate temperature for reproduction of these species is from 18 to 22 degree centigrade. The Gonadosomatic Index is higher in spring and summer seasons as compared with autumn and winter. Besides, as the fishes become aged, the amount of the said index increases in a manner that the gradient of it in the years to maturity is less than the maturity time and thereafter. Sexual maturity stages in different months are directly related to Gonadosomatic index, and increase as the age increases. The sexual ratio of male fishes to the female fishes in terms of number is plus one prior to maturity; about one at the time of maturity and minus after maturity. In general the frequency of male fishes as compared with female fishes in all group ages is approximately two times. The fecundity mean, and the diameter and the rate of eggs will substantially increase, as the Gonadosomatic index rises. The maturity age in the male fishes is 3 to 4 years and in female fishes is 4 to 5 years. The spawning of this species in rivers occurs repeatedly and in different time intervals, and do not take place once (Asyncronous). The Gastrosomatic index is directly related to index of fullness and will decrease, as the age increases. The index of fullness is relatively the months of April and May. The underlying reason is the need of the fishes to energy for reproduction. As the spawning time commences, the index of fullness moves down and the downward direction continues. After spa g mg and reduction of the volume of energy in the body, the index of fullness rises, and it will be substantially high until the beginning of fall. In fall and winter as it gets cold, the index of fullness moves downward and the body fat deposits are used. A correlation is shown between the changes in vacuity index and fullness indices. This means that as the fullness index rises, the vacuity index decreases, and vice versa. The Hepatosomatic index prior to the reproduction is at the highest amount and after spawning is at the lowest. No correlation is observed between the fullness and Hepatosomatic indices. In other words reproduction is an inherent and instinct originated matter; and its cycle goes on, alternately and in an orderly manner, upon completion of germinal cells, even when it coincides with reduction or stoppage of somatic cell growth. The rising trend of Hepatosomatic starts in August and will continue until the next July. The volume of fat around digestive tract is severely reduced in early spring and this trend will reach its apex in summer season. In the cold seasons, i.e. the fall and winter, the accumulation of fat around digestive tract increases. Consequently, a meaningful and inverse relation is observed between index of fullness, also the progress of sexual maturity stages and the volume of fat.

Saint Martin's biological survey report, Bangladesh: fauna and flora checklist

This report presents an overview of the land-based biodiversity of the St Martin's Island, based on field visits during October 2014 and from historical data.

Effects of cage fish culture on water quality and selected biological communities in northern Lake Victoria, Uganda

Growing of fish in cages is currently practiced in Uganda and was first introduced in northern Lake Victoria in 2010. An environment monitoring study was undertaken at Source of the Nile, a private cage fish farm, in Napoleon gulf, northern Lake Victoria. In-situ measurements of key environmental (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity) and biological (algae, zooplankton, macro-benthos) variables were made at three transects: Transect 1- the site with fish cages (WC); transect 2- upstream of the fish cages (USC-control) and Transect 3- downstream of the cages (DSC). Upstream and Downstream sites were located approximately 1.0 km from the fish cages. Environment parameters varied spatially and temporally but were generally within safe ranges for freshwater habitats. Higher concentrations of SRP (0.015-0.112 Mg/L) occurred at USC during February, September and at DSC in November; NO2-N (0.217- 0.042 mg/L) at USC and DSC in February and November; NH4-N (0.0054- 0.065 Mg/L) at WC and DSC in February, May and November. Algal bio-volumes were significantly higher at WC (F (2,780)=4.619; P=0.010). Zooplankton species numbers were consistently lower at WC with a significant difference compared to the control site (P=0.032). Macro-benthos abundance was consistently higher at the site with cages where mollusks and low-oxygen and pollution-tolerant chironomids were the dominant group. Higher algal biomass, concentration of low-oxygen/pollution-tolerant macro-benthos and depressed zooplankton diversity at WC suggested impacts from the fish cages on aquatic biota.

The water hyacinth problem and the biological control option in the highland lake region of the upper Nile basin: Uganda's experience

The rapid proliferation and extensive spread of water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms in the highland lakes of the Nile Basin within less than 15 years of introduction into the basin in the 1980s pauses potential environmental and social economic menace if the noxious weed is not controlled soon. The water weed has spread all round Lake Victoria and, in Uganda where infes tation is mos t severe, water hyacinth estimated at 1,330,000 ton smothers over 2,000 ha of the lakeshore (August,1994). Lake Kyoga which already constantly supplies River Nile with the weed is infested with over 570 ha, while over 80% of the river course in Uganda is fringed on either side with an average width of about 5m of water hyacinth. As the impact of infestation with water hyacinth on water quality and availability, transportation by water, fishing activities, fisheries ecology, hydro-power generation etc becomes clear in Uganda, serious discussion is under way on how to control and manage the noxious weed. This paper pauses some of the questions being asked regarding the possible application of mechanical and chemical means to control the water weed.Uganda has already initiated the use of biological control of water hyacinth on Lake Kyoga with a strategy to use two weevils namely Neochetinabruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae. The strategy to build capacity and infrastructure for mass multiplication and deployment of biological control of the weevils in the field developed in Uganda by the Fisheries Research Insti tu te (FIRI) and the Namulonge Agricultural and Animal production Research Insti tute (NAARI) is proposed in outline for evaluation. Plans to deploy this strategy on lake Kyoga are under way

Biological observations in Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier) 1816, (Pisces: Scombridae) from East African waters

The present study was under taken to provide further and more detailed information on the apparent seasonal and relative abundance of the species, food and feeding habits. Spawning season and size composition. The incidence of parasites, in relation to the month of the year and the fish length, was also examined.

Contribution of biological control in management of water hyacinth

Biological control was foreseen as the long-term strategy for controlling water hyacinth in Uganda. Two species of weevils, Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi were imported into Uganda from Benin (West Africa) in 1993. A total of 600 weevils of each species were imported. The weevils were tested for specificity using key agricultural crops including maize, beans and bananas and were found to be water-hyacinth specific for their food and reproduction.

Size effects in indentation of hydrated biological tissues

Fluid flow in biological tissues is important in both mechanical and biological contexts. Given the hierarchical nature of tissues, there are varying length scales at which time-dependent mechanical behavior due to fluid flow may be exhibited. Here, spherical nanoindentation and microindentation testings are used for the characterization of length scale effects in the mechanical response of hydrated tissues. Although elastic properties were consistent across length scales, there was a substantial difference between the time-dependent mechanical responses for large and small contact radii in the same tissue specimens. This difference was far more obvious when poroelastic analysis was used instead of viscoelastic analysis. Overall, indentation testing is a fast and robust technique for characterizing the hierarchical structure of biological materials from nanometer to micrometer length scales and is capable of making quantitative material property measurements to do with fluid flow. © 2011 Materials Research Society.

The three dimensional structure and biological domains of the p53 C-terminus.

It was expected that there are a coil (289 similar to 325) and two a helix (alpha(1)368 similar to 373, alpha(2)381 similar to 388) structures in p53 protein C-terminal region based on its mRNA secondary structure template and Chou-Fasman's protein secondary structure principle of prediction. The result was conformed by the other four methods of protein secondary structure prediction that are based on the multiple sequence alignment (accuracy = 73.20%). Combine with the 31 amino acids crystal structure of the oligomerization, the three dimensional conformation of p53 C-terminal 108 residues was built using the SGI INDIGO(2) computer. This structure further expounds the relationship among those biological function domains of p53 C- terminus at three-dimensional level.

Mass rearing of Aphidius gifuensis (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae) for biological control of Myzus persicae (Homoptera : Aphididae)

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is a major pest of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, in Yunnan province, China, where its control still depends on the use of insecticides. In recent years, the local government and farmers have sought to improve the biological control of this tobacco pest. In this paper, we present methods for mass rearing Aphidius gifuensis, a dominant endoparasitoid of M. persicae on tobacco plants in this region. The tobacco cultivar K326 (N. tabacum) was used as the host plant and M. persicae as the host insect. In the greenhouse, we collected tobacco seedlings for about 35 days (i.e., until the six-true-leaf stage), transferred them to 7.5-cm diameter pots, and kept these plants in the greenhouse for another 18 days. These pots were then transferred to an insectary-greenhouse, where the tobacco seedlings were inoculated with five to seven wingless adult M. persicae per pot. After 3 days, the infested seedlings were moved to a second greenhouse to allow the aphid population to increase, and after an additional 4 +/- 1 days when 182 +/- 4.25 aphid adults and nymphs were produced per pot, they were inoculated with A. gifuensis. With this rearing system, we were able to produce 256 +/- 8.8 aphid mummies per pot, with an emergence rate of 95.6 +/- 2.45%; 69% were females. The daily cost of parasite production (recurring costs only) was US$ 0.06 per 1000 aphid mummies. With this technique, we released 109 800 parasitoids in 1998, 196 000 in 1999, 780 000 in 2000, and 5 600 000 in 2001 during a 2-month period each year This production method is discussed with respect to countrywide usage in biological control and integrated control of M. persicae.

Development and use of parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae & Aphelinidae) for biological control of aphids in China

A review of aphid parasitoids in China with special emphasis on their production, utilization, and conservation is presented with a brief history of Chinese biological control. Twenty genera, 99 species of Aphidiidae and two genera, 11 species of Aphelinidae were recorded in China. Each parasitoid is listed with a brief description of aphids, host plants, areas of study such as taxonomy, biology, bionomics, geographic distribution, rearing, and literature citations. Achievements, status, and problems in aphid parasitoid production, utilization, conservation, and future prospects are detailed for dominant aphid parasitoids such as Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead, A. ervi Haliday and Aphelinus mali Haldeman. Finally, opportunities and challenges of commercialization commercialization of natural enemies, especially aphid parasitoids, in China, are analyzed and discussed.