Capilla del M.I.T. de Eero Saarinen, 1950-55 : sincretismo en la armonía de los opuestos

La historia de la arquitectura se ha medido - en parte - por la evolución de las modas, épocas y estilos de la arquitectura religiosa. En la aparición de las nuevas capillas interreligiosas universitarias de los años '50 de Norteamérica, la capilla del M.I.T., bautizada tras su inauguración como “Kresge Chapel” en honor al apellido de su benefactor, fue el máximo exponente como prototipo en esta época marcada por la aparición nuevas conciencias de posguerra. (II Guerra Mundial). La tesis centra su investigación en esta capilla, cómo nació en respuesta a la necesidad de compatibilizar la enseñanza reglada científico tecnológica con una formación religiosa y humanista, para el programa impuesto como ampliación del campus universitario del MIT en el barrio universitario de Cambridge, Boston, Massachussets, en torno a dos edificios principales a proyectar: capilla y auditorio. Desde el trabajo de investigación se aporta la información documental necesaria para saber cómo evolucionó desde sus primeros bocetos hasta su construcción. Su nacimiento como necesidad en la sociedad universitaria no fue nada espontáneo, quedando a medias entre la influencia escandinavo - alemana y la tradición americano-luterana de anteriores iglesias neoclásicas herederas del “Plan Akron”. La formación académica y profesional dirigida por su padre, Eliel Saarinen, suman junto a los viajes del arquitecto, una herencia “genética” para con este prototipo ajeno al emergente “estilo internacional” y ayudan a comprender la dimensión compleja de lo que es capaz de representar la capilla. La capilla es refugio emocional de la luz y es un punto de inflexión notable en la recuperación del tipo centrado renovado y evolucionado, que junto con el doble recurso lumínico - efectista, de la vertical para el altar y horizontal inferior, distribuido desde el perímetro ondulado en el interior, el ejemplo es muestra la promoción de una cierta sensibilidad para con las nuevas formas de la "religión" emergentes en la Norteamérica de los años 50. Desde el sincretismo como mecanismo y principal “modus operandi” proyectual, FE versus RAZÓN, aparecen como dualismo permanente en todas las fases del proyecto, desde un proceso de búsqueda de la armonía de ambos y para cada uno de ellos. Con el estudio del modelo prototípico del MIT, buscamos el "patrón" empleado por el arquitecto en su proyección de "nueva iglesia" adaptado a la diversidad cultural y religiosa y de las nuevas y diferentes sensibilidades humanistas para el proyecto. ----------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY--------------------------------------------------- The history of architecture is measured - in part - by the evolution of fashion, periods and styles of religious architecture. In the emergence of the new interfaith university chapel of the 1950s in North America, the chapel of MIT, named after its inauguration as "Kresge Chapel" in honor of its benefactor, was the best example of a prototype, in this time so marked by the emergence of new postwar consciousnesses. The thesis focuses its research on this chapel; how it came about in response to the need to reconcile formal scientific and technological education with religious and humanist training for the program imposed as an extension of the campus of MIT in the university district of Cambridge, Boston Massachusetts, around two main projected buildings : Chapel and auditorium. From research work has been obtained the documentary information necessary to know how it evolved from the first sketches to its construction. Its creation as a necessity of the university society was not at all spontaneous, being halfway between the Scandinavian influence - German and the American Lutheran tradition of neoclassical churches, the heirs to the "Akron Plan". The academic and professional training directed by his father, Eliel Saarinen, together with the travels of the architect, a "genetic" heritage with this external prototype for the emerging "international style", and help to understand the complex dimension of what the chapel is capable of representing. The chapel is an emotional refuge of light and is a remarkable turning point in the recovery of such focused renewed and evolved, along with the double lumen resource - gimmicky, vertical to the altar and lower horizontal, distributed from the undulating perimeter inside, the example is shown to promote a certain sensitivity to the new forms of "religion" but vague religious profile emerging in the America of the 50s. From the syncretism as a mechanism and main "modus operandi" of the project, FAITH versus REASON appears as permanent dualism in all phases of the project from a process of finding the harmony of both and for each of them. With the study of the prototypical model of MIT, we seek the "pattern" used by the architect in his projection of "new church" adapted to the cultural and religious diversity and new and different humanist sensitivities for the project. El desarrollo vierte la luz suficiente para entender los patrones de lo arquitectónico en la capilla, que hacen de ella, la comunión armónica y perfecta de los nombrados opuestos en el campus universitario del MIT. En el camino, además, la investigación arroja luz y orden sobre las fases del proyecto a través de la contribución, recogida, clasificación y orden de los datos, fechas y documentos gráficos, a día de hoy dispersos y confusamente publicados, debido a la no existencia de un estudio profundo y completo como el que pretende ser este trabajo, por ser una obra fundamental en la historia de la arquitectura moderna. El patrón final demostrará el artificio sincrético de cada una de las partes - cada uno en sí misma y cosidas todas - formando el "Ima Summis" de la capilla; resultado de la acción proyectual deducida de su serie genética descifrada. De esta forma, lo sincrético, aparece como el principal atributo del hecho construido, pasando de lo místico a lo científico, de lo intuitivo a lo razonado y siempre con el vehículo de su arquitectura para la interpretación de lo inefable al interior. En cuanto a la estructura de la tesis, se inicia el desarrollo a partir de una introducción en la que se declaran las intenciones y se describe el contexto de lo investigado en torno a la hipótesis principal anunciada en el subtítulo de la tesis. Frente a consideraciones previas de la capilla y de la propia investigación, se expone y explica la hipótesis principal, junto a otros objetivos secundarios. Para finalizar la introducción, se describe el método seguido como estrategia y se justifica la estructura de redacción del documento para la compresión de este trabajo hacia sus conclusiones. Es en el primer capítulo, el C1, donde se inicia el cuerpo central mediante la exposición historiográfica de la situación y contexto previo a la capilla como antecedentes. En un segundo capítulo, el C2, se aborda el estudio del desarrollo del proyecto y de la obra y construcción de la capilla, base documental necesaria. Para ello se inicia con la descripción del lugar, del encargo y del programa, para pasar a mostrar con detalle las distintas propuestas de cada una de las fases del proyecto. En definitiva, qué se proyecto, cómo evolucionó el proyecto y en qué fases transcurrió, para entre otras cuestiones, entender el cambio de estilo desde una fase influenciada por la capilla de Mies construida en el ITT de Chicago, (denominadas en este trabajo por esta influencia como modelos “miesianos”) y la fase reencuentro con el modus de hacer iniciado por su padre Eliel, a través de un modelo a medias de una herencia escandinavo - alemana y la tradición luterano - americana, (denominada en este trabajo como herencia o modelos “saariniana/os”). The development sheds enough light to understand the architectural patterns of the chapel, making it the perfect and harmonic communion named opposites on the campus of MIT. Along the way, furthermore, the research sheds light and order on the phases of the project through the contribution, collection, sorting and order of data, dates and graphic documents, today scattered and confusingly published, due to inexistence of a deep and comprehensive study like this work is meant to be, in the context of such a seminal work in the history of modern architecture. The final pattern will demonstrate the syncretic artifice of each of the parts - each in itself and all together - forming the "Ima Summis" of the chapel; the result of the project action deducted from its deciphered genetic series. Being the SYNCRETIC, the main attribute of the built matter, passing from the mystical to the scientific, from the intuitive to the reasoned and always with the vehicle of architecture as the representation of the ineffable. As for the structure of the thesis, the development starts from an introduction in which the intentions are declared and the context of that which is investigated is described, in terms of the main hypothesis announced in the subtitle of the thesis. Faced with previous considerations of the chapel and the research itself, the principal hypothesis is expressed and explained, along with other secondary objectives. To conclude the introduction, the method followed is described as a strategy and the structuring of the document is justified for the compression of this work towards its conclusions. It is in the first chapter of the thesis, the C1, where the main body of the work is initiated through the historiographical account of the situation and context prior to the chapel as antecedents. A second chapter, C2, addresses the study of the development of the project and of the work and construction of the chapel, based on the necessary documentary evidence. To this end, the analysis begins with the description of the place, the commission and the program, moving on to analyze in detail the various proposals of each phase. What is projected, how it evolved and through what phases passed the project to, among other questions, understand the change in style between the phase of influence of Mies through the projected chapel in the ITT of Chicago chapel (called in this work as "miesian" influences or models) and the reunion with the modus of making initiated by his father Eliel, through a model equally at once of Scandinavian-German heritage and of the American-Lutheran tradition, (referred to in this work as "saarinian" inheritance or models). Para el tercer capítulo, el C3, se llevan a estudio y análisis, los elementos más destacables en los que se prueban las particularidades llamadas “genéticas” en cada uno de las partes principales detectadas en la capilla. Desde ellas se rastrean las influencias - a veces sinergias - que ayudan a justificar y conformar una clasificación genética en torno a cuatro patrones principales, de los que poder discernir al final del capítulo, el “patrón matriz” de la propia capilla en base a la concurrencia de los órdenes arquitectónicos que los conforman. Una vez obtenida la información y orden necesario, se puede afrontar el punto álgido de esta tesis con el cuarto capítulo, el C4, en el que se justifica la capacidad sincrética de la capilla como respuesta a la hipótesis principal señalada en el subtítulo. Para ello se inicia el capítulo con el enfoque y contexto del término “sincretismo” y “sincrético”, aportando la justificación de sus usos para con esta investigación, antes de explicar que la capilla es sincrética por la suma de dos claves fundamentales. La clave primera, correspondiente a la capacidad interconfesional y aconfesional de la capilla, y su capacidad de trascender al interior desde ambas situaciones además de ser reconocible por el religioso y a la vez por el científico. Y la clave segunda, que corresponde a la suma de las distintas partes sincréticas, cada una en si mismas, capaz de sumar todas juntas, este edificio sincrético de los nombrados opuestos. Una vez discernido las claves de lo sincrético en la capilla y a pesar de su doble carácter SACRO Y PROFANO, una comparativa posiciona a la capilla como único entre los ejemplos interconfesionales construidos en los ´50, sin haberse repetido de igual manera y mismo resultado en el tiempo, ni en ninguna otra universidad o centro tecnológico. Así la exposición de este trabajo finaliza con el último capítulo, el C5, en el que desde esa comparativa, una serie de cuestiones unen y distancian a la del MIT y dan acierto a la apuesta inicial, concluyendo que la hipótesis y el patrón de la misma, es el patrón de lo sincrético que modela el ”modus operandi ” del arquitecto. Tras el desarrollo, la investigación cierra filas en torno a cuatro conclusiones para los cuatro capítulos principales; C2, C3, C4, C5. La capilla del MIT como modelo prototípico no se repite en el tiempo, ni en ninguna otra universidad y se posiciona como el mejor prototipo – hito de una nueva arquitectura religiosa universitaria. In the third chapter, C3, we study and analyze the most notable elements in which are found those particularities referred to as "genetic" in each of the principal parts, (see above C3.1.1... - C3.1.8), where these influences - sometimes synergies - are traced, helping to justify and form a classification based on four of those principals (see above C3.2), from which, at the end of this chapter may be discerned a matrix pattern, that of the chapel itself (see above. C3.3.), based on concurrent architectural orders. Once the necessary information and order is obtained, we come to the decisive point in the fourth chapter, C4, where the syncretic capacity of the chapel in response to the main hypothesis indicated in the subtitle of the thesis is justified. For this, the chapter beings with the focus and context of the terms "syncretism" and "syncretic", providing justification for their use for this research, going on to assert that the chapel is syncretic from the sum of two fundamental aspects: the first corresponds to the interfaith and non-denominational capacities of the chapel, its ability to transcend both situations and be recognizable by both the religious and the scientific. The second corresponds to the sum of the different syncretic parts, each in themselves, capable of making together a syncretic building with the opposite. Once discerned the keys to the syncretic and epic in the chapel and despite its dual character both SACRED and PROFANE, a comparatison positions the chapel as being unique among interfaith examples built in the 1950s, without being repeated in the same way and with the same result over time or in any other university or centre of technology. So, the exhibition of this work ends with the last chapter, C5, in which from that comparison a number of issues come together and to distance themselves from MIT and bear out the initial proposition, concluding that the hypothesis and its pattern, the pattern of the syncretic which models the "modus operandi" of the architect to contain the ineffable. The research closes ranks around four conclusions for the four main chapters; C2, C3, C4, and C5 The chapel of MIT as a prototypical model is not repeated in time, or any other university and is positioned as the best prototype - a landmark of a new universitary religious architecture.

Circadian clock-controlled genes isolated from Neurospora crassa are late night- to early morning-specific

An endogenous circadian biological clock controls the temporal aspects of life in most organisms, including rhythmic control of genes involved in clock output pathways. In the fungus Neurospora crassa, one pathway known to be under control of the clock is asexual spore (conidia) development. To understand more fully the processes that are regulated by the N. crassa circadian clock, systematic screens were carried out for genes that oscillate at the transcriptional level. Time-of-day-specific cDNA libraries were generated and used in differential screens to identify six new clock-controlled genes (ccgs). Transcripts specific for each of the ccgs preferentially accumulate during the late night to early morning, although they vary with respect to steady-state mRNA levels and amplitude of the rhythm. Sequencing of the ends of the new ccg cDNAs revealed that ccg-12 is identical to N. crassa cmt encoding copper metallothionein, providing the suggestion that not all clock-regulated genes in N. crassa are specifically involved in the development of conidia. This was supported by finding that half of the new ccgs, including cmt(ccg-12), are not transcriptionally induced by developmental or light signals. These data suggest a major role for the clock in the regulation of biological processes distinct from development.

Experiências de uma comunidade de prática sobre desenvolvimento de produtos: iniciativas e tecnologia promovendo aprendizagem e criação de conhecimentos

O processo de desenvolvimento de produto é reconhecido pela literatura como sendo de importância estratégica, mas, apesar disso, existe uma grande dificuldade para se gerenciar este processo, devido a existência de diversas visões parciais sobre sua abrangência e importância, as quais dificultam a integração entre os profissionais que atuam nessa área. No campo de ensino e pesquisa esse fenômeno também ocorre, pois o desenvolvimento de produtos é tratado de maneira incompleta pelas diferentes áreas de conhecimento especializado, criando visões parciais que apresentam linguagem e características próprias, as quais dificultam um entendimento comum dos aspectos desse processo. Para enfrentar esta situação, esse trabalho apresenta a experiência de grupos de pesquisa que formaram uma comunidade de prática em desenvolvimento de produtos, chamada PDPNet (Product Development Process Network), visando minimizar essas visões parciais. Para isso, os membros de tal comunidade envolveram-se no desenvolvimento de iniciativas e atividades conjuntas e têm a sua disposição um portal de conhecimentos para favorecer a sinergia entre os membros, apoiando o ambiente voltado à cooperação e facilitando a troca e criação de conhecimentos, o que é objetivo primordial de uma comunidade de prática. Este trabalho visa relatar e analisar criticamente as características principais da PDPNet, enfocando sua formação, estabelecimento, gestão das iniciativas e atividades para criação de conhecimentos, bem como a tecnologia de informação utilizada. Com esse trabalho, espera-se divulgar essa experiência para o meio acadêmico e empresarial interessado, de forma que suas práticas possam ser propagadas e as dificuldades consideradas. Além disso, espera-se que a análise crítica permita obter subsídios para que seus principais benefícios e dificuldades possam ser identificados e tratados pelos gestores da comunidade.

Identifying the role of natural resources in knowledge-based strategies of development

Knowledge has adopted a preferential role in the explanation of development while the evidence about the effect of natural resources in countries’ performance is more controversial in the economic literature. This paper tries to demonstrate that natural resources may positively affect growth in countries with a strong natural resources specialization pattern although the magnitude of these effects depend on the type of resources and on other aspects related to the production and innovation systems. The positive trajectory described by a set of national economies mainly specialized in natural resources and low-tech industries invites us to analyze what is the combination of factors that serves as engine for a sustainable development process. With panel data for the period 1996-2008 we estimate an applied growth model where both traditional factors and other more related to innovation and absorptive capabilities are taken into account. Our empirical findings show that according to the postulates of a knowledge-based approach, a framework that combines physical and intangible factors is more suitable for the definition of development strategies in those prosperous economies dominated by natural resources and connected activities, while the internationalization process of activities and technologies become also a very relevant aspect.

Employee Leadership Development

Abstract \ The business importance of retaining and developing top performing employees is more crucial to business organizations that in the past, yet many organizations are not confident in their ability to staff leadership positions within the next five years. Many companies continue to run without a employee leadership development program. Organizations that shy away from development programs tend to do so because of fear the costs are too high. Organizations that support leadership programs acknowledge that the benefits far outweigh the costs. In this capstone study, the researcher illustrates that employee leadership development programs add value through improved business strategy and employee satisfaction, and as a result, represent a worthy investment.

Diversité floristique du peuplement à Pistacia atlantica Desf. dans la région de Béchar (Sud-ouest algérien)

La conservation des groupements à Pistacia atlantica dans la région de Béchar est actuellement menacée par une forte pression humaine et animale. Ce travail consiste à proposer une analyse phyto-écologique fine en se basant sur la dynamique de végétation et les inventaires floristiques. Les explications sont étayées par une analyse statistique (AFC) afin de mieux cerner les facteurs écologiques prépondérants. Nous savons très bien que Pistacia atlantica est une espèce d’avenir pour l’Algérie occidentale, son adaptation au stress écologique lui permet une dynamique et une remontée biologique certaine. Cette espèce peut vivre dans des endroits très secs, de 700 à 1200m d’altitude où la pluviométrie ne dépasse guère les 100 mm/an, avec une température maximale de 42°C et un quotient pluviothermique (Q2) supérieur à 7. La diversité floristique du groupement à Pistacia atlantica est très particulière du fait de sa caractérisation biologique, systématique et phytogéographique. Cet examen fait ressortir l’importance des espèces Saharienne-Endémiques grâce à une adaptation et une résistance plus favorables sous bioclimat typiquement saharien.

Subsidence activity maps derived from DInSAR data: Orihuela case study

A new methodology is proposed to produce subsidence activity maps based on the geostatistical analysis of persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) data. PSI displacement measurements are interpolated based on conditional Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS) to calculate multiple equiprobable realizations of subsidence. The result from this process is a series of interpolated subsidence values, with an estimation of the spatial variability and a confidence level on the interpolation. These maps complement the PSI displacement map, improving the identification of wide subsiding areas at a regional scale. At a local scale, they can be used to identify buildings susceptible to suffer subsidence related damages. In order to do so, it is necessary to calculate the maximum differential settlement and the maximum angular distortion for each building of the study area. Based on PSI-derived parameters those buildings in which the serviceability limit state has been exceeded, and where in situ forensic analysis should be made, can be automatically identified. This methodology has been tested in the city of Orihuela (SE Spain) for the study of historical buildings damaged during the last two decades by subsidence due to aquifer overexploitation. The qualitative evaluation of the results from the methodology carried out in buildings where damages have been reported shows a success rate of 100%.

Trudny "Sojusznik" Bialorus w polityce Rosji. Prace OSW 2008. = Difficult "ally." Belarus in Russia's foreign policy. OSW Study 28/2008

Belarus holds a special position in Russian policy due to its geopolitical, military and transit significance. Russia's influence and position in the entire Eastern European region largely depend on how strong Russian influence in Belarus is. The process of Russian-Belarusian integration began in 1994, when Alyaksandr Lukashenka came to power in Minsk. At the time, Russia's policy towards Belarus was based on twomain assumptions. Firstly, the Kremlin supported Lukashenka's authoritarian regime. This allowed Russia to keep Belarus within its orbit of political influence and prevent other states from getting involved, since an undemocratic Belarus could not count on closer contacts with the West. Secondly, Russia heavily subsidised Belarus with cheap energy resources (way below the market price) and allowed the duty-free access of Belarusian goods to its market. Thus Belarus became a kind of 'sponsored authoritarianism' with a specific economic model, owing its existence to Russia's economic and political support. At the same time, Moscow's key objective in its policy towards Belarus was to make Minsk accept the Russian conditions concerning integration, which would in fact lead to Belarus' incorporation by the Russian Federation. However, Belarus managed to maintain its sovereignty, while Alyaksandr Lukashenka bandied the term 'integration' about in order to maintain the preferential model of his state's relations with Russia. Russia's intention to alter the nature of these bilateral relations became evident when Vladimir Putin took power in 2000. However, Moscow faced Minsk's refusal to accept the Russian integration plan (which, among other measures, provided for the takeover of Belarusian economic assets by Russian companies). This forced Russia to use its main tool against Minsk: the supplies of cheap gas and oil that had been sustaining Belarus' archaic economy. The most serious crisis in Russian-Belarusian relations broke out at the beginning of 2007, following Moscow's decision to raise the energy resource prices. This decision marked the beginning of the application of market principles to settlements between Moscow and Minsk. The key question this study is meant to answer concerns the consequences of the aforementioned decision by Russia for future Russian-Belarusian relations. Are they at a turning point? What are Russia's policy objectives? What results can come from the process of moving mutual relations onto an economic footing? What policy will replace Russia's 'sponsoring of Belarusian authoritarianism', which it has been implementing since 1994? Finally, what further measures will Russia undertake towards Belarus? The current study consists of five chapters. The first chapter offers a brief presentation of Belarus' significance and position in Russian policy. The second analyses the development of Russian-Belarusian political relations, first of all the establishment of the Union State, Belarus' position in Russian domestic policy and Russia's influence on Belarusian policy. The third chapter presents bilateral economic relations, primarily energy issues. The fourth chapter describes the state and perspectives of military cooperation between the two states. The fifth chapter presents conclusions, where the author attempts to define the essence of the ongoing re-evaluation in Russian-Belarusian relations and to project their future model.

Projeto de Investimento

Angola encontra-se em processo de restruturação e de desenvolvimento a nível económico e financeiro. A opção pelo investimento em Angola surgiu com as oportunidades de negócio que o país apresenta e também pela necessidade de descentralização do setor da restauração. Após efetuar uma pequena análise do mercado angolano, foi elaborado o projeto “Sweet Art” que está associado ao mercado da indústria alimentar e o mesmo orienta as respetivas propostas de valor para o conjunto de indivíduos e famílias que compram bens e serviços para o consumo próprio. O objetivo principal desse trabalho consiste na elaboração de um plano de negócios viável para a abertura de uma pastelaria em Angola, na província de Luanda - bairro do Talatona, com oferta de doces, salgados, gelados de frutos naturais e secos e também sumos e batidos naturais. Por sua vez, os seus objetivos específicos compreendem a: descrição da ideia; a composição de um plano estratégico, para um melhor estudo do meio envolvente; constituição de um plano operacional de marketing (marketing mix); o plano de operações; plano de pessoal; e um plano financeiro para analisar a sua viabilidade económica e financeira. Na primeira etapa do trabalho foi abordada a componente conceptual e, em seguida, foi apresentado o plano de negócios em si, que terá uma duração estimada de cinco anos, sendo que no terceiro ano se verifica o retorno do investimento. Após elaborado o plano de negócios foi possível concluir que o empreendimento Sweet Art é viável económica e financeiramente.

Grain size composition of sediment cores from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

Sedimentary processes in the southeastern Weddell Sea are influenced by glacial-interglacial ice-shelf dynamics and the cyclonic circulation of the Weddell Gyre, which affects all water masses down to the sea floor. Significantly increased sedimentation rates occur during glacial stages, when ice sheets advance to the shelf edge and trigger gravitational sediment transport to the deep sea. Downslope transport on the Crary Fan and off Dronning Maud and Coats Land is channelized into three huge channel systems, which originate on the eastern-, the central and the western Crary Fan. They gradually turn from a northerly direction eastward until they follow a course parallel to the continental slope. All channels show strongly asymmetric cross sections with well-developed levees on their northwestern sides, forming wedge-shaped sediment bodies. They level off very gently. Levees on the southeastern sides are small, if present at all. This characteristic morphology likely results from the process of combined turbidite-contourite deposition. Strong thermohaline currents of the Weddell Gyre entrain particles from turbidity-current suspensions, which flow down the channels, and carry them westward out of the channel where they settle on a surface gently dipping away from the channel. These sediments are intercalated with overbank deposits of high-energy and high-volume turbidity currents, which preferentially flood the left of the channels (looking downchannel) as a result of Coriolis force. In the distal setting of the easternmost channel-levee complex, where thermohaline currents are directed northeastward as a result of a recirculation of water masses from the Enderby Basin, the setting and the internal structures of a wedge-shaped sediment body indicate a contourite drift rather than a channel levee. Dating of the sediments reveals that the levees in their present form started to develop with a late Miocene cooling event, which caused an expansion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and an invigoration of thermohaline current activity.

Real leadership and the U.S. Army : overcoming a failure of imagination to conduct adaptive work /

This monograph begins with a case study that provides a means for analyzing the complexity of organizational leadership in the contemporary security environment. As such, it presents a high stakes problem-set that required an operational adaptation by a cavalry squadron conducting combat operations in Baghdad. This problematic reality triggered the struggle to find a creative response to a very deadly problem, while cultural norms served as barriers that prevented the rejection of previously accepted solutions that had proven successful in the past, even though those successful solutions no longer fit in the context of the reality of the present. The case study highlights leaders who were constrained by deeply-held assumptions that inhibited their ability to adapt quickly to a changed environment. The case study then moves on to provide an example of a successful application of adaptive leadership and adaptive work that was performed by the organization after a period of reflection and the willingness to experiment and assume risk. The case study serves as a microcosm of the challenges facing the U.S. Army, and the corresponding leadership framework presented in this monograph can be used as a model for the Army as it attempts to move forward in its effort to make adaptation an institutional imperative. The paper presents a more holistic approach to leadership where the leader transcends that of simply being an authority figure and becomes a real leader who provides a safe and creative learning environment where the organization can tackle and solve adaptive challenges. The paper concludes by recommending that U.S. Army leaders apply Harvard Professor Dean Williams's theory to the challenges confronting the Army's leader development process thereby fostering a culture of adaptive leaders.

Value Assessment of Orphan Drugs and Treatments for Rare Diseases

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Local Actors in Donor-Funded Rule of Law Assistance in Indonesia: Owners, Partners, Agents?

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Developing New Tourism Services: Dinosaurs a New Drive Tourism Resource for Remote Areas

This paper examines issues encountered when developing new tourism services generally, and specific aspects relating to the development of remote area dinosaur fossil fields for tourism. It studies two sites, one in the USA and one in Australia. Access to both sites is by minor roads, and both sites are characterised by long drives separating the sites from small communities that offer limited infrastructure and few other attractions for visitors. In both areas, however, tourism is seen as one of the few possible ways to sustain existing communities in the face of declining primary-industry-based employment. In general, tourists visiting these areas are on touring holidays of two weeks’ duration or more where the attraction is the general attributes of the region as well as to a lesser extent their interest in dinosaur fossils. These provide a potential resource for remote-region economic development through commodification as a new tourism attraction. Development of dinosaur fossil finds as a tourism resource is conceptualised here as new service development. Developing new tourism services, especially in remote regions, is challenging and has not been well examined in the tourism literature. The new service development process used in this case study first examines the characteristics of the existing tourists travelling through the region. The characteristics of a number of potential market segments currently interested in dinosaur fossils were then examined and contrasted with the existing market. This is conceptualised on a specialist-generalist spectrum of interest in fossils. A study of the tourist service features associated with dinosaur fossil tourism in remote regions of the USA was conducted, leading to the identification of a number of possible incremental development opportunities. The paper then takes a strategic approach to examining potential new tourism service development related to dinosaur fossils in remote regions of Queensland, Australia. In particular, it describes use of information about existing services in similar regions as the basis for ideas about development as well as comparison between existing and potential markets.

Environmentalizing economic development: a South Asian perspective

South Asia's pursuit of economic development has entailed considerable damage to and exposed the fragility of the physical environment of the region. This paper provides an analytical overview of the of the environmental problem that manifest themselves in South Asia in a comparative perspective with East and Southeast Asian countries as well as selected developed market economics. To date, South Asian development process has been environment-intensive and environment-depleting. It is argued that environmental problems are likely to set serious constraints to sustain growth in production to support a growing population. By exploring the relationship between indices of human welfare and bio-diversity conservation. the paper exposes the dichotomy of the development process. Finally, the study underscores the need for a range of policy options that rely both based and non-market based instruments in an integrated setting to enviromnentalize South Asian economic development. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.