Helsinki 26/6 1942

Kirje 26.6.1942

Microsatellites reveal high population viscosity and limited dispersal in the ant Formica paralugubris

We used microsatellites to study the fine-scale genetic structure of a highly polygynous and largely uni-colonial population of the ant Formica paralugubris. Genetic data indicate that long-distance gene flow between established nests is limited and new queens are primarily recruited from within their natal nest. Most matings occur between nestmates and are random at this level. In the center of the study area, budding and permanent connections between nests result in strong population viscosity, with close nests being more similar generically than distant nests. In contrast, nests located outside of this supercolony show no isolation by distance, suggesting that they have been initiated by queens that participated in mating flights rather than by budding from nearby nests in our sample population. Recruitment of nestmates as new reproductive individuals and population viscosity in the supercolony increase genetic differentiation between nests. This in turn inflates relatedness estimates among worker nestmates (r = 0.17) above what is due to close pedigree links. Local spatial genetic differentiation may favor the maintenance of altruism when workers raise queens that will disperse on foot and compete with less related queens from neighboring nests or disperse on the wing and compete with unrelated queens.

Traité de l'existence et des attributs de Dieu ; suivi de Lettres sur divers sujets de métaphysique et de religion / par Fénelon,...

[Traité de l'existence de Dieu (français). 1878]

Lack of Smad3 signaling leads to impaired skeletal muscle regeneration.

Smad3 is a key intracellular signaling mediator for both transforming growth factor-β and myostatin, two major regulators of skeletal muscle growth. Previous published work has revealed pronounced muscle atrophy together with impaired satellite cell functionality in Smad3-null muscles. In the present study, we have further validated a role for Smad3 signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration. Here, we show that Smad3-null mice had incomplete recovery of muscle weight and myofiber size after muscle injury. Histological/immunohistochemical analysis suggested impaired inflammatory response and reduced number of activated myoblasts during the early stages of muscle regeneration in the tibialis anterior muscle of Smad3-null mice. Nascent myofibers formed after muscle injury were also reduced in number. Moreover, Smad3-null regenerated muscle had decreased oxidative enzyme activity and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, evident by the downregulation of the gene encoding mitochondrial transcription factor A, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Consistent with known Smad3 function, reduced fibrotic tissue formation was also seen in regenerated Smad3-null muscle. In conclusion, Smad3 deficiency leads to impaired muscle regeneration, which underscores an essential role of Smad3 in postnatal myogenesis. Given the negative role of myostatin during muscle regeneration, the increased expression of myostatin observed in Smad3-null muscle may contribute to the regeneration defects.

The evolution of adult height in Europe: A brief note

This paper presents new evidence on the evolution of adult height in 10 Europeancountries for cohorts born between 1950 and 1980 using the European CommunityHousehold Panel (ECHP), which collects height data from Austria, Belgium, Denmark,Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. Our findings show agradual increase in adult height across all countries. However, countries from SouthernEurope (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain) experienced higher gains in stature than thoselocated in Northern Europe (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland and Sweden).

Fluctuaciones mensuales de las poblaciones de aves guaneras durante El Niño de 1972

La población combinada de las principales especies de aves guaneras de la costa peruana, el guanay (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii), el pi­quero (Sula variegata) y el alcatraz (Pelecanus thagus) disminuyó por los severos cambios ecológicos acompañantes de El Niño de 1972-73 de 6.6 millones de aves en febrero de 1972 a 0.6 millones en setiembre del mismo año, para luego recuperarse a 2.8 millones en marzo de 1973. A nivel específico, el cuadro se complica debido a diferencias de dis­tribución, hábitos alimentarios y regímenes de reproducción. Tomando valores extremos, el guanay que en agosto de 1971 contaba 5.03 millones de individuos, bajo a 0.1 millones en agosto de 1972 y se recupero a 1.01 millones en marzo de 1973; el piquero bajo de 2.41 millones en febrero de 1972 a 0.3 millones en julio del mismo año para volver a 1.42 millones en marzo de 1973. Mientras la población de esta especie casi no cambio, la del guanay disminuyó el doble que la del pi­quero probablemente por su mayor dependencia alimentaria de la anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), que a su vez fue notablemente disminuida por el fenómeno (de una captura media mensual de 1.2 millones de tone­ladas en 1971, pasó a 0.3 millones de toneladas promedio por mes en 1972)•

Rouva Annikki Kuuskoski 27/1 1965

Kirje

Driver scheduling problem modelling

The Drivers Scheduling Problem (DSP) consists of selecting a set of duties for vehicle drivers, for example buses, trains, plane or boat drivers or pilots, for the transportation of passengers or goods. This is a complex problem because it involves several constraints related to labour and company rules and can also present different evaluation criteria and objectives. Being able to develop an adequate model for this problem that can represent the real problem as close as possible is an important research area.The main objective of this research work is to present new mathematical models to the DSP problem that represent all the complexity of the drivers scheduling problem, and also demonstrate that the solutions of these models can be easily implemented in real situations. This issue has been recognized by several authors and as important problem in Public Transportation. The most well-known and general formulation for the DSP is a Set Partition/Set Covering Model (SPP/SCP). However, to a large extend these models simplify some of the specific business aspects and issues of real problems. This makes it difficult to use these models as automatic planning systems because the schedules obtained must be modified manually to be implemented in real situations. Based on extensive passenger transportation experience in bus companies in Portugal, we propose new alternative models to formulate the DSP problem. These models are also based on Set Partitioning/Covering Models; however, they take into account the bus operator issues and the perspective opinions and environment of the user.We follow the steps of the Operations Research Methodology which consist of: Identify the Problem; Understand the System; Formulate a Mathematical Model; Verify the Model; Select the Best Alternative; Present the Results of theAnalysis and Implement and Evaluate. All the processes are done with close participation and involvement of the final users from different transportation companies. The planner s opinion and main criticisms are used to improve the proposed model in a continuous enrichment process. The final objective is to have a model that can be incorporated into an information system to be used as an automatic tool to produce driver schedules. Therefore, the criteria for evaluating the models is the capacity to generate real and useful schedules that can be implemented without many manual adjustments or modifications. We have considered the following as measures of the quality of the model: simplicity, solution quality and applicability. We tested the alternative models with a set of real data obtained from several different transportation companies and analyzed the optimal schedules obtained with respect to the applicability of the solution to the real situation. To do this, the schedules were analyzed by the planners to determine their quality and applicability. The main result of this work is the proposition of new mathematical models for the DSP that better represent the realities of the passenger transportation operators and lead to better schedules that can be implemented directly in real situations.

El desarrollo de un puerto pesquero modelo en el departamento de Lambayeque. Conferencia dada el día 15 de enero 1964 en el Club Lambayeque, Lima

Exposición presentada sobre el desarrollo de un puerto pesquero donde se han estudiado las condiciones y las características de la costa, conociendo sus riquezas ictiológicas de la zona por la pesca de varios cientos de años.

Kansanedustaja, kauppalanjohtaja 5/3 1958

Kirje 5.3.1958

Aurooran sairaala 4/10 1967 Kunnallisneuvos Kyllikki Pohjala

Kirje 4.10.1967