Les gangs en Suisse : délinquance, victimisation et facteurs de risque

Abstract Gang membership constitutes one of the strongest risk factors of delinquency. Research on this topic found that gang members commit more offences in general and are particularly more prone to violent offences than other juveniles. Indeed, they are responsible for approximately 50 to 86% of the total offences perpetrated by juvenile offenders. In Switzerland, as in other European countries, there is a reluctance to use the term of gang to talk about delinquent youth groups. However, this term implies many stereotypes that do not apply to the majority of juvenile American gangs. Thus, it appears that some delinquent youth groups in European countries can be described as gangs. This manifestation of juvenile delinquency is increasingly studied by European researchers, whose studies demonstrate the high level of delinquency committed by gang members. This research assesses the proportion of gangs in Switzerland and their level of involvement in delinquency. Victimization of gang members as well as risk factors of gang membership are also analyzed. For this research, data of two self-reported juvenile delinquency surveys were used, namely the survey of "les jeunes et l'insécurité" and the second wave of the International Self-Reported Delinquency Survey (ISRD-2). The first survey took place in the canton of Vaud among 4'690 teenagers, and the second one was conducted across Switzerland by interviewing 3'648 teenagers aged 12 to 16. The results from the ISRD-2 survey show that 4.6% of young Swiss belong to a gang, whereas this is the case for 6.5% of teenagers in the canton of Vaud. About a third of the gang members ara girls. A strong link between the commission of offences and gang membership was found in both surveys. A teenager who does not belong to a gang commits on average 1.9 offences per year, whereas this number increases to 7.2 offences for teenagers who have delinquent peers and to 16 offences for gang members. The risk of victimization is also stronger for a gang member than for a non-gang member, as it is 4 to 5 times higher for assaults and robberies. International comparisons based on the ISRD-2 survey have been conducted, highlighting the high level of delinquency of gang members and their vulnerability to victimization. Risk factors of gang membership include the influence of accessibility to drugs in the neighbourhoods, the lack of self-control of the teenagers and their consumption of cannabis. Résumé Un des facteurs de risque les plus importants de la délinquance juvénile est l'appartenance à un gang. Les recherches faites sur cette problématique indiquent que les membres de gangs commettent plus de délits et des délits plus violents que les autres jeunes et qu'ils sont responsables d'environ 50 â 86% des actes délinquants perpétrés. En Suisse, tout comme dans d'autres pays européens, une réticence existe à utiliser le terme de gang pour parler des bandes de jeunes délinquants. Pourtant, ce terme implique de nombreux stéréotypes qui ne correspondent toutefois pas à la majorité des gangs américains. Ainsi, il apparaît que certaines bandes de jeunes délinquants présentes dans des pays européens peuvent être qualifiées de gangs. Cette manifestation de ta délinquance juvénile est de plus en plus étudiée par les chercheurs européens qui démontrent également la sur-criminalité de leurs membres. I La présente recherche évalue dans quelle proportion tes membres de gangs existent en Suisse et Quel est leur niveau d'implication dans la délinquance. Leur victimisation ainsi que les facteurs de risque de l'affiliation à de tels groupes y sont également analysés. Pour ce faire, les données de deux enquêtes ont été utilisées, à savoir l'enquête des jeunes et de l'insécurité portant sur 4'690 élèves de 8'? et 9*? année scolaire du canton de Vaud, ainsi que la deuxième vague du sondage de délinquance auto-reportée portant sur 3'648 jeunes suisses ayant entre 12 et 16 ans (ISRD-2 -International Self Reported Delinquency-). Ainsi, 4.6% des jeunes suisses, selon la recherche de l'ISRD-2, et 6.5% des jeunes vaudois, selon l'enquête des jeunes et de l'insécurité, appartiennent à un gang ; un tiers des membres étant de sexe féminin. Un lien fort entre la commission de délits et l'affiliation à un gang a été mis en évidence dans les deux enquêtes. Un adolescent qui ne fait pas partie d'un gang commet en moyenne 1.9 délits par année, un jeune qui a des pairs délinquants en commet en moyenne 7.2, alors que la moyenne annuelle des jeunes qui appartiennent à un gang s'élève à 16. Le risque de devenir victime est également plus important lorsqu'un jeune fait partie de tels groupes, puisqu'il est 4 à 5 fois plus élevé pour les agressions et les brigandages. Des comparaisons internationales, basées sur l'enquête de l'lSRD-2, ont pu être effectuées, mettant en exergue la sur-criminalité des membres de gangs ainsi que leur vulnérabilité face à la victimisation. Des facteurs de risque de l'affiliation è un gang, tels que l'influence de l'accessibilité à la drogue dans les quartiers où habitent les jeunes, le manque d'autocontrôlé de ces derniers ou leur consommation de cannabis ont été relevés

Les restes humanes del jaciment epipaleolític de la Balma de Guilanyà (Navés, Solsonès)

Les restes humanes deIs períodes epipaleolític i mesolític estan pobrament representades a la Península Iberica, tot i que existeixen dos jaciments mesolítics excepcional s a Muge, Portugal (Moita do Sebastiao i Cabe~o da Arruda), amb uns 67 individus, i un altre de recentment excavat a Oliva (El Collado, Valencia), on s'han trobat uns 15 individus. EIs primers estan datats entre 7.240 i 6.300 a.P. (Ferreira 1994: 664-674), mentre que el darrer té una datació de 7.640-7.570 a.P (Aparicio 1989). Ambdós jaciments es troben en zones properes a estuaris de rius o a la costa, la qual cosa permetia 1'explotació intensiva de recursos marins molt variats. Aquest tipus d' economia condicionava un tipus de vida força sedentaria i a més a més, va permetre un increment en la densitat de població, que hauria tingut lloc probablement entre el 8.000-7.000 a.e. (Ferreira 1994: 664-674). A Catalunya, s'han excavat fins ara pocs jaciments importants d'aquests periodes (Martín y Vaquer 1995: 35-73), tots d'ells en zones d'interior i corresponents presumiblement a grups petits de caçadors-recol·lectors, força diferents dels posteriors assentaments humans més grans com Muge i Oliva. De tots aquests jaciments, només a la Balma de Guilanya (Naves, Solsones) s'han trobat restes humanes que es puguin atribuir sense cap mena de dubte als nivells epipaleolítics.

Cap a l'actualització d'alguns aspectes de la política lingüística a Catalunya

Per a moltes persones, la manera de mirar, a Catalunya, la realitat sociolingüística i, en conseqüència, també la política lingüística que se'n desprèn- deriva fonamentalment encara de les idees i aspiracions que s'estengueren a partir de la dècada dels 60. Encara en plena dictadura, alguns intel.lectuals i activistes van anar elaborant un discurs reivindicatiu que, tot passant per les controvèrsies ideològico-terminològiques del 'bilingüisme' versus la 'diglòssia' i de l'ensenyament en la llengua de l'Estat versus la 'llengua materna', va anar cristal.lizant en el procés dit de 'normalització lingüística' en què ara ens trobem immersos. És des d'aquesta perspectiva de fons que, amb un concepte de 'bilingüisme' dimonitzat -per la seva suposada automàtica evolució cap a la 'substitució'- i amb l'ensenyament en 'llengua materna' més aviat sacralitzat, s'han anat construint les bases d'una organització lingüística pública que paradoxalment pot arribar ser, però, problemàtica i contraproduent sinó es va adaptant als canvis que el nostre context político-econòmico-tecnològic va experimentant.

La incidència de l'activisme lingüístic en el futur del català

Actuar sobre el futur implica realitzar algun tipus de prospectiva sobre com serà -o com sembla que serà- aquest futur. L'anticipació respecte dels fets que han d'ocórrer en la mesura que puguin ser previstos- i l'adequació dels discursos i les accions a les tendències que es dibuixen com a majoritàries en la societat són fonamentals per a l'èxit d'una acció transformadora.Ara com ara tot sembla indicar que ens dirigim cap a un futur 'glocal', és a dir, en part global i en part local. Molt probablement anirà creixent la interdependènciatecnoeconòmica de les societats humanes i la influència dels grans emissors tecnomediàtics sobre els més petits encara augmentarà més. Les possibilitats d'acció sobre la determinació dels usos lingüístics per part dels grups humans demogràficament poc extensos i/o políticament subordinats tendiran probablement a disminuir més que no pas a augmentar.Les representacions s'internacionalitzaran i passarem a una etapa 'polinacional' i deconsciència planetària. En situacions mínimament democràtiques la consciènciad'interdependència podrà tendir a fer baixar els adeptes a les ideologies independentistes estrictes -si els grups majoritaris dominants no abusen del seu poder- i caldrà passar a imaginar estructures d'autogovern o de sobirania cooperatives.Això farà més complex el fet de l'organització de la diversitat lingüística, ja que el contacte s'estendrà pertot -a causa de les integracions suprapolítiques i econòmiques o bé per raó dels moviments migratoris. La perspectiva d'una societat d'individus monolingües tindrà probablement pocs adeptes entre els grups humans menors i caldrà formular des del pensament complex propostes sostenibles d'equilibri en la distribució de funcions entre les llengües en presència.

[Proclamation du 30 frimaire an VII aux habitans du Caire] ([Reprod.])

Collection : Les archives de la Révolution française ; 11.1a.563

L'herència insolvent

La insolvència de l'herència o del causant ha estat afrontada amb tècniques diverses en tots els ordenaments jurídics. La Llei concursal (Llei 22/2003, de 9 de juliol, a partir d'ara, LCon) es refereix en alguns articles al que s'ha anomenat concurs de l'herència, la qual cosa no vol dir que solucioni, ni de bon tros, els problemes que sorgeixen de la insolvència. En aquest treball només intento identificar alguns dels problemes que la Llei concursal deixa sense resoldre i el que succeeix quan es posen en relació les normes concursals amb el Codi de successions i molt especialment, amb la institució del benefici d¿inventari, així com les regles de la LEC, ja complexes per elles mateixes. Aquest treball, per tant, s¿ha de considerar un working paper en sentit estricte: sempre resulta molt difícil iniciar una matèria en la qual la bibliografia és pràcticament inexistent.

Las relaciones económicas internacionales de la "España Europea"

[eng] Since the year 1986 in which Spain became full member of the European Communities, the quantity and quality of the Spanish international economic relations measured in terms of Balance of Payments have change dramatically. In the past Spanish workers moved to Europe. Now Spain is among the three major countries attracting immigrants from developing countries. In the past Spain received a lot of Foreign Investment, today many Spanish companies are investing abroad. The changes are not only due to membership to the EU but also to the Spanish accommodation to the Globalization.

Specialisation in Europe and asymmetric shocks: potential risks of EMU

Most optimistic views, based on Optimum Currency Areas (OCA) literature, have concluded that the probability of asymmetric shocks to occur at anational level will tend to diminish in the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)as a result of the intensification of the integration process during the most recent years. Therefore, since Economic Geography Theories predict a higherspecialisation of regions, it is expected that asymmetric shocks will increase.Previous studies have examined to what extent asymmetric shocks have been relevant in the past using, mainly, static measures of asymmetries such as the correlation coefficients between series of shocks previously calculated from astructural VAR model (Bayoumi and Eichengreen, 1992).In this paper, we study the evolution of manufacturing specific asymmetries in Europe from a dynamic point of view (applying the modelproposed by Haldane and Hall, 1991) in order to obtain new evidence about potential risks of EMU.

Tax reforms and inequality: theoretical and empirical implications

In this paper we examine the effect of tax policy on the relationship between inequality and growth in a two-sector non-scale model. With non-scale models, the longrun equilibrium growth rate is determined by technological parameters and it is independent of macroeconomic policy instruments. However, this fact does not imply that fiscal policy is unimportant for long-run economic performance. It indeed has important effects on the different levels of key economic variables such as per capita stock of capital and output. Hence, although the economy grows at the same rate across steady states, the bases for economic growth may be different.The model has three essential features. First, we explicitly model skill accumulation, second, we introduce government finance into the production function, and we introduce an income tax to mirror the fiscal events of the 1980¿s and 1990¿s in the US. The fact that the non-scale model is associated with higher order dynamics enables it to replicate the distinctly non-linear nature of inequality in the US with relative ease. The results derived in this paper attract attention to the fact that the non-scale growth model does not only fit the US data well for the long-run (Jones, 1995b) but also that it possesses unique abilities in explaining short term fluctuations of the economy. It is shown that during transition the response of the relative simulated wage to changes in the tax code is rather non-monotonic, quite in accordance to the US inequality pattern in the 1980¿s and early 1990¿s.More specifically, we have analyzed in detail the dynamics following the simulation of an isolated tax decrease and an isolated tax increase. So, after a tax decrease the skill premium follows a lower trajectory than the one it would follow without a tax decrease. Hence we are able to reduce inequality for several periods after the fiscal shock. On the contrary, following a tax increase, the evolution of the skill premium remains above the trajectory carried on by the skill premium under a situation with no tax increase. Consequently, a tax increase would imply a higher level of inequality in the economy

Aggregate shocks or vertical tax interdependence? Evidende from gasoline and cigarettes

[cat] Besley i Rosen -1998- van ser els primers autors en estimar empíricament la rellevància de les externalitats impositives verticals. Aquests autors varen fer-ho per al cas dels impostos sobre la benzina i el tabac, en concret, per al cas dels EEUU. Ara bé, no varen tenir en compte les diferències en el nivell de vida entre Estats: àrees amb un nivell elevat paguen menys en termes reals que àrees amb un nivell de vida baix, doncs l'impost unitari sobre la benzina o sobre el tabac no difereix d'acord amb l'Estat on l'impost s'aplica. En conseqüència, proposem que la competència impositiva vertical sigui estimada deflactant totes les variables monetàries utilitzant l'anomenat "House Price Index (HPI)", el qual està disponible al nivell dels Estats. Això genera una variable impositiva federal expressada en termes reals i que presenta variació entre Estats. Aquesta estratègia empírica ens permet diferenciar entre la interdependència vertical entre els tipus impositius federals i els estatals de shocks agregats al llarg del temps, utilitzant dades per als EEUU durant el període 1975 a 2006 per a benzina i tabac. Trobem una nivell significatiu de competència impositiva horitzontal, la qual és més elevada en el cas del tabac, però en cap cas reacció impositiva vertical. Els resultats són robustos al període analitzat.

Perdas de solo e água em plantio de Acacia mangium wild e savana em Roraima, norte da Amazônia

Plantios florestais de Acacia mangium constituem uma alternativa cada vez mais adotada em áreas de savanas do norte da Amazônia (Roraima) e podem causar alterações significativas de características do solo. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar perdas de solo e de água por erosão, que ocorrem em escoamento superficial (run off) em savana nativa e plantios de acácia na região Amazônica. Para isso, foram instaladas em duas fazendas, Santa Rita e Araçá, localizadas no município de Bonfim, na região da Serra da Lua, calhas coletoras de sedimentos, acopladas a caixas d'água, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Foram determinadas a granulometria, a densidade aparente (Dap), a resistência à penetração (RP) e a velocidade de infiltração (VIB), bem como parâmetros físicos relacionados a perdas de solo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos: cobertura natural de savana (SV), plantio de Acacia mangium com um ano de idade (P1) e plantio de Acacia mangium com quatro anos de idade (P4), em três repetições. O experimento teve a duração de 12 meses (setembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007). Os resultados indicaram maiores perdas de solo e de água no plantio mais recente de acácia (P1), de savana nativa e do plantio com 4 anos (P4). Os resultados foram atribuídos à exposição do solo no período inicial de desenvolvimento da planta, ao selamento superficial e à coesão do solo. O pico de perdas de solo ocorreu nos meses de abril a agosto, sendo o tipo de cobertura vegetal o fator determinante para redução das perdas de solo e de água por erosão, sendo que as práticas de plantio no sentido do declive provavelmente agravaram as perdas de solo nos plantios de Acácia. Neste trabalho, a densidade do solo e o teor de matéria orgânica não representaram bons indicadores do tipo de manejo adotado na área.

Were Spanish migrants attracted by industrial agglomerations?: an analysis for the interwar years in the light of the new economic geography

In this paper we examine whether access to markets had a significant influence onmigration choices of Spanish internal migrants in the inter-war years. We perform astructural contrast of a New Economic Geography model that focus on the forwardlinkage that links workers location choice with the geography of industrial production,one of the centripetal forces that drive agglomeration in the NEG models. The resultshighlight the presence of this forward linkage in the Spanish economy of the inter-warperiod. That is, we prove the existence of a direct relation between workers¿ localizationdecisions and the market potential of the host regions. In addition, the direct estimationof the values associated with key parameters in the NEG model allows us to simulatethe migratory flows derived from different scenarios of the relative size of regions andthe distances between them. We show that in Spain the power of attraction of theagglomerations grew as they increased in size, but the high elasticity estimated for themigration costs reduced the intensity of the migratory flows. This could help to explainthe apparently low intensity of internal migrations in Spain until its upsurge during the1920s. This also explains the geography of migrations in Spain during this period,which hardly affected the regions furthest from the large industrial agglomerations (i.e.,regions such as Andalusia, Estremadura and Castile-La Mancha) but had an intenseeffect on the provinces nearest to the principal centres of industrial development.

Eliciting preferences for collectively financed health programmes : the "willingness to assign" approach

Improving public involvement in health system decision making stands as a primary goal in health systems reform. However, still limited evidence is found on how best to elicit preferences for health care programs. This paper examines a contingent choice technique to elicit preferences among health programs so called, willingness to assign (WTAS): Moreover, we elicited contingents rankings as well as the willingness to pay extra taxes for comparative purposes. We argue that WTAS reveals relative ( monetary-based) values of a set of competing public programmes under a hypothetical healthcare budget assessment. Experimental evidence is reported from a delibertive empirical study valuing ten health programmes in the context of the Catalan Health Services. Evidence from a our experimental study reveals that perferences are internally more consistent and slightly less affected by "preference reversals" as compared to values revealed from the willingness to pay (WTP) extra taxes approach. Consistent with prior studies, we find that the deliberative approach helped to avoid possible misunderstandings. Interestingly, although programmes promoting health received the higher relative valuation, those promoting other health benefits also ranked highly

Socio-economic inequalities in reported depression in Spain : a decomposition approach

Recent evidence questions some conventional view on the existence of income-related inequalities in depression suggesting in turn that other determinants might be in place, such as activity status and educational attainment. Evidence of socio-economic inequalities is especially relevant in countries such as Spain that have a limited coverage of mental health care and are regionally heterogeneous. This paper aims at measuring and explaining the degree of socio-economic inequality in reported depression in Spain. We employ linear probability models to estimate the concentration index and its decomposition drawing from 2003 edition of the Spanish National Health Survey, the most recent representative health survey in Spain. Our findings point towards the existence of avoidable inequalities in the prevalence of reported depression. However, besides ¿pure income effects¿ explaining 37% of inequality, economic activity status (28%), education (15%) and demographics (15%) play also a key encompassing role. Although high income implies higher resources to invest and cure (mental) illness, environmental factors influencing in peoples perceived social status act as indirect path as explaining the prevalence of depression. Finally, we find evidence of a gender effect, gender social-economic inequality in income is mainly avoidable.

Generational effects on adult height in individual heterogeneity

As adult height is a well-established retrospective measure of health and standard of living, it is important to understand the factors that determine it. Among them, the influence of socio-environmental factors has been subjected to empirical scrutiny. This paper explores the influence of generational (or environmental) effects and individual and gender-specific heterogeneity on adult height. Our data set is from contemporary Spain, a country governed by an authoritarian regime between 1939 and 1977. First, we use normal position and quantile regression analysis to identify the determinants of self-reported adult height and to measure the influence of individual heterogeneity. Second, we use a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach to explain the `gender height gap¿ and its distribution, so as to measure the influence on this gap of individual heterogeneity. Our findings suggest a significant increase in adult height in the generations that benefited from the country¿s economic liberalization in the 1950s, and especially those brought up after the transition to democracy in the 1970s. In contrast, distributional effects on height suggest that only in recent generations has ¿height increased more among the tallest¿. Although the mean gender height gap is 11 cm, generational effects and other controls such as individual capabilities explain on average roughly 5% of this difference, a figure that rises to 10% in the lowest 10% quantile.