Game Vertebrate Densities in Hunted and Nonhunted Forest Sites in Manu National Park, Peru

Manu National Park of southern Peru is one of the most renowned protected areas in the world, yet large-bodied vertebrate surveys conducted to date have been restricted to Cocha Cashu Biological Station, a research station covering <0.06 percent of the 1.7Mha park. Manu Park is occupied by >460 settled Matsigenka Amerindians, 300-400 isolated Matsigenka, and several, little-known groups of isolated hunter-gatherers, yet the impact of these native Amazonians on game vertebrate populations within the park remains poorly understood. On the basis of 1495 km of standardized line-transect censuses, we present density and biomass estimates for 23 mammal, bird, and reptile species for seven lowland and upland forest sites in Manu Park, including Cocha Cashu. We compare these estimates between hunted and nonhunted sites within Manu Park, and with other Neotropical forest sites. Manu Park safeguards some of the most species-rich and highest biomass assemblages of arboreal and terrestrial mammals ever recorded in Neotropical forests, most likely because of its direct Andean influence and high levels of soil fertility. Relative to Barro Colorado Island, seed predators and arboreal folivores in Manu are rare, and generalist frugivores specializing on mature fruit pulp are abundant. The impact of such a qualitative shift in the vertebrate community on the dynamics of plant regeneration, and therefore, on our understanding of tropical plant ecology, must be profound. Despite a number of external threats, Manu Park continues to serve as a baseline against which other Neotropical forests can be gauged.

Ultrastructural mechanical and material characterization of fossilized bone

Bone plays a key role in the paleontological and archeological records and can provide insight into the biology, ecology and the environment of ancient vertebrates. Examination of bone at the tissue level reveals a definitive relationship between nanomechanical properties and the local organic content, mineral content, and microstructural organization. However, it is unclear as to how these properties change following fossilization, or diagenesis, where the organic phase is rapidly removed and the remaining mineral phase is reinforced by the deposition of apatites, calcites, and other minerals. While the process of diagenesis is poorly understood, its outcome clearly results in the potential for dramatic alteration of the mechanical response of biological tissues. In this study, fossilized specimens of mammalian long bones, collected from Colorado and Wyoming, were studied for mechanical variations. Nanoindentation performed in both longitudinal and transverse directions revealed preservation of bone's natural anisotropy as transverse modulus values were consistently smaller than longitudinal values. Additionally, modulus values of fossilized bone from 35.0 to 89.1 GPa increased linearly with logarithm of the sample's age. Future studies will aim to clarify what mechanical and material elements of bone are retained during diagenesis as bone becomes part of the geologic milieu. © 2007 Materials Research Society.

应用软件发布与恢复机制研究

在传统的软件开发过程中，开发者更关注软件开发生命周期的管理，而对软 件开发后生命周期的管理并不热心。随着信息技术和互联网技术的快速发展，软 件产业发生了重大变革。新的软件运营模式要求对软件开发后生命周期管理提供 完善的支持。 本文首先回顾了传统的软件发布技术。PXE技术提供了网络远程引导功能， 该技术结合网络远程唤醒技术Wake-on-LAN使得通过网络远程控制客户机安装 操作系统成为可能。网络安装软件有基于网络克隆的Symantec Ghost和Windows Server 2003 RIS；有基于脚本的Kickstart；有基于镜像的SystemImager suite。在 开源系统中，APT是最为著名的包管理工具，它较为完善地解决了软件包之间的 依赖关系。网络更新技术则提供了更多的功能，目前的更新软件有：通用产品更 新器Install Shield, Power Update, Software Dock, Marimba等；以及供应商产品更 新器Microsoft Update, Windows Update, Microsoft SUS, Microsoft SMS, Norton AntiVirus LiveUpate等。 美国Colorado大学为软件开发后生命周期建立了一个体系结构Software Dock，并实现了一个粗略的原型系统。本研究侧重分析了应用软件的发布和恢 复机制，提出以用户的角度看待软件开发后生命周期管理的思想，建立了一个软 件发布机制体系结构，试图解决如下问题：系统重装后的运行态恢复，即系统崩 溃后如何快速而灵活地恢复到指定状态点并且重建该状态点的运行状态(即运行 态恢复)；应用软件恢复透明化和即点即用。

长白山次生杨桦林样地:物种组成与群落结构

长白山次生杨桦林是该地区阔叶红松林经皆伐和火烧等破坏后恢复形成的主要次生林类型之一,是阔叶红松林次生演替系列中的重要阶段。参照巴拿马巴洛科罗拉多岛(Barro Colorado Island,BCI)50hm2热带雨林样地的技术规范,于2005年在长白山北坡的自然保护区内建立了一块5hm2的次生杨桦林长期监测样地,对样地内所有胸径≥1cm的木本植物进行了详细的定位调查。对样地的物种组成与群落结构的分析表明:次生杨桦林样地物种组成丰富,共包括16科28属44种;区系特征明显,北温带成分占主要部分;样地内被监测的树木个体数为20101,不包括分枝的独立个体数为16565;优势树种明显,从个体数、平均胸径、胸高断面积和重要值等分析来看,演替先锋树种白桦(Betula platyphylla)和山杨(Populus davidiana)在群落中占有绝对优势地位,但从径级结构来看,它们的更新却非常差,随着演替的进展,这些先锋树种将逐渐走向衰亡;阔叶红松林中的主要树种如红松(Pinusko-raiensis)和紫椴(Tilia amurensis)等已经在次生杨桦林中占有了一定的比例,林下更新良好,逐渐进入林冠层并最终取代杨桦等成为该森林的优势种;从物种的空间分布格局来看,演替先锋树种和阔叶红松林中的主要树种并没有表现出明显的聚集性分布格局,而其它的小乔木和灌木树种则表现出明显的聚集性分布格局,但与地形并没有表现出明显的相关性,相关结论还需要进一步分析。

长白山阔叶红松林样地(CBS):群落组成与结构

阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林是中国东北地区的地带性植被,长白山区是阔叶红松林的核心分布区。参照巴拿马Barro Colorado Island (BCI) 50hm2热带雨林样地的技术规范,于2004年在长白山自然保护区的阔叶红松林内建立了一块25hm2的固定样地(简称CBS),这是目前中国科学院生物多样性委员会中国森林多样性动态研究网络中最北端的一块,也是全球温带地区最大的一块森林样地。2004年夏的第一次调查结果表明,样地内胸径≥1cm的木本植物有52种,隶属于18科32属。总的独立个体数为38902,包括分枝的总个体数为59121。植物组成上属典型的长白山植物区系,同时混有一些亚热带和亚寒带成分。群落优势种明显,个体数最多的前3个种的个体数占到总个体数的60%,前14个种占到95%,而其余38个种只占到5%。从物种多度、胸高断面积、平均胸径和重要值来看,群落成层现象显著,具有比较明显的优势种。主要树种的径级结构近似于正态分布或双峰分布,而次林层和林下层树种则表现出倒"J"形或"L"形。红松、紫椴(Tilia amurensis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、色木槭(Acermono)和春榆(Ulmus japonica)几个主要树种的空间分布随物种、径级的变化表现出不同的分布格局,其它一些树种的分布格局也表现出一定的空间异质性。

N2O fluxes from the native and grazed semi-arid steppes and their driving factors in Inner Mongolia, China

This paper presents results of 2 years (from January 2005 to December 2006) of measurement of N2O fluxes from the native and grazed Leymus chinensis (LC) steppes in Inner Mongolia, China using the static opaque chamber method. The measurement was at a frequency of twice per month in the growing season and once per month in the non-growing season. In addition, the possible effect of water-heat factors on N2O fluxes was statistically analyzed. The results indicated that there were distinct seasonal patterns in N2O fluxes with large fluxes in spring, summer, and autumn but negative fluxes in winter. The annual net emission of N2O ranging from 0.24 to 0.30 kg N2O-N ha(-1) and from 0.06 to 0.26 kg N2O-N ha(-1) from the native and grazed LC steppe, respectively. Grazing activities suppressed N2O production. In the growing season, soil moisture was the primary driving factor of N2O fluxes. The high seasonal variation of N2O fluxes was regulated by the distribution of effective rainfall, rather than precipitation intensity. Air temperature or soil temperature at 0, 5, and 10 cm depth was the most restricting factor of N2O fluxes in the non-growing season.

Effects of inoculated Microcoleus vaginatus on the structure and function of biological soil crusts of desert

Microcoleus vaginatus Gom., the dominant species in biological soil crusts (BSCs) in desert regions, plays a significant role in maintaining the BSC structure and function. The BSC quality is commonly assessed by the chlorophyll a content, thickness, and compressive strength. Here, we have studied the effect of different proportions of M. vaginatus, collected from the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwestern China, on the BSC structure and function under laboratory conditions. We found that when M. vaginatus was absent in the BSC, the BSC coverage, quantified by the percentage of BSC area to total land surface area, was low with a chlorophyll a content of 4.77 x 10(-2) mg g(-1) dry soil, a thickness of 0.86 mm, and a compressive strength of 12.21 Pa. By increasing the percentage of M. vaginatus in the BSC, the BSC coverage, chlorophyll a content, crust thickness, and compressive strength all significantly increased (P < 0.01). The maximum chlorophyll a content (13.12 mg g(-1)dry soil), the highest crust thickness, and the compressive strength (1.48 mm and 36.60 Pa, respectively) occurred when the percentage of inoculated M. vaginatus reached 80% with a complex network of filaments under scanning electron microscope. The BSC quality indicated by the above variables, however, declined when the BSC was composed of pure M. vaginatus (monoculture). In addition, we found that secretion of filaments and polymer, which stick sands together in the BSC, increased remarkably with the increase of the dominant species until the percentage of M. vaginatus reached 80%. Our results suggest that not only the dominant species but also the accompanying taxa are critical for maintaining the structure and functions of the BSC and thus the stability of the BSC ecosystems.

NAVPRO 3.0: tutorial de instalação e utilização.

Este documento apresenta os procedimentos para instalação e utilização do sistema NAVPRO 3.0, desenvolvido para o processamento automático e geração de produtos de imagens do sensor Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) a bordo dos satélites da National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). O sistema NAVPRO foi criado pela Embrapa Informática Agropecuária em parceria com a Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), que contou com o repasse do pacote computacional NAV (NAVigation), desenvolvido pelo Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR), da Universidade do Colorado, Boulder, EUA. O diferencial do sistema é seu método de georreferenciamento automático e preciso, capaz de gerar imagens com deslocamentos máximos de 1 pixel, valor aceito em aplicações envolvendo dados de baixa resolução espacial.

NAVLivre 1.0: Procedimentos de instalação e utilização.

Este documento apresenta os procedimentos para instalação e utilização do sistema NAVLivre 1.0, um software de código livre desenvolvido para o processamento automático de imagens do sensor Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) a bordo dos satélites da National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). O NAVLivre é uma derivação do sistema NAVPRO, criado pela Embrapa Informática Agropecuária em parceria com a Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), que contou com o repasse do pacote computacional NAV (NAVigation), desenvolvido pelo Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR), da Universidade do Colorado, Boulder, EUA. O diferencial do NAVLivre é a ausência dos módulos desenvolvidos em Interactive Data Language (IDL), presentes no NAVPRO, e dependentes de softwares proprietários. O NAVLivre é um pacote totalmente livre, que realiza de forma automática as principais etapas do processamento das imagens NOAA, como a correção radiométrica, o georreferenciamento preciso e a geração da imagem final em formato GeoTIFF, compatível com os principais pacotes de processamento de imagens. O NAVLivre é executado em plataforma Linux e foi implementado em script c-shell e linguagem C. Seu uso é indicado aos usuários avançados de imagens NOAA, que demandam o processamento em lote de grandes volumes de dados. As rotinas e scripts aqui descritos são de domínio público, podendo ser alterados conforme necessidade do usuário.

Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta na Região Noroeste do Paraná.

Caracterização do meio físico e dos sistemas de produção na região Noroeste do Paraná.

Indian Country: Travels in the American Southwest

Padget, M. (2004). Indian Country: Travels in the American Southwest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. RAE2008

Models of Backwardness versus Transformation in Eastern Europe. Review Article

This paper is critical analysis of book by Anna Sosnowska, "Zrozumieć zacofanie. Spory historyków o Europę Wschodnią (1947-1994)" [To Understand Backwardness: Historians' Deabates about Eastern Europe (1947-1994)]. Warszawa 2004.

Dissecting Policy Designs: An Application of the Institutional Grammar Tool

An enduring challenge for the policy and political sciences is valid and reliable depiction of policy designs. One emerging approach for dissecting policy designs is the application of Sue Crawford and Elinor Ostrom's institutional grammar tool. The grammar tool offers a method to identify, systematically, the core elements that comprise policies, including target audiences, expected patterns of behavior, and formal modes of sanctioning for noncompliance. This article provides three contributions to the study of policy designs by developing and applying the institutional grammar tool. First, we provide revised guidelines for applying the institutional grammar tool to the study of policy design. Second, an additional component to the grammar, called the oBject, is introduced. Third, we apply the modified grammar tool to four policies that shape Colorado State Aquaculture to demonstrate its effectiveness and utility in illuminating institutional linkages across levels of analysis. The conclusion summarizes the contributions of the article as well as points to future research and applications of the institutional grammar tool. © 2011 Policy Studies Organization.

Variación espacial y temporal de la producción primaria neta aérea y secundaria neta

Las actividades humanas impactan fuertemente sobre los procesos de los ecosistemas. En los sistemas ganaderos, las actividades humanas intentan maximizar el flujo de energía hacia la productividad secundaria. Las consecuencias sobre la transferencia de energía desde la productividad primaria neta aérea (PPNA) a la producción secundaria neta no están totalmente establecidas. Varios estudios describieron la relación entre la carga animal y la PPNA a lo largo de gradientes regionales de recursos, tanto en sistemas naturales como ganaderos. Pero persisten al menos tres vacíos de conocimiento sobre los sistemas ganaderos que fueron abordados en esta tesis. En primer lugar, no se conocía la relación entre la producción secundaria neta y la PPNA, a lo largo de un gradiente regional de recursos y se desconocía la medida en que la actividad humana afectaba diferencialmente a los procesos parciales entre la PPNA y la producción secundaria : la eficiencia de cosecha (consumo / PPNA) y la eficiencia de producción (producción secundaria / consumo). En segundo lugar, no se conocía la relación entre la variabilidad interanual del flujo de entrada de energía, la PPNA, y el de salida, la producción secundaria neta, entre sitios que difieren por la disponibilidad de recursos o por el impacto humano. Asociado a esto existían escasos antecedentes sobre la relación entre producción secundaria, o algún determinante de esta, y la disponibilidad de recursos a través del tiempo. En particular, no existían evidencias de si esta relación temporal cambiaba a lo largo de un gradiente espacial y regional de recursos. En tercer lugar, eran muy escasos los antecedentes sobre las variaciones estacionales del índice de cosecha, y la incidencia de la carga y la PPNA sobre tales variaciones. Para abordar los primeros dos vacíos de conocimiento se compiló información de precipitación, carga animal y producción secundaria, tanto de sistemas naturales como de sistemas ganaderos. La información de sistemas naturales se obtuvo de búsquedas bibliográficas y compilaciones a nivel mundial ya publicadas. La de los sistemas ganaderos se obtuvo de dos fuentes. La primera, contempló información de 113 establecimientos ubicados a lo largo de un amplio gradiente de precipitación regional el de Argentina, pertencecientes en su mayoría la movimiento CREA. La segunda, se realizó a partir de la información brindada por el plan nacional de vacunación de aftosa para departamentos ubicados al norte del río Colorado. Para este último análisis, se estimó la PPNA a partir de información satelital, usando la lógica del modelo propuesto por Monteith (...) Para abordar el tercer vacío de conocimiento, se llevó adelante un ensayo en el que se manipularon la PPNA y su calidad, a través de dos comunidades vegetales diferentes, y la carga animal, a través de tres niveles. Este ensayo se condujo a lo largo de un año para evaluar la dinámica estacional del índice de cosecha, y al mismo tiempo identificar los factores que la regulan. En relación al primer vacío, la relación entre la producción secundaria neta y la PPNA mostró un patrón unimodal. A su vez se observó que a igual PPNA la producción secundaria neta de los sistemas ganaderos fue mayor a la de los naturales. Este incremento de la producción secundaria se debió en mayor medida a un aumento del índice de cosecha y en menor medida a un aumento en la eficiencia de producción. En relación al segundo vacío, la variabilidad interanual de la lluvia, principal control abiótico del flujo de entrada, no se relacionó significativamente con la variabilidad de un componente del siguiente nivel trófico, la carga animal, tanto en sistemas naturales como ganaderos. Sin embargo, la variabilidad de la carga animal de los naturales fue mayor que la de los ganaderos. En estos últimos la variabilidad de la PPNA, fue el doble que la de la carga animal (...) En relación al tercer vacío, se mostró que el principal control de la variación estacional del índice de cosecha fue la PPNA. Esta tesis representa la primera evidencia del impacto de la introducción de herbívoros exóticos a lo largo de un gradiente regional sobre el flujo desde la PPNA a la producción secundaria neta y brinda una de las pocas evaluaciones sobre el impacto humano sobre la estabilidad de este flujo. Finalmente, se desarrolló un modelo que permitiría mejorar las estimaciones de carga animal al relacionar la dinámica del índice de cosecha con la biomasa acumulada estimada a partir de la PPNA acumulada por estación del año.