Overexpression of Nitrate Reductase in Tobacco Delays Drought-Induced Decreases in Nitrate Reductase Activity and mRNA1

Transformed (cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter [35S]) tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia L.) plants constitutively expressing nitrate reductase (NR) and untransformed controls were subjected to drought for 5 d. Drought-induced changes in biomass accumulation and photosynthesis were comparable in both lines of plants. After 4 d of water deprivation, a large increase in the ratio of shoot dry weight to fresh weight was observed, together with a decrease in the rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. Foliar sucrose increased in both lines during water stress, but hexoses increased only in leaves from untransformed controls. Foliar NO3− decreased rapidly in both lines and was halved within 2 d of the onset of water deprivation. Total foliar amino acids decreased in leaves of both lines following water deprivation. After 4 d of water deprivation no NR activity could be detected in leaves of untransformed plants, whereas about 50% of the original activity remained in the leaves of the 35S-NR transformants. NR mRNA was much more stable than NR activity. NR mRNA abundance increased in the leaves of the 35S-NR plants and remained constant in controls for the first 3 d of drought. On the 4th d, however, NR mRNA suddenly decreased in both lines. Rehydration at d 3 caused rapid recovery (within 24 h) of 35S-NR transcripts, but no recovery was observed in the controls. The phosphorylation state of the protein was unchanged by long-term drought. There was a strong correlation between maximal extractable NR activity and ambient photosynthesis in both lines. We conclude that drought first causes increased NR protein turnover and then accelerates NR mRNA turnover. Constitutive NR expression temporarily delayed drought-induced losses in NR activity. 35S-NR expression may therefore allow more rapid recovery of N assimilation following short-term water deficit.

Structure and Expression of a Dhurrinase (β-Glucosidase) from Sorghum1

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has two isozymes of the cyanogenic β-glucosidase dhurrinase: dhurrinase-1 (Dhr1) and dhurrinase-2 (Dhr2). A nearly full-length cDNA encoding dhurrinase was isolated from 4-d-old etiolated seedlings and sequenced. The cDNA has a 1695-nucleotide-long open reading frame, which codes for a 565-amino acid-long precursor and a 514-amino acid-long mature protein, respectively. Deduced amino acid sequence of the sorghum Dhr showed 70% identity with two maize (Zea mays) β-glucosidase isozymes. Southern-blot data suggested that β-glu-cosidase is encoded by a small multigene family in sorghum. Northern-blot data indicated that the mRNA corresponding to the cloned Dhr cDNA is present at high levels in the node and upper half of the mesocotyl in etiolated seedlings but at low levels in the root—only in the zone of elongation and the tip region. Light-grown seedling parts had lower levels of Dhr mRNA than those of etiolated seedlings. Immunoblot analysis performed using maize-anti-β-glucosidase sera detected two distinct dhurrinases (57 and 62 kD) in sorghum. The distribution of Dhr activity in different plant parts supports the mRNA and immunoreactive protein data, suggesting that the cloned cDNA corresponds to the Dhr1 (57 kD) isozyme and that the dhr1 gene shows organ-specific expression.

Co-Permeability of 3H-Labeled Water and 14C-Labeled Organic Acids across Isolated Plant Cuticles1 : Investigating Cuticular Paths of Diffusion and Predicting Cuticular Transpiration

Penetration of 3H-labeled water (3H2O) and the 14C-labeled organic acids benzoic acid ([14C]BA), salicylic acid ([14C]SA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ([14C]2,4-D) were measured simultaneously in isolated cuticular membranes of Prunus laurocerasus L., Ginkgo biloba L., and Juglans regia L. For each of the three pairs of compounds (3H2O/[14C]BA, 3H2O/[14C]SA, and 3H2O/[14C]2,4-D) rates of cuticular water penetration were highly correlated with the rates of penetration of the organic acids. Therefore, water and organic acids penetrated the cuticles by the same routes. With the combination 3H2O/[14C]BA, co-permeability was measured with isolated cuticles of nine other plant species. Permeances of 3H2O of all 12 investigated species were highly correlated with the permeances of [14C]BA (r2 = 0.95). Thus, cuticular transpiration can be predicted from BA permeance. The application of this experimental method, together with the established prediction equation, offers the opportunity to answer several important questions about cuticular transport physiology in future investigations.

On ANOVA Decompositions of Kernels and Gaussian Random Field Paths

The FANOVA (or “Sobol’-Hoeffding”) decomposition of multivariate functions has been used for high-dimensional model representation and global sensitivity analysis. When the objective function f has no simple analytic form and is costly to evaluate, computing FANOVA terms may be unaffordable due to numerical integration costs. Several approximate approaches relying on Gaussian random field (GRF) models have been proposed to alleviate these costs, where f is substituted by a (kriging) predictor or by conditional simulations. Here we focus on FANOVA decompositions of GRF sample paths, and we notably introduce an associated kernel decomposition into 4 d 4d terms called KANOVA. An interpretation in terms of tensor product projections is obtained, and it is shown that projected kernels control both the sparsity of GRF sample paths and the dependence structure between FANOVA effects. Applications on simulated data show the relevance of the approach for designing new classes of covariance kernels dedicated to high-dimensional kriging.

Vier Symphonien /

Pl. no.: E.E. 3617, 3621, 3608, 3613.

Acht Stücke für Klarinette, Bratsche und Klavier, oder Violine, Violoncello und Klavier. Eight pieces for clarinet, viola and piano, or violin, cello and piano. Op. 83.

Includes alternative parts for violin and violoncello.

Mannheimer Kammermusik des 18. Jahrhunderts /

II. Verzeichnis der Druckausgaben und thematischer Katalog der Mannheimer Kammermusik des 18. Jahrhunderts. Musiktext (II. Teil: Trios und Duos (ohne Klavier und mit obligatem Klavier)) Richter, F. X. Klaviertrio nr. 6, G moll. Stamitz, Johann. Triosonate, Es dur. Sonata da camera op. 6 IV, A dur. Toeschi, Joseph. Klaviertrio nr. 4, G dur. Filtz, Anton. Streichtrio op. 3 II. A dur. Klaviertrio op. 4 III. C dur. Eichner, Ernst. Klaviertrio op. 1 III, C moll; op. 2 nr. I, A dur. Sterkel, F. X. Violinsonate op. 18 II, G dur. Cramer, Wilhelm. Streichtrio op. 3 II, B dur. Stamitz, Karl. Streichtrio op. 2 I, B dur. Sonata par la viola d'amore e basso. Edelmann, J. F. Klavier-Violin-Sonate op. 2 I, C moll; op. 4 III, F moll. Stamitz, Anton. Streichtrio op. 4 I, Es dur. Stamitz, Karl. Orchesterquartett op. 4 I, C dur.

Montalembert ...

Vol. II has title: Montalembert d'après son journal et sa correspondance.

Histoire civile, ecclésiastique, et littéraire de la ville de Nismes : avec des notes et les preuves ; suivie de dissertations historiques & critiques sur ses antiquités, & de diverses observations sur son histoire naturelle /

Mode of access: Internet.

Supplementorum ad lexica hebraica pars tertia ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Dictionnaire technologique ou nouveau dictionnaire universel des arts et métiers et de l'economie industrielle et commerciale /

Contiene : Vol. 1, A-B - Vol. 2, B-C - Vol. 3, C - Vol. 4, D-E - Vol. 7, M-O - Vol. 9, P-S - Vol. 10, S-T.

Études critiques sur l'histoire de la littérature franc̦aise/

Série 1, 7 and 8: 1. éd.; série 2 and 3: 8. éd.; série 4: 7. éd.; série 5: 6. éd.; série 6: 4. éd.

Souvenirs entomologiques ... Études sur l'instinct et les mœurs des insectes ...

"Mon école" (Autobiographical) v. 6, p. [46]-67.

[Reports of special subjects] A-[F]

Directors: 1873-1880, Nathaniel Southgate Shaler.--1880-1891, John Robert Procter.